This study focuses on the antipredator strategies of amphibian larvae in relation to some of their predators. Namely, the relationship between the larvae of the marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) and the invasive species of the fish, the topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva). Latter part of the experiment involves investigation into the relationship between another non-native species, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Both are non-native species of small fishes. The topmouth gudgeon was introduced unintentionally in the 1980s from Hungary. It is listed on the Black List of the Czech Republic and it is on the list of invasive non-native species of the EU Regulation (1143/2014), (Kuřátko, 1998; Poláková et al., 2016). The three-spined stickleback was brought into our territory from America. It was probably released into local ponds by Czech aquarists at the beginning of the 20th century. It is a species that is not listed on the Black List of the Czech Republic, but its negative impact on fish fry has been previously documented (Poláková et al., 2016). Both species have been known for a negative impact on the biological diversity of our fauna, but the influence of these predators on our amphibians has not so far been documented. The experimental part investigates the damage of tadpoles caused by these non-native fishes and the defensive strategy of the tadpoles. The tadpoles were provided with a hiding place as one of the possible escape strategies against the predator.

abstract: Non-native consumers can significantly alter processes at the population, community, and ecosystem level, and they are a major concern in many aquatic systems. Although the community-level effects of non-native anuran tadpoles are well understood, their ecosystem-level effects have been less studied. Here, I tested the hypothesis that natural densities of non-native bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) and native Woodhouse's toad tadpoles (Anaxyrus woodhousii) have dissimilar effects on aquatic ecosystem processes because of differences in grazing and nutrient recycling (excretion and egestion). I measured bullfrog and Woodhouse's carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus nutrient recycling rates. Then, I determined the impact of tadpole grazing on periphyton biomass (chlorophyll a) during a 39-day mesocosm experiment. Using the same experiment, I also quantified the effect of tadpole grazing and nutrient excretion on periphyton net primary production (NPP). Lastly I measured how dissolved and particulate nutrient concentrations and respiration rates changed in the presence of the two tadpole species. Per unit biomass, I found that bullfrog and Woodhouse's tadpoles excreted nitrogen and phosphorus at similar rates, though Woodhouse's tadpoles egested more carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. However, bullfrogs recycled nutrients at higher N:C and N:P ratios. Tadpole excretion did not cause a detectable change in dissolved nutrient concentrations. However, the percent phosphorus in mesocosm detritus was significantly higher in both tadpole treatments, compared to a tadpole-free control. Neither tadpole species decreased periphyton biomass through grazing, although bullfrog nutrient excretion increased areal NPP. This result was due to higher biomass, not higher biomass-specific productivity. Woodhouse's tadpoles significantly decreased respiration in the mesocosm detritus, while bullfrog tadpoles had no effect. This research highlights functional differences between species by showing non-native bullfrog tadpoles and native Woodhouse's tadpoles may have different effects on arid, aquatic ecosystems. Specifically, it indicates bullfrog introductions may alter primary productivity and particulate nutrient dynamics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2015

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:35:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ciriello_v_me_botfca.pdf: 2470088 bytes, checksum: 30dd2d4714e0747f38acd374675ffbfc (MD5) / Este trabalho avaliou o crescimento inicial do guanandi, em quatro experimentos instalados sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, contendo seis tratamentos com quatro repetições, em vasos de 50 litros contendo mudas prontas para o plantio no campo, onde foram testadas doses crescentes de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K) e níveis de saturação por bases (V%), visando obtenção de curvas de resposta da espécie. Os experimentos constituíram-se de doses crescentes de N (0/40/80/120/160 mg dm-3), de P (0/50/100/150/200 mg dm-3), de K (0/40/80/120/160 mg dm-3) e diferentes níveis de V% (0/20/40/60/80%), além da testemunha absoluta. O ensaio foi instalado sob estufa plástica situada na área experimental do Departamento de Recursos Naturais – Ciência do Solo, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – UNESP/Botucatu, SP. Foram analisados mensalmente a altura e diâmetro do coleto e aos 10 meses de idade: a massa seca de folhas, caules, raízes e total, a área foliar e a análise química do material vegetal. As doses crescentes de N, P, K e os níveis de V% proporcionaram efeitos distintos com relação aos parâmetros avaliados. O guanandi apresentou baixa ou nenhuma resposta às adubações nitrogenada e potássica durante o período avaliado, demonstrando pequena exigência a esses nutrientes nesta fase de desenvolvimento. Os níveis de saturação por bases do solo também pouco influenciaram no crescimento dessa espécie. Para a adubação fosfatada, houve uma resposta altamente positiva, demonstrando ser imprescindível na implantação de reflorestamentos desta espécie em solos carentes em fósforo / This study evaluated the guanandi growth in its early stage of development in 4 experiments, under a completely randomized design, containing 6 treatments and 4 replications, in 50 liters pots using seedlings ready for planting in the field, which was tested increasing doses of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and levels of bases saturation (V%), in order to obtainresponse curves of species. The experiments was consisted in using increasing doses of N (0/40/80/120/160 mg dm-3), P (0/50/100/150/200 mg dm-3), K (0/40/80/120/160 mg dm-3) and different levels of V% (0/20/40/60/80%), comparing to absolute control. The trial was conducted in plastic greenhouse located in the experimental area of Natural Resources Department - Soil Science, in the Agricultural Sciences College - UNESP / Botucatu, SP. Parameters analyzed werw: height, diameter, dry mass of leaves, stems and roots, leaf area, and chemical analysis of plant material. The increasing levels of N, P, K and V% provided different effects with respect to parameters. Guanandi had low or no response to nitrogen and potassium fertilization during the study period, showing little demand for these nutrients at this stage of development. The levels of saturation of the soil also had little influence on the growth of this species. For phosphorus, a highly positive response was demonstrated to be essential in the implementation of reforestation of this species in soils deficient in phosphorus

Submitted by MAIARA RIBEIRO CORNACINI null (maiara.cornacini@gmail.com) on 2016-10-18T17:57:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação CORNACINI, MAIARA RIBEIRO.pdf: 2933162 bytes, checksum: 4f4113567325d36125ed44efb332d836 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-21T18:47:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cornacini_mr_me_ilha.pdf: 2933162 bytes, checksum: 4f4113567325d36125ed44efb332d836 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-21T18:47:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cornacini_mr_me_ilha.pdf: 2933162 bytes, checksum: 4f4113567325d36125ed44efb332d836 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-10 / The aim is to propose a management plan for progeny and provenance tests of Astronium fraxinifolium Schott and Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart. It will be based on knowledge of genetic variability in an effort to promote the conservation of their genetic potential for commercial and environmental purposes. The test was originally installed in 1996 in Selvíria, Mato Grossa do Sul (MS) using an experimental design of randomized complete block design. We applied a total of 30 treatments (progenies) of provenance in Ilha Solteira, São Paulo (SP) and 30 treatments of provenance in Selvíria, MS with five repetitions for A. fraxinifolium and 30 treatments and 10 repetitions for J. cuspidifolia. The experimental plots were installed in a linear array, with 10 plants per plot, spaced 3 × 1.5m in alternate plantings. The silvicultural traits of both species were measured from 18 years after planting and sex determination of A. fraxinifolium individuals. The estimates of variance components and genetic parameters were obtained by employing the genetic statistical software SELEGEN-REML / BLUP. To investigate the genetic diversity the Mahalanobis distances and grouping of Tocher optimization model was used. It detected significant differences among provenances for DAP and ALT, between and within progenies for all growth traits, except FOR within progenies in A. fraxinifolium. The heritability coefficient average level progenies ranged from 0.59 to 0.89 and individual heritability from 0.14 to 0.35. The accuracy was high (> 0.65) and the coefficient of genetic variations were higher than 5.6. From total number of A. fraxinifolium individuals of just 11% and 16% are in flowering from Ilha Solteira, SP and Selvíra, MS provenances, respectively; with a predominance of individuals with male flowers. The Mahaloanobis distance was found at a maximum distance of 31.75 and a low of 0.23 between progenies. The A. fraxinifolium progenies of Ilha Solteira and Selvíria were grouped into eight and four groups. J. cuspidifolia progenies were grouped into six groups. The selection strategy within progenies, with selection of 50% of individuals based on DAP trait, revealed low gains in the selection. However, it is more suitable for this test because it does not alter the genetic structure of the population nor does it reduce the likelihood of crossings between relatives. Therefore, this proposal for selective thinning is most appropriate as the flowering percentage of individuals is low, making it impractical sex determination of total individuals. Consequently, the estimates of the parameters accurately suggest such an application is at a high level of selective high intensity. / O objetivo do trabalho foi propor um desbaste seletivo visando o manejo de um teste de progênies e procedências de Astronium fraxinifolium Schott e Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart com base no conhecimento da variabilidade genética, visando a conservação do seu potencial genético para fins comercial e ambiental. O teste foi instalado em 1996 em Selvíria-MS, sendo o delineamento experimental utilizado de blocos completos casualizados. Foram utilizados 60 tratamentos (progênies) sendo 30 da procedência de Ilha Solteira-SP e 30 da de Selvíria-MS com cinco repetições para A. fraxinifolium e 30 tratamentos e 10 repetições para J. cuspidifolia. As parcelas do experimento foram instaladas, obedecendo a uma disposição linear, com 10 plantas por parcela, no espaçamento de 3 × 1,5 m, em plantio alternado. Foram mensurados os caracteres silviculturais das duas espécies aos 18 anos após o plantio e a sexagem dos indivíduos de A. fraxinifolium. As estimativas de componentes de variância e parâmetros genéticos foram obtidas empregando-se o software genético-estatístico SELEGEN-REML/BLUP. Para investigar a divergência genética utilizou-se as distâncias de Mahalanobis e o agrupamento por otimização de Tocher. Detectou-se diferenças significativas entre procedências para os caracteres DAP (diâmetro a altura do peito) e ALT (altura total da planta), entre e dentro de progênies para todos os caracteres de crescimento, exceto FOR (forma de fuste) dentro de progênies em A. fraxinifolium. O coeficiente de herdabilidade em nível de média de progênies variou de 0,59 a 0,89 e a herdabilidade individual de 0,14 a 0,35. A acurácia foi alta (> 0,65) e os coeficientes de variação genética foram maiores que 5,6. A porcentagem de indivíduos em floração nas procedências de Ilha Solteira e Selvíria de A. fraxinifolium foram de 11% e 16%, respectivamente, com predominância de indivíduos com flores masculinas. As progênies de A. fraxinifolium de Ilha Solteira e Selvíria foram agrupadas em oito e quatro grupos e as progênies de J. cuspidifolia em seis grupos pela otimização de Tocher. A estratégia de seleção dentro de progênies, com seleção de 50% dos indivíduos com base no caráter DAP, revelou baixos ganhos na seleção, porém é a mais indicada para esse teste, pois não alterará a variabilidade genética da população e diminuirá a probabilidade de cruzamentos entre parentes. Essa proposta de desbaste seletivo é mais adequada visto que a porcentagem de indivíduos em florescimento é baixa, o que inviabiliza a sexagem completa do teste, e, consequentemente, as estimativas mais acuradas de parâmetros genéticos como o tamanho efetivo populacional.

Submitted by LEANDRO DE OLIVEIRA null (leandrooagro@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-05-03T19:24:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese definitiva impressa.pdf: 2308475 bytes, checksum: 3999d507e145f136175b0be4bff3f2ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-05-04T18:16:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_l_dr_jabo.pdf: 2308475 bytes, checksum: 3999d507e145f136175b0be4bff3f2ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-04T18:16:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_l_dr_jabo.pdf: 2308475 bytes, checksum: 3999d507e145f136175b0be4bff3f2ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-14 / As plantas daninhas são um dos principais entraves na recuperação de áreas degradadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a seletividade de alguns herbicidas sobre mudas de Apuleia leiocarpa (garapeira); Schinus terebinthifolius (aroeirinha); Trema micrantha (candiúba); Croton floribundus (capixingui ); Luehea divaricata (açoita cavalo); Astronium graveleons (guaritá); Gallesia integrifolia (pau d’ alho); Handroanthus chrysotrichus (ipê amarelo) ; Handroanthus impetiginosus( ipê rosa) . Foi implantado um experimento no município de Junqueirópolis/SP e outro em Jaboticabal/SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram (g i.a. ha-1): clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (50 + 50); fluasifop-p-butyl (250); sethoxydim (184); quizalofop-p-ethyl (75); fomesafen (125); haloxyfop-methyl (48); nicosulfuron (50), bentazon (720); chlorimuron-ethyl (15), além de uma testemunha. As características analisadas foram: incremento no diâmetro de caule e altura de plantas, além de fitointoxicação visual aos 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias após a aplicação (DAA) dos herbicidas. Ao final do experimento a parte aérea das plantas foram retiradas para avaliação do acúmulo de massa seca na parte aérea. Os herbicidas nicosulfuron e o chlorimuron-ethyl causaram intoxicação visual em todas as espécies arbóreas estudadas, bem como provocou redução do crescimento inicial das plantas de candiúba em Jaboticabal, sendo que o uso do herbicida clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl resultou em perdas no acúmulo da matéria seca neste mesmo município. O fomesafen promoveu injúrias visuais nas nove espécies de plantas nativas estudadas. Juntamente com o bentazon, o fomesafen provocou sintomas de injúrias visuais de moderados a severos em algumas espécies arbóreas, no entanto, não ifluenciou no seu desenvolvimento inicial. Os herbicidas inibidores da ACCase quizalofop-p-ethyl, haloxyfop-methyl, quizalofop-p-ethyl e o sethoxydim foram seletivos para todas as arbóreas estudadas. Somente os herbicidas clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl em plantas de aroeirinha e o nicosulfuron e chlorimuron-ethyl em candiúba, provocaram redução no desenvolvimento inicial , não sendo indicado seu uso destes herbicidas no município de Jaboticabal. Os demais herbicidas testados proporcionaram seletividade inicial as espécies capixingui, açoita-cavalo, guaritá, pau d’ alho, ipê-amarelo e ipê-rosa estudadas nos dois municípios. / Weeds are one of the main obstacles in recovering degraded areas. The aim of this paper is to study the selectivity of some herbicides over seedlings of Apuleia leiocarpa (garapeira); Schinus terebinthifolius (aroeirinha); Trema micrantha (candiúba); Croton floribundus (capixingui); Luehea divaricata (açoita cavalo); Astronium graveleons (guaritá); Gallesia integrifolia (pau d’alho); Handroanthus chrysotrichus (yellow ipê) and Handroanthus impetiginosus (pink ipê). An experiment was performed in the municipality of Junqueirópolis/ SP and another one in Jaboticabal/ SP. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 replications. The applied treatments were (g i.a. ha-1 ): clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (50 + 50); fluasifop-p-butyl (250); sethoxydim (184); quizalofop-p-ethyl (75); fomesafen (125); haloxyfop-methyl (48); nicosulfuron (50), bentazon (720); chlorimuron-ethyl (15), besides a witness. The analyzed features were: increase in the diameter of stems and in the height of the plants, as well as visual phytotoxication at days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after the applying of the herbicides (DAA). At the end of the experiment, the aerial part of the plants were removed for evaluating the building up of their dry mass. The herbicides nicosulfuron and chlorimuron-ethyl caused visual phytotoxication in all studied species of trees, and it also provoked a decrease in the initial growing of the candiúba in Jaboticabal, being that the use of the herbicide clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl resulted in losses in the building up of the dry mass in this town. The fomesafen promoted visual injury in the nine species of studied native plants. Along with bentazon, fomesafen provoked moderate to severe symptoms of visual injury in some species of trees, however, it did not influence its initial development. The inhibitor herbicides from ACCase quizalofop-pethyl, haloxyfop-methyl, quizalofop-p-ethyl and sethoxydim were selective for all the studied tree species. Only the herbicides clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl in plants of aroeirinha and nicosulfuron e chlorimuron-ethyl in candiúba provoked decrease in the initial development, so these are not recommended for use in the city of Jaboticabal. The other tested herbicides provided initial selectivity to the species capixingui, açoita-cavalo, guarita, pau d’alho, yellow ipê and pink ipê studied in the municipalities

Orientador: Ananda Virginia de Aguiar / Resumo: The aim is to propose a management plan for progeny and provenance tests of Astronium fraxinifolium Schott and Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart. It will be based on knowledge of genetic variability in an effort to promote the conservation of their genetic potential for commercial and environmental purposes. The test was originally installed in 1996 in Selvíria, Mato Grossa do Sul (MS) using an experimental design of randomized complete block design. We applied a total of 30 treatments (progenies) of provenance in Ilha Solteira, São Paulo (SP) and 30 treatments of provenance in Selvíria, MS with five repetitions for A. fraxinifolium and 30 treatments and 10 repetitions for J. cuspidifolia. The experimental plots were installed in a linear array, with 10 plants per plot, spaced 3 × 1.5m in alternate plantings. The silvicultural traits of both species were measured from 18 years after planting and sex determination of A. fraxinifolium individuals. The estimates of variance components and genetic parameters were obtained by employing the genetic statistical software SELEGEN-REML / BLUP. To investigate the genetic diversity the Mahalanobis distances and grouping of Tocher optimization model was used. It detected significant differences among provenances for DAP and ALT, between and within progenies for all growth traits, except FOR within progenies in A. fraxinifolium. The heritability coefficient average level progenies ranged from 0.59 to 0.89 and individual heritability from 0.14 to... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

As gramíneas do gênero Paspalum são as principais constituintes das pastagens nativas em vários países das Américas, fornecendo excelente forragem nas pastagens naturais destas regiões. Além disso, possuem grande potencial para exploração em programas de melhoramento genético visando o estabelecimento de pastagens cultivadas. No entanto, a apomixia é o modo de reprodução predominante nas espécies poliplóides de Paspalum, o que dificulta a recombinação gênica. Assim, o emprego de hibridações, quando um dos genitores apresenta reprodução sexuada, pode gerar variabilidade e possibilitar a seleção de progênies elite, com a fixação dos caracteres de interesse através da apomixia. A descoberta de plantas diplóides sexuais de Paspalum plicatulum e sua indução à tetraploidia obtida a partir destes, tornaram possível cruzamentos interespecíficos entre várias espécies do grupo Plicatula a nível tetraplóide. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a magnitude de expressão de caracteres de interesse forrageiro de híbridos interespecíficos (P. plicatulum x P. guenoarum) obtidos por meio de cruzamentos entre espécies do grupo Plicatula em diferentes ambientes e anos de avaliação. Os resultados indicaram que as variáveis massa seca total e massa seca de folhas apresentam maior magnitude na identificação dos genótipos com características agronômicas desejáveis recebendo grande influência da interação genótipo e ano de cultivo. A seleção a partir do segundo ano em híbridos interespecíficos de Paspalum é a mais indicada, considerando a expressão do seu potencial produtivo. A produção de massa seca total é o caráter que mais se correlaciona com a produção de massa seca de folhas em genótipos de Paspalum. Os híbridos que apresentam caracteres agronômicos superiores, principalmente para a produção de forragem e tolerância ao frio, demonstram potencial para serem lançados como cultivares, pois já possuem os caracteres desejados fixados pela apomixia. Além disso, podem ser utilizados em novos cruzamentos com plantas sexuais superiores dentro do programa de melhoramento, visando a obtenção de novos recombinantes elites. / The grasses of the genus Paspalum are the main constituents of the native pastures in several countries of the Americas, providing excellent forage on these regions. Furthermore, they have great potential for exploitation in breeding programs for the establishment of cultivated pastures. However, apomixis is the predominant mode of reproduction in polyploid species of Paspalum, which hampers genetic recombination. Thus, the use of hybridizations, when one parent has sexual reproduction, may generate variability and enable the selection of elite progenies, with characteristics of interest fixed by apomixis. The discovery of sexual diploid Paspalum plicatulum and its induction of tetraploidy, madepossible interspecific crosses between various species of the group Plicatula at the tetraploid level. The objective of this study was to evaluate the magnitude of expression of characters of forage interest of interspecific hybrids (P. plicatulum x P. guenoarum) obtained by crosses between species of the Plicatula group in different environments and years of evaluation. The results indicated that total dry mass and dry mass of leaves variables showed variability in identifying genotypes with desirable agronomic characteristics, received significant influence of genotype and year of cultivation. A selection from the second year in interspecific hybrids of Paspalum is more appropriate, considering the expression of their productive potential. The total dry mass is the character that most closely correlates with the production of dry mass of leaves in genotypes of Paspalum. The hybrids showing superior agronomic traits, primarily for forage production and cold tolerance, demonstrate potential to be released as cultivars, since they already have the desired characters fixed by apomixis. Besides, could also be used for new crosses with superior sexual plants within the breeding program aiming to obtain new elite recombinant.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Neste trabalho utilizou-se frutos de bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.), provenientes da RegiÃo Meio-Norte e preparaÃÃes enzimÃticas comerciais, cedidas pela Novo Nordisk e Quest international. A pesquisa teve inÃcio com a caracterizaÃÃo da polpa de bacuri âin naturaâ por meio de determinaÃÃes analÃticas de ordem quÃmicas e fÃsico-quÃmicas. Em seguida, cinco preparaÃÃes enzimÃticas comerciais (Pectinex AR, Pectinex Ultra SP-L, Biopectinase CCM, Ultrazym AFP-L e Viscosyme L) foram caracterizadas quanto as atividades de poligalacturonase, pectinametilesterase, pectinaliase, celulase, invertase e xilanase. O processo de maceraÃÃo da polpa de bacuri foi realizado a partir de diversos estudos para a seleÃÃo da preparaÃÃo enzimÃtica comercial ideal e a definiÃÃo dos parÃmetros de tempo e concentraÃÃo enzimÃtica, razÃo polpa:Ãgua e tempo de homogeneizaÃÃo, cujo procedimento baseou-se na quantificaÃÃo de grupos redutores totais (GRT), consistÃncia e teor de polpa. Definidos estes parÃmetros, procedeu-se a etapa de branqueamento para inativar as enzimas apÃs a maceraÃÃo. Foi realizada caracterizaÃÃo fÃsico-quÃmica e quÃmica da polpa diluÃda, bem como da polpa diluÃda/macerada e da polpa diluÃda/macerada/branqueada para efeitos comparativos, alÃm de anÃlises microbiolÃgicas. Foram formulados quatro nÃctares, sendo o primeiro com 10% de polpa e sem adiÃÃo de preparaÃÃo enzimÃtica e os outros trÃs com 10, 20 e 30% de polpa com adiÃÃo de preparaÃÃo enzimÃtica. Estes nÃctares foram submetidos à avaliaÃÃo sensorial quanto à impressÃo global e diagnÃstico dos atributos para a avaliaÃÃo da doÃura e a intensidade do sabor residual e da consistÃncia. Os resultados revelaram que a polpa de bacuri pode ser considerada uma apreciÃvel fonte de alimentos. As condiÃÃes de 25 U/mL de PG de Viscozyme L, com 40 minutos de tratamento enzimÃtico, diluiÃÃo polpa/Ãgua 1:2 e homogeneizaÃÃo de 20 segundos apresentaram um nÃvel adequado para a maceraÃÃo da polpa. A anÃlise sensorial mostrou que à possÃvel formular um nÃctar com, pelo menos 20% de polpa por meio da adiÃÃo de preparaÃÃes enzimÃticas comerciais. / In this work, bacuri fruits (Platonia insignis Mart.) from the midnorthern region have been used together with commercial enzymatic preparations kindly donated by Novo Nordisk and Quest International. Research began with a bacuri pulp characterization âin naturaâ through chemical and physicochemical analysis .Pectinex AR, Pectinex Ultra SP-L, Biopectinase CCM, Ultrazym AFP-L and Viscosyme L were analyzed in regards to polygalacturonase, pectinmetilesterase, pectinliase, cellulose, invertase and xilanase activity. The process of bacuri pulp maceration was carried out with basis on different studies for ideal commercial enzymatic preparation selection and enzymatic preparation and timing parameters, pulp/water ratio and homogenization time. This process was based on total reducer group (GRT) quantification, consistence and pulp content. Once these parameters were defined, the whitening stage was initiated with the objective of deactivating enzymes after maceration. Diluted pulp physicochemical and chemical characterizations were performed, as well as macerated pulp and diluted/macerated whitened pulp characterization for comparative purposes, together with microbiological analysis. Four nectars were formulated, being the first one with 10% pulp without enzymatic preparation addition and the other three with 10%, 20% and 30% pulp with addition of enzymatic preparation. These nectars were submitted to sensorial evaluation, global impression and feature diagnosis for sweetness, residual flavor consistence and intensity evaluation. Results demonstrated that bacuri pulp can be a considerable food source. 800 ppm of Viscozyme L (25 U/mL of polyigalacturonase), with 40 minutes of enzymatic treatment, pulp/water dilution 1:2 and 20 second homogenization, presented an appropriate level for pulp maceration. Sensorial analysis showed that it is possible to prepare nectar with at least 20% of pulp by adding commercial enzymatic preparations.

As gramíneas do gênero Paspalum são as principais constituintes das pastagens nativas em vários países das Américas, fornecendo excelente forragem nas pastagens naturais destas regiões. Além disso, possuem grande potencial para exploração em programas de melhoramento genético visando o estabelecimento de pastagens cultivadas. No entanto, a apomixia é o modo de reprodução predominante nas espécies poliplóides de Paspalum, o que dificulta a recombinação gênica. Assim, o emprego de hibridações, quando um dos genitores apresenta reprodução sexuada, pode gerar variabilidade e possibilitar a seleção de progênies elite, com a fixação dos caracteres de interesse através da apomixia. A descoberta de plantas diplóides sexuais de Paspalum plicatulum e sua indução à tetraploidia obtida a partir destes, tornaram possível cruzamentos interespecíficos entre várias espécies do grupo Plicatula a nível tetraplóide. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a magnitude de expressão de caracteres de interesse forrageiro de híbridos interespecíficos (P. plicatulum x P. guenoarum) obtidos por meio de cruzamentos entre espécies do grupo Plicatula em diferentes ambientes e anos de avaliação. Os resultados indicaram que as variáveis massa seca total e massa seca de folhas apresentam maior magnitude na identificação dos genótipos com características agronômicas desejáveis recebendo grande influência da interação genótipo e ano de cultivo. A seleção a partir do segundo ano em híbridos interespecíficos de Paspalum é a mais indicada, considerando a expressão do seu potencial produtivo. A produção de massa seca total é o caráter que mais se correlaciona com a produção de massa seca de folhas em genótipos de Paspalum. Os híbridos que apresentam caracteres agronômicos superiores, principalmente para a produção de forragem e tolerância ao frio, demonstram potencial para serem lançados como cultivares, pois já possuem os caracteres desejados fixados pela apomixia. Além disso, podem ser utilizados em novos cruzamentos com plantas sexuais superiores dentro do programa de melhoramento, visando a obtenção de novos recombinantes elites. / The grasses of the genus Paspalum are the main constituents of the native pastures in several countries of the Americas, providing excellent forage on these regions. Furthermore, they have great potential for exploitation in breeding programs for the establishment of cultivated pastures. However, apomixis is the predominant mode of reproduction in polyploid species of Paspalum, which hampers genetic recombination. Thus, the use of hybridizations, when one parent has sexual reproduction, may generate variability and enable the selection of elite progenies, with characteristics of interest fixed by apomixis. The discovery of sexual diploid Paspalum plicatulum and its induction of tetraploidy, madepossible interspecific crosses between various species of the group Plicatula at the tetraploid level. The objective of this study was to evaluate the magnitude of expression of characters of forage interest of interspecific hybrids (P. plicatulum x P. guenoarum) obtained by crosses between species of the Plicatula group in different environments and years of evaluation. The results indicated that total dry mass and dry mass of leaves variables showed variability in identifying genotypes with desirable agronomic characteristics, received significant influence of genotype and year of cultivation. A selection from the second year in interspecific hybrids of Paspalum is more appropriate, considering the expression of their productive potential. The total dry mass is the character that most closely correlates with the production of dry mass of leaves in genotypes of Paspalum. The hybrids showing superior agronomic traits, primarily for forage production and cold tolerance, demonstrate potential to be released as cultivars, since they already have the desired characters fixed by apomixis. Besides, could also be used for new crosses with superior sexual plants within the breeding program aiming to obtain new elite recombinant.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Neste trabalho utilizou-se frutos de bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.), provenientes da RegiÃo Meio-Norte e preparaÃÃes enzimÃticas comerciais, cedidas pela Novo Nordisk e Quest international. A pesquisa teve inÃcio com a caracterizaÃÃo da polpa de bacuri âin naturaâ por meio de determinaÃÃes analÃticas de ordem quÃmicas e fÃsico-quÃmicas. Em seguida, cinco preparaÃÃes enzimÃticas comerciais (Pectinex AR, Pectinex Ultra SP-L, Biopectinase CCM, Ultrazym AFP-L e Viscosyme L) foram caracterizadas quanto as atividades de poligalacturonase, pectinametilesterase, pectinaliase, celulase, invertase e xilanase. O processo de maceraÃÃo da polpa de bacuri foi realizado a partir de diversos estudos para a seleÃÃo da preparaÃÃo enzimÃtica comercial ideal e a definiÃÃo dos parÃmetros de tempo e concentraÃÃo enzimÃtica, razÃo polpa:Ãgua e tempo de homogeneizaÃÃo, cujo procedimento baseou-se na quantificaÃÃo de grupos redutores totais (GRT), consistÃncia e teor de polpa. Definidos estes parÃmetros, procedeu-se a etapa de branqueamento para inativar as enzimas apÃs a maceraÃÃo. Foi realizada caracterizaÃÃo fÃsico-quÃmica e quÃmica da polpa diluÃda, bem como da polpa diluÃda/macerada e da polpa diluÃda/macerada/branqueada para efeitos comparativos, alÃm de anÃlises microbiolÃgicas. Foram formulados quatro nÃctares, sendo o primeiro com 10% de polpa e sem adiÃÃo de preparaÃÃo enzimÃtica e os outros trÃs com 10, 20 e 30% de polpa com adiÃÃo de preparaÃÃo enzimÃtica. Estes nÃctares foram submetidos à avaliaÃÃo sensorial quanto à impressÃo global e diagnÃstico dos atributos para a avaliaÃÃo da doÃura e a intensidade do sabor residual e da consistÃncia. Os resultados revelaram que a polpa de bacuri pode ser considerada uma apreciÃvel fonte de alimentos. As condiÃÃes de 25 U/mL de PG de Viscozyme L, com 40 minutos de tratamento enzimÃtico, diluiÃÃo polpa/Ãgua 1:2 e homogeneizaÃÃo de 20 segundos apresentaram um nÃvel adequado para a maceraÃÃo da polpa. A anÃlise sensorial mostrou que à possÃvel formular um nÃctar com, pelo menos 20% de polpa por meio da adiÃÃo de preparaÃÃes enzimÃticas comerciais. / In this work, bacuri fruits (Platonia insignis Mart.) from the midnorthern region have been used together with commercial enzymatic preparations kindly donated by Novo Nordisk and Quest International. Research began with a bacuri pulp characterization âin naturaâ through chemical and physicochemical analysis .Pectinex AR, Pectinex Ultra SP-L, Biopectinase CCM, Ultrazym AFP-L and Viscosyme L were analyzed in regards to polygalacturonase,pectinmetilesterase, pectinliase, cellulose, invertase and xilanase activity. The process of bacuri pulp maceration was carried out with basis on different studies for ideal commercial enzymatic preparation selection and enzymatic preparation and timing parameters, pulp/water ratio and homogenization time. This process was based on total reducer group (GRT) quantification, consistence and pulp content. Once these parameters were defined, the whitening stage was initiated with the objective of deactivating enzymes after maceration. Diluted pulp physicochemical and chemical characterizations were performed, as well as macerated pulp and diluted/macerated whitened pulp characterization for comparative purposes, together with microbiological analysis. Four nectars were formulated, being the first one with 10% pulp without enzymatic preparation addition and the other three with 10%, 20% and 30% pulp with addition of enzymatic preparation. These nectars were submitted to sensorial evaluation, global impression and feature diagnosis for sweetness, residual flavor consistence and intensity evaluation. Results demonstrated that bacuri pulp can be a considerable food source. 800 ppm of Viscozyme L (25 U/mL of polyigalacturonase), with 40 minutes of enzymatic treatment, pulp/water dilution 1:2 and 20 second homogenization, presented an appropriate level for pulp maceration. Sensorial analysis showed that it is possible to prepare nectar with at least 20% of pulp by adding commercial enzymatic preparations.