Esta pesquisa visa analisar a utilização do tema \"Tempo Geológico\" nas narrativas de museus de História Natural através da análise de exposições em museus em quatro países: Alemanha, o Museum für Naturkunde de Berlim; Inglaterra, o Natural History Museum, em Londres; França, o Muséum National d\'Histoire Naturelle de Paris; Brasil, o Museu de Ciências Naturais e Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia, ambos em Porto Alegre. Foram analisadas três exposições no museu em Berlim: \"Mundo dos Dinossauros\" (Saurierwelt), \"Cosmos e o Sistema Solar\" (Kosmos und Sonnesystem) e \"Evolução em Ação\" (Evoluion in Aktion). No museu de Londres, foi estudada uma exposição na zona vermelha, \"Desde o Início\" (From the beginning). No museu francês, duas galerias foram estudadas, a Grande Galerie d\'Evolution and a Galerie d\'Anatomie comparée et Paléontologie. A primeira Galeria, a exposição \"Evolução da vida\" (L\'evolução de la vie) foi estudada, enquanto na Galeria de Paleontologia, foram analisadas as exposições \"Os Vertebrados\" (Les Vertèbres) e \"Os Invertebrados\" (Les Invertébrès). No Museu de Ciências Naturais em Porto Alegre, a exposição permanente foi explorada, em que a evolução da vida na Terra é o foco. Quanto ao Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia, foram analisadas as exposições \"Planeta Terra\" e \"Milhões de Anos\". É proposta uma análise qualitativa utilizando os dados da documentação literatura e disponíveis, bem como registos das exposições. Museus de História Natural tem um papel importante como instituições de extensão, apresentando os processos naturais da Terra. O Tempo Geológico é uma ferramenta chave para esse entendimento. O objetivo da presente pesquisa é comparar diferentes exposições (sua forma, organização e narrativas) para avaliar a abordagem de Tempo Geológico e também o seu potencial de integração normalmente tratados como áreas separadas em instituições de História Natural: Ciências da Terra e ciências da vida. / This research seeks to examine how the theme \"Geological Time\" is addressed in the narratives of Natural History Museums through the analysis of exhibits in museums in four countries: Germany, the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin; England, the Natural History Museum in London; France, the Muséum National d\'Histoire naturelle in Paris; Brazil, the Museu de Ciências Naturais and the Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia, both in Porto Alegre. The authors analysed three exhibits in the museum in Berlin: Saurierwelt (World of Dinosaurs), Kosmos und Sonnesystem (Cosmos and the Solar System) and Evolution in Aktion (Evolution in Action). In the museum in London, the authors studied one exhibit in the red zone, From the beginning. In the French museum, two galleries were studied, the Grand Galerie d\'Evolution and the Galerie d\'Anatomie comparée et Paléontologie. From the first Gallery, the exhibit L\'evolution de la vie (Evolution of life) was studied, while in the Paleontology Gallery the exhibits Les vertébrès (The vertebrates) and Les invertébrès (The invertebrates) were analysed. In the Museu de Ciencias Naturais in Porto Alegre, the permanent exhibit was explored, in which the evolution of life on Earth is the focus. As for the Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia, the Paleontology exhibit was analysed. We propose a qualitative analysis using data from the literature and available documentation as well as records of the exhibitions. Natural History Museums have an important role as outreach institutions presenting the natural processes on Earth. The Geological Time is a key tool for this understanding. The goal of the present research is to compare the exhibits (its form, organization and narratives) in three of the most traditional European Natural History Museums with two Brazilian ones. We aim to evaluate the approach of geological time and also its potential for integrating usually treated as separate areas in natural history institutions: Earth sciences and life sciences.

Dada a notoriedade do desenvolvimento da antropologia (na etimologia grega entendida como estudo do homem) durante o século das luzes e sendo Rousseau um de seus expoentes, o objetivo central desta tese é investigar os diferentes sentidos, não apreensíveis de forma unívoca, assumidos pela investigação antropológica em seus textos. O eixo que orienta a análise está na passagem do homem físico ao homem moral, o que remete à oposição entre o homem natural e o homem do homem. Dela resultam duas abordagens metodológicas, a saber: a antropologia negativa que busca por uma ficção desvelar o homem do puro estado de natureza e a antropologia positiva que, por meio de um método etnográfico, observa os homens reais (selvagens ou civilizados). Esta é a formulação geral a partir da qual foram desenvolvidas diferentes alternativas teóricas para a inteligibilidade do que vem a ser o homem e sua relação com as forças agentivas que o conformam. Definidos os termos da oposição que configuram o problema antropológico: como conceber a passagem do homem físico do puro estado de natureza ao homem moral, o homem do homem? O caminho que parte de um modelo originário se realiza enquanto degeneração e afastamento, ao passo que outro caminho multiplica as origens de modo a afirmar positivamente as diferenças. Donde se pensa a mudança de um discurso sobre a origem e sua alteração para outro sobre a alteração de origem ou alterações originárias, o que anuncia o saber etnológico ao recusar a identificação ou aproximação obrigatória de uma cultura particular à natureza, abrindo assim espaço para a alteridade. / Given the notoriety of the development of anthropology (that in the Greek etymology is understood as a study of man) during the century of the Enlightenment, and being Rousseau one of its exponents, the central objective of this thesis is to investigate the different meanings, not univocally apprehended, expressed by anthropological investigation in authors texts. The axis that guides the analysis is found in the passage of the physical man to the moral man, which refers to the opposition between the natural man and the man of the man. From this idea results two methodological approaches, namely: the negative anthropology, which seeks to reveal by a fiction the man from the pure state of nature, and the positive anthropology, which observes the real men (savage or civilized) by means of an ethnographic method. This is the general formulation from which different theoretical alternatives for the intelligibility of what is the man, and his relationship with the agentive forces that conform him, have been developed. Thus, the terms of the opposition that configure the anthropological problem are defined: how to conceive the passage of the physical man since the pure state of nature to a moral man, the man of man? The path that starts from an original model unfolds as degeneration and deviation, while another path multiplies the origins in order to affirm positively the differences. It entails the change of a discourse on the origin, and its alteration, to another one on the alteration of origin, or original alterations, which announces the ethnological knowledge by refusing the identification or mandatory approachment of a particular culture to the nature, thus opening space for otherness.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Mauricio Ismael Madi Filho.pdf: 3847276 bytes, checksum: 8515651d62a9803000307c3ac4b6460c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this to annalyse how taxidermizaed animals were taken as didatic materials in the late nineteen and early twenty century. By that time it tooke place the renewal of the scholar curriculum, that were more sensible to the teaching of Sciences, as well as the renewal of the metodology itself, on behalf of the one that came to be named intuitive method of teaching. Its use as tool education meant an epistemological shift. If in the traditional teaching (so named by the oppositors), learning happened through retoric, recitation, memory, because knowledge. Although the tenor of such a method took in to account the Elementary course, the intermediate happened to use those postulates, favoureded by the new study of sciences in the curriculuns, and it began to have Offices of Education for teaching Fisics, Chemistry and Natural History. The analysis in this work is based on the theme of Materail School Culture and has the contribute of Rosa Fátima de Sousa, Pedro Luiz Moreno, Augustin Benito Escolano, Martin Lawn e Ian Grosvenor. As a starting point, understandimg that schools, through it study, we are to understand the theaching method na school practics to which they were submited. It also was tried to know the biography itself of this particular subject, as a whole, embracing production, school appropriation, commerce and dessappearing. To do it the centenary collection of taxidermized animals of Colégio Marista Arquidiocesano , (SP/Brasil), as well as roll of written documents present in this heap, Natural History Text Book from the XIX century reports of the Universal Expositions end the Education Laws pertinent to the period of time taken as study were mobilized / Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar a maneira pela qual animais taxidermizados foram tornados materiais didáticos em fins do século XIX e começo do século XX. Nesse período, ocorreu a renovação dos currículos escolares mais sensíveis ao ensino de ciências, bem como a renovação da própria metodologia, em favor daquele que veio a se chamar, método intuitivo de ensino. Sua utilização como ferramenta de ensino significava uma guinada epistemológica. Se no ensino dito tradicionalista por seus opositores a aprendizagem ocorria por meio da retórica, da recitação, da memorização, uma vez que o saber estaria inscrito nas palavras, o método intuitivo propunha as coisas como objeto conhecimento. Embora o teor de tal método visasse o ensino Primário, o ensino Secundário também se apropriou de tais postulações, favorecidas pela entrada das ciências no currículo, e passou a contar com gabinetes para o ensino de Física, Química e História Natural. As análises presentes nesse trabalho estão ancoradas na temática da cultura material escolar e conta com as contribuições de Rosa Fátima de Souza, Pedro Luiz Moreno, Augustín Benito Escolano, Martin Lawn e Ian Grosvenor. Partindo da compreensão de que artefatos escolares são vetores das relações socioculturais presentes na escola, por meio de seu estudo, pretende-se compreender o método de ensino e as práticas escolares a que estavam submetidos. Também foi intentado conhecer a própria biografia deste material peculiar dentro de um quadro que compreende a produção, apropriação escolar, comercialização e desaparecimento. Para tanto, foi mobilizado a coleção de animais taxidermizados do centenário Colégio Marista Arquidiocesano bem com um rol de documentação escrita presentes em seu acervo, manuais de taxidermia do século XIX, livros didáticos de História Natural do século XX, relatórios das Exposições Universais, e legislação da educação pertinente ao período estudado

Esta investigação propõe caracterizar a incorporação da informação paleontológica nas narrativas expositivas em museus de história natural por meio da utilização de imagens. A iconografia paleontológica, vulgarmente referenciada como \"paleoarte\", é contextualizada na esfera do objeto museal. Objetiva-se aqui a caracterização do estado-de-arte das técnicas e modalidades iconográficas aplicadas às narrativas expositivas. Para tanto, três casos distintos são analisados: o do Museu Americano de História Natural (Estados Unidos), o do Museu da Evolução da Academia Polonesa de Ciências (Polônia) e o do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (Brasil). Além de aspectos ligados à materialidade, técnicas artísticas, precisão e escala, foram investigadas a proporção de sua inserção na composições das expografias, bem como as expectativas curatoriais em relação a sua contribuição comunicacional para as narrativas expositivas. Apesar de notáveis diferenças entre todas as instituições investigadas, evidenciamos a convergência da iconografia paleontológica - especialmente a paleontografia, uma abordagem sofisticada que combina técnica artística e epistemologia científica - como um recurso estratégico adotado pelos museus na comunicação de conceitos paleontológicos complexos para o grande público. Esta pesquisa também evidenciou que para além das decisões conceituais, a concepção, formulação e aplicação da iconografia paleontológica em exposições de história natural são diretamente influenciadas pelas políticas de comunicação institucional, enfrentam desafios práticos e são suscetíveis a restrições financeiras. Esta análise, que oferece possibilidades a desdobramentos futuros de pesquisa, busca oferecer subsidio para o planejamento de exposições em museus de história natural, de modo a contribuir à consolidação dessas instituições como espaços privilegiados para o diálogo e a prática da educação para a ciência, para a preservação do patrimônio e para a sustentabilidade. / This research proposes to characterize the incorporation of paleontological information in natural history museums exhibition narratives through the use of images. The paleontological iconography, commonly referred to as \"paleoart\", is contextualized in the realm of the museum object. The goal is featuring the techniques and iconographic modalities state-of-art applied in exhibition narratives. Three different cases are being analyzed: the American Museum of Natural History (United States), the Museum of Evolution of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland) and the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo (Brazil). Besides aspects of iconography\'s materiality, artistic techniques, accuracy and scale, it was investigated the proportion of its insertion in expography compositions, as well as the curatorial goals regarding its communication contribution to exhibition narratives. Despite notable distinctions between all the institutions investigated, we evidenced the convergence of the paleontological iconography - especially the paleontography, a sophisticated approach that combines artistic technique and scientific epistemology - as a strategic resource of museum exhibitions to assist the communication of high complex paleontological concepts to broader audiences. This research also evidenced that in addition to conceptual decisions, the design, making and implementation of paleontological iconography in natural history exhibitions are direct influenced by institutional communication policies, face practical challenges and are susceptible to financial constraints. This analysis, which offers possibilities for future research developments, intends to provide subsidies for exhibitions planning at natural history museums, to contribute to their consolidation as privileged spaces for dialogue and the practice of education for science, for heritage preservation and sustainability.

O objetivo da pesquisa, Romanidade em Plínio, o Antigo, e a Naturalis Historia como um projeto político-pedagógico, consiste em analisar a Naturalis Historia (49-77 d.C.) como um discurso produzido dentro de um contexto sócio-histórico, onde Plínio, o Antigo (23-79 d.C.), reelaborou, baseado na tradição latina e grega, um ideal de romanidade, e ler esta romanidade a partir da problemática das identidades no mundo antigo greco-romano. No século I, num Império cada vez mais multicultural e multiétnico, a Pax proporcionada pela ascensão do governo de Vespasiano (69-79 d.C.), da dinastia dos Flávios, ampliou um processo de romanização do qual Plínio participou como intelectual e funcionário do círculo do poder, apresentando a Naturalis Historia como um thesauros ou memória, romano-itálica e grega, da grandeza de Roma e do Império. Nossa hipótese propõe a leitura integral da Naturalis Historia - enfatizando a análise do prefácio e dos livros 2 e 33 até 37 da História Natural - como um projeto político-pedagógico ou ideológico de Plínio, onde a romanidade pode ser lida como uma noção de identidade em Plínio, que se apresenta como supraétnica ou como modelo ideal de conduta imperial: política, econômica, social, cultural e moral. Através do discurso de Plínio, suas fontes e retórica de escrita e leitura ou de perspectivas de alcance do seu texto, de um ideal de romanitas e humanitas latinas, do contexto histórico de elaboração da obra e das teorias modernas sobre as identidades sociais no mundo antigo, propomos refletir sobre a romanidade como uma ideia de identidade romana, que rehierarquizou e reordenou o mundo imperial, a partir da cidade de Roma, dos costumes, da arte grega e da corte de Vespasiano, o novo Augusto. A Naturalis Historia como Enkyklios Paideia foi portadora de um thesauros, que repropôs a importância dos valores tradicionais romanos, enquanto descreveu a contemporaneidade ou conjuntura histórica do tempo de Plínio, o Antigo, o Principado dos Júlio-claudios ao de Vespasiano, de crises, Pax e integração cada vez maior de povos diversos. / The aim of this research, Romanness in Pliny the Elder and the Natural History as a political-pedagogical project, is to analyze the Natural History (44-77 AD) as a discourse produced in a specific socio-historical context, in which Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD), based on Latin and Greek tradition, introduced a new ideal of Romanness. The research also proposes to read this Romanness vis-à-vis the issue of identity in the ancient Greco-Roman world. In the 1st century, in an increasingly multicultural and multiethnic empire, the Pax provided by the government of Vespasian (69-79 AD), of the Flavian dynasty, expanded a process of romanization in which Pliny participated as intellectual and government official. Pliny presented his Natural History as a thesaurus or memoryItalian-Roman and Greekof the Roman Empires grandeur. Our hypothesis proposes the complete reading of the Natural History (with an emphasis on the analysis of the preface and books 2 and 33 through 37) as Plinys political-pedagogical or ideological project, in which the idea of Romanness can be read as a kind of supra-ethnic identity or as an ideal model of imperial conduct: political, economic, social, cultural, and moral. We propose to look at Romanness as a notion of Roman identity that reordered and recreated hierarchies for the imperial world, starting from the city of Rome, the customs, Greek art, and the court of Vespasian, the new Augustus. For this, we take into consideration Plinys discourse, his sources, reading and writing rhetoric, and the perspectives afforded by his text, by the ideal of Latin romanitas and humanitas, the historical context of his work, and modern theories about social identities in the ancient world. The Natural History as Enkyklios Paideia was the bearer of a thesaurus that reintroduced the importance of traditional Roman values as it described the historical conjuncture of Plinys time, the principality from the Julio-Claudian to the Vespasian dynasties, crises, Pax, and the increasing integration of several peoples.

Dada a notoriedade do desenvolvimento da antropologia (na etimologia grega entendida como estudo do homem) durante o século das luzes e sendo Rousseau um de seus expoentes, o objetivo central desta tese é investigar os diferentes sentidos, não apreensíveis de forma unívoca, assumidos pela investigação antropológica em seus textos. O eixo que orienta a análise está na passagem do homem físico ao homem moral, o que remete à oposição entre o homem natural e o homem do homem. Dela resultam duas abordagens metodológicas, a saber: a antropologia negativa que busca por uma ficção desvelar o homem do puro estado de natureza e a antropologia positiva que, por meio de um método etnográfico, observa os homens reais (selvagens ou civilizados). Esta é a formulação geral a partir da qual foram desenvolvidas diferentes alternativas teóricas para a inteligibilidade do que vem a ser o homem e sua relação com as forças agentivas que o conformam. Definidos os termos da oposição que configuram o problema antropológico: como conceber a passagem do homem físico do puro estado de natureza ao homem moral, o homem do homem? O caminho que parte de um modelo originário se realiza enquanto degeneração e afastamento, ao passo que outro caminho multiplica as origens de modo a afirmar positivamente as diferenças. Donde se pensa a mudança de um discurso sobre a origem e sua alteração para outro sobre a alteração de origem ou alterações originárias, o que anuncia o saber etnológico ao recusar a identificação ou aproximação obrigatória de uma cultura particular à natureza, abrindo assim espaço para a alteridade. / Given the notoriety of the development of anthropology (that in the Greek etymology is understood as a study of man) during the century of the Enlightenment, and being Rousseau one of its exponents, the central objective of this thesis is to investigate the different meanings, not univocally apprehended, expressed by anthropological investigation in authors texts. The axis that guides the analysis is found in the passage of the physical man to the moral man, which refers to the opposition between the natural man and the man of the man. From this idea results two methodological approaches, namely: the negative anthropology, which seeks to reveal by a fiction the man from the pure state of nature, and the positive anthropology, which observes the real men (savage or civilized) by means of an ethnographic method. This is the general formulation from which different theoretical alternatives for the intelligibility of what is the man, and his relationship with the agentive forces that conform him, have been developed. Thus, the terms of the opposition that configure the anthropological problem are defined: how to conceive the passage of the physical man since the pure state of nature to a moral man, the man of man? The path that starts from an original model unfolds as degeneration and deviation, while another path multiplies the origins in order to affirm positively the differences. It entails the change of a discourse on the origin, and its alteration, to another one on the alteration of origin, or original alterations, which announces the ethnological knowledge by refusing the identification or mandatory approachment of a particular culture to the nature, thus opening space for otherness.

Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier s’il existe une méthode de récolte d’informations, autre que celle couramment utilisée, permettant de mieux décrire l’histoire naturelle des lombalgies non spécifiques. Pour cela, une revue de la littérature a été effectuée et une étude prospective dans la population générale danoise a été analysée. Deux méthodes de récolte d’informations sont utilisées pour caractériser cette évolution : la méthode usuelle par questionnaires, permettant de classer les douleurs lombaires en fonction du nombre total de jours avec douleurs dans une année, et une nouvelle méthode par suivi SMS prenant en compte la durée et le rythme des épisodes douloureux dans une année. Les résultats de la revue de littérature et l’analyse de la population générale danoise vont dans le même sens. L’évolution des douleurs lombaires est relativement stable, notamment pour ceux qui n’ont pas de douleurs en début d’étude. Les deux systèmes de classification, issus respectivement des deux méthodes de récolte, répartissent les individus en groupes non similaires. De plus, les associations de ces groupes avec des variables biopsychosociales ne sont pas les mêmes, différenciant ainsi cliniquement les groupes de chaque classification. Le suivi SMS permet d’apporter des informations plus détaillées sur le rythme des douleurs lombaires dans le temps et semble plus appropriée pour caractériser l’évolution d’une affection récurrente comme la lombalgie non spécifique. Ces résultats permettent maintenant de prévoir l’évolution des douleurs lombaires et vont faciliter l’étude plus précise de profils d’évolutions des individus afin d’améliorer le diagnostic qui, pour l’instant, reste un diagnostic d’exclusion. / The aim of this thesis is to study if there is information gathering method, other than that commonly used to better describe the natural history of non-specific low back pain. For this, a literature review was performed and a prospective study in the Danish general population was analyzed. Two methods of gathering information are used to characterize this course: the usual method by questionnaires, classifying low back pain based on the total number of days with pain in one year, and a new SMS-Track method taking into account the duration and rhythm of painful episodes in a year. The results of the literature review and analysis of data on the Danish general population go in the same direction. The course of low back pain is fairly stable, especially for those who do not have pain at baseline. Both classification systems, respectively from the two methods of collection, divide individuals into different groups. In addition, associations of these groups with bio-psychosocial variables are not the same, differentiating clinically the groups of each classification. SMS-Track method provide more detailed information on the rhythm of low back pain over time and seems more appropriate to characterize the course of a recurring condition such as non-specific low back pain. These results now predict the natural history of low back pain and will facilitate the study of individual course patterns to improve the diagnosis, which remains, for now, a diagnosis of exclusion.

This dissertation is a museological study of the coming into being of a natural history museum, its building and its adherent zoological exhibition during the years around the First World War. The main problem of the dissertation is the opposition between the curator´s program 1903 for the exhibit and its realization twenty years later. The theoretical perspective is that in its synchronic aspect science, in accordance with the views of swedish sociologist, Thomas Brante, is divided into three levels interdependent upon one another in varying degrees – theoretical, sociological and psychological level. In the present study, the main issue is the weighing of the relative significance of each of these levels. The exhibit was structured as along a scale, or chain, from lesser to greater animals. In this and in other respects it belonged to the legacy of Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnæus. Interest in maintaining this tradition was powerful in the Swedish society during the years before the First World War. Not until around 1950 was the modern theory of evolution explicitly announced to the visitor of the exhibit, still however without the representation of the forces behind it By an investigation of the milieu to which the museum belonged is shed light upon the scientific and other ideals which are represented in its exhibit. The result of an assess of the significance of the theoretical, the sociological ant the psychological level is that contemporay theory does not stand out as a driving force behind the creation of the exhibit in 1923. Nor does the curator of the exhibition emerge as an innovator. Most dominant is however the sociological level. / avhandlingen framlägges för disputation i ämnet museologi

The subject of this dissertation is the Zoological Gardens of the Zoological Society of London (f. 1826) in the nineteenth century. Located in Regent s Park, it was the express purpose of the Gardens (f. 1828) to function as a testing-ground for acclimatisation and to demonstrate the scientific impor­tance of various animal species. The aim is to analyse what the Gardens signified as a recreational, educational and scientific institution in nineteenth-century London by considering them from four different perspectives: as a pan of a newly-founded society, as a part of the leisure culture of mid-Victorian London, as a medi­ator of popular zoology and as a constituent of the Zoological Society's scientific ambitions. After an introduction which describes the devlopment of European zoos, Chapter two recapitu­lates the early years of the Society and the Gardens. The original aims of the Society—science and acclimatisation located in a museum and zoological garden—as stated in various prospectuses, are examined. The implications of acclimatisation, it being a problematic practice, are outlined and the connections between acclimatisation, the Society, the Gardens and the British Empire are also briefly considered. The founding of the Gardens is extensively described as well as how the animals were obtained and how exhibits were arranged. Chapter three is based primarily on the popular response to the Gardens in the 1850s when, after a period of decline, the institution once again became a common London visiting-place. The most important questions of this chapter concern the public and how it reacted to the Gardens of this period. The financial problems preceding the five years between 1850 and 1855 ^ described as well as how the Society managed to regain its popularity. This process was closely linked to the decision in 1847to let non-members of the Society enter the Gardens, and the implications of this resolution are discussed. As a background to the Gardens' popularity, two other London recreations are also described: the Colosseum Panorama and the Surrey Zoological Garden. The Surrey Zoological Gar­den especially is interesting, as it was a rival of the Society's Gardens, and the different attractions of these establishments are considered. Chapter four focuses on the official and non-official guidebooks to the Gardens and the implica­tions of these as mediators of popular zoology. The historical and cultural connection between the guidebooks and travel handbooks is oudined and also how the genre as a whole is constructed. The progress and development of the Society's guidebooks during the nineteenth century is described and the differences between these guidebooks and the non-official ones are examined. Finally, with the aid of Victorian children's books, I argue that the guidebooks can literally be considered as travel handbooks since a visit to the Gardens may be regarded as a journey of knowledge. Chapter five is an in-depth study of the zoological science of the Gardens. The scientific work of the Society is briefly described, starting with the Committee of Science and Correspondence, and the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. The Proceedings reports that base their findings on animals in the Gardens are then described together with minor detours into the history of taxonomy and morphology. / digitalisering@umu

Zugl.: Berlin, Humboldt-Univ., Diss.