The major thrust of refugee protection worldwide is directed towards providing assistance to refugees in emergency situations. In South Africa, a large number of refugees have moved beyond this initial emergency phase such that the extended nature of their refugee status has left them in a state of continuous vulnerability. Their prolonged exile has led to violations of various rights recognised by international law and South Africa’s own constitutional and refugee law. Faced with restricted access to rights, refugees in South Africa live in poverty, are frustrated, and do not realise their full potential, to say nothing about the overt and brutal attacks they constantly face as victims of xenophobia. Their continued status as refugees deprives them of opportunities and subjects them to constant fear of harassment and exploitation. Even though neither the UNHCR nor the South African government has classified refugees living in South Africa as being in a protracted situation, many refugees have been in South Africa for five years or longer, with no durable solution in sight. This thesis highlights the plight of refugees in protracted refugee situation in South Africa and recommends suitable solutions to the problems this situation raises.

Two conceptual approaches which offer promise for improved understanding of biological invasions are conceptualizing the invasion process as a series of distinct stages and explicitly incorporating human actions into analyses. This study explores the utility of these approaches for understanding the invasion of Trifolium (true clover) species in New Zealand. From the published literature, I collected a range of Trifolium species attributes, including aspects of global transport and use by humans, opportunistic association with humans in New Zealand, native range attributes, habitat characteristics, and biological traits. I also searched historical records to estimate the extent to which each species had been planted in New Zealand, a search facilitated by the enormous importance of Trifolium in New Zealand’s pastoral agriculture system. Regression analysis and structural equation modelling were then used to relate these variables to success at each invasion stage. Fifty-four of the 228 species in the genus Trifolium were intentionally introduced to New Zealand. Species introduced for commercial agriculture were characterised by a large number of economic uses and presence in Britain, while species introduced for horticulture or experimental agriculture were characterised by a large native range area. Nine of these 54 intentionally introduced species subsequently naturalised in New Zealand. The species that successfully naturalised were those that had been planted extensively by humans and that were well-matched to the New Zealand climate. A further 16 species (from the pool of 174 species that were never intentionally introduced) arrived and naturalised in New Zealand without any recorded intentional aid of humans. Several attributes appeared to assist species in unintentional introduction-naturalisation, including a good match to the New Zealand climate, a large native range area, presence in human-influenced habitats, a widespread distribution in Britain, and self-pollination capability. The 25 total naturalised species varied greatly in their current distributions and in the rates at which they had spread to achieve those distributions. Species that had spread quickly and are currently more widespread had been frequent contaminants in the pasture seed supply and have a long flowering period in New Zealand. Other biological traits and native range attributes played supporting roles in the spread process. Attributes facilitating success clearly varied among invasion stages. Humans played a dominant role at all stages of this invasion, although biological traits had increasing importance as a species moved through the invasion sequence. My findings suggest that incorporation of human actions and the stage-based framework provide valuable insight into the invasion process. I discuss potential avenues by which these approaches might be integrated into predictive invasion models.

The essay analyses the discursive construction of national identity in the present naturalisation test of the Federal Republic of Germany. The essay includes an overview of immigration to Germany, and a survey of political measures to improve the integration of immigrants. The language and structure of representative multiple-choice questions (and answers) of the naturalisation test are analysed by using the method of critical discourse analysis (CDA). The theoretical background of this study is grounded in cultural studies. The methodological framework consists of a combination of critical discourse analysis and textual analysis. Criteria of the linguistic analysis are: the situational context of the text, thematic roles, deixis, lexical repetitions, modality, coherence (including implicit meanings and presuppositions), intertextuality and interdiscursivity, competence and performance. The analysis shows that national identity is conceptualized by the multiple-choice questions of the naturalisation test. National identity is above all constructed by the German language. One of the qualifications which the examinee has to fulfil is competence in German on the level B1 (of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages). Linguistic competence is necessary in order to answer the questions. National identity is linguistically created by using alterity. Binary oppositions are constructed by stipulations and presumptions about migrants living in Germany. These oppositions are created by giving three alternative answers, which represent prejudices about foreigners; we is represented by an idealized construction of Germans, and the other is represented by stereotypical assumptions about foreigners. National identity is created by the content of the questions, too. Many questions deal with German laws and standards, which implies that being a German means to be law-abiding. The present study shows that German identity is constructed by language and the construction of alterity.

Various researches across the world have established that graffiti writing is a universal social practice. The actual occurrence or manifestation of graffiti is however far from being universal cross-culturally. It varies based on a wide array of social variables. This research therefore set out to interrogate the occurrence of graffiti writing as a unique social practice in Zimbabwean urban areas. Three Zimbabwean urban areas (Harare, Chitungwiza and Gweru) were specifically sampled for the collection of graffiti inscriptions on various surfaces which included toilet walls, durawalls as well as road signs. Graffiti data collected from the various surfaces was complemented by reader feedback contributions from The Herald and Newsday. Focus group discussions provided a third tier of data aimed at establishing participants’ multiple reactions towards the practice of graffiti. Analysis of data was done based on three significant sections of participants’ attitudes towards graffiti, urban street protest graffiti as well as educational graffiti collected from various toilet surfaces in urban areas. Participants’ attitudes towards graffiti revealed varied reactions towards the practice of graffiti. The reactions were partly influenced by the participants’ ages as well as levels of education and maturity. Age and maturity proved to be predictors of the extent to which participants were willing to be pragmatic in so far as the appreciation of graffiti writing is concerned. Older and more experienced and mature participants were thus willing to look past the ‘deviant’ nature of graffiti writing to consider the various pressures that force writers to take to the wall. Urban street protest graffiti is a term coined in this research to capture the unique type of graffiti that is written on various surfaces along streets in urban areas. This highly textual graffiti is drastically different from the post-graffiti commonly found in Western urban cities and is aptly referred to as street art. Urban street protest mainly manifested itself in Zimbabwean urban areas in two main themes of protest inscriptions directed towards the operations of Zimbabwe’s electrical energy supplier (commonly referred to by its former name of the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority - ZESA) as well as through political inscriptions. Political inscriptions expose a high degree of nuances that have not been hitherto discussed in literature on political graffiti inscriptions. The research analysed how graffiti writing can be employed for both pro-hegemonic and anti-hegemonic purposes. Inscriptions in high schools and tertiary institutions highlighted a differential construction of discourse on a gendered basis. Inscriptions in female toilets indicated a tendency of graffiti writers to perpetuate dominant educational, health, traditional and religious discourses which assert male dominance. The inscriptions show a major preoccupation with restricting or policing of female sexuality by fellow students mainly through the discursive usages of social corrective Shona labels such as hure (prostitute) and gaba ([big] tin). These are labels that are virtually absent in graffiti inscriptions in male toilets which is suggestive of a situation whereby female inscriptions are conservative. A consequence of such conservatism in inscriptions in female toilets is that no new sexualities are reconstructed and negotiated through discourses in discursive spaces provided by the inherently private nature of toilets in general. Thus, cultural and religious normative expectations are regarded as still weighing heavily on female high school writers in the construction and negotiation of sexuality and gendered behaviours, attitudes, norms and values through discourses constructed through graffiti. In contrast, male inscriptions highlight a major subversion of dominant discourses on abstinence and responsible sexual behaviours and attitudes. Corrective social labels such as ngochani (gay person) are mainly employed to pressure males into indulging and engaging in heterosexual behaviours. Discourses constructed through graffiti inscriptions in male toilets also demonstrate how sexuality is constructed through debate on the appropriateness of marginalised sexualities such as masturbation and homosexuality. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales / Cette thèse en sociologie historique analyse les logiques d’inclusion et d’exclusion des femmes dans le champ des sciences sociales françaises entre 1890 et 1940 à partir de l’étude des positions sociales, des prises de position et de la réception des travaux produits par des femmes dans les principaux périodiques de sciences sociales orientés vers la sociologie et l’anthropologie. La démonstration prend comme pivot l’accès des femmes aux savoirs et aux diplômes universitaires. La première partie porte sur les femmes non diplômées qui s’insèrent dans le champ des sciences sociales avant 1914, principalement par le biais d’une implication dans la mouvance réformiste ou dans les groupes féminins et féministes. Les figures féminines légitimes, dont les travaux ne suscitent pas de controverses, se situent aux positions les plus hétéronomes du champ là où les enjeux de la pratique réformiste priment sur les enjeux de la connaissance. Les figures de la transgression non diplômées, qui prétendent participer à l’élaboration des connaissances empiriques et théoriques sur les sociétés, provoquent au contraire des réactions négatives qui renvoient leurs analyses féministes hétérodoxes vers le champ politique. Après 1914, le nombre de femmes et de travaux féminins dans les périodiques et les groupes de sciences sociales français diminue globalement jusqu’en 1940, et les femmes non-diplômées cèdent leur place aux diplômées. Les processus de qualification différenciée selon le genre qui contribuent à reformuler l’antinomie entre compétences intellectuelles et féminité s’adaptent à l’accès des femmes aux diplômes. D’un côté, la majorité des nouvelles diplômées s’oriente et est orientée vers les nouvelles professions sociales (surtout le travail social) et vers l’enseignement qui valorisent les compétences traditionnellement associées au féminin et qui construisent leurs identités professionnelles en opposition au travail intellectuel, particulièrement au travail théorique. De l’autre côté, les seules femmes diplômées aspirant à demeurer dans le champ des sciences sociales qui parviennent à obtenir une reconnaissance relative avant 1940 se spécialisent dans les secteurs de la recherche empirique, réalisent leurs travaux au sein d’institutions savantes, s’assimilent aux problématiques et aux perspectives légitimes et n’adoptent pas de posture militante féministe. / In this dissertation in historical sociology, I analyze gender relations and the construction of women’s intellectual legitimacy in the French social sciences between 1890 and 1940. To that end, I study the social positions, the intellectual productions, and the reception of women in the main social science periodicals leaning towards sociology and anthropology. The pivotal point of my demonstration is women’s university enrolment and graduation. The first part of my dissertation is about women lacking a university diploma that nevertheless played a role in the social sciences before 1914, mainly through participating in the reformist circle of influence or by being involved in feminine and feminist groups. The “legitimate feminine figures”, i.e. women whose works did not fuel any kind of controversy, are in the most heteronomous parts of the field of study, in which issues about the reformist practice prevail over issues about knowledge. On the other hand, the “figures of transgression”, i.e. women lacking a diploma but pretending to participate in social empirical and theoretical knowledge, provoke negative reactions that, in turn, relegate their heterodox feminist analyzes to the political field. After 1914 and until 1940, the amount of women and of feminine works in periodicals and French social science groups decreased, and women with a university diploma replaced those lacking one. The gender-differentiated processes of evaluation, which contributed to reformulate the antinomy between intellectual competence and femininity, adapted itself to the fact that women had access to university diploma. On the one hand, the majority of newly graduated women heads and is directed towards new social professions (mainly social work) and teaching. Both professions promote competences traditionally associated with women, and construct the latter’s professional identities as disjoint from intellectual, and mainly theoretical, activities. On the other hand, the only graduated women aspiring to stay within the field of the social sciences, and who succeeded before 1940 in gaining a relative recognition for their competence, pursued empirical research, accomplished their work in accredited institutions, took on problems and perspectives sanctioned by the expert community, and did not play the role of feminist activists.

Various researches across the world have established that graffiti writing is a universal social practice. The actual occurrence or manifestation of graffiti is however far from being universal cross-culturally. It varies based on a wide array of social variables. This research therefore set out to interrogate the occurrence of graffiti writing as a unique social practice in Zimbabwean urban areas. Three Zimbabwean urban areas (Harare, Chitungwiza and Gweru) were specifically sampled for the collection of graffiti inscriptions on various surfaces which included toilet walls, durawalls as well as road signs. Graffiti data collected from the various surfaces was complemented by reader feedback contributions from The Herald and Newsday. Focus group discussions provided a third tier of data aimed at establishing participants’ multiple reactions towards the practice of graffiti. Analysis of data was done based on three significant sections of participants’ attitudes towards graffiti, urban street protest graffiti as well as educational graffiti collected from various toilet surfaces in urban areas. Participants’ attitudes towards graffiti revealed varied reactions towards the practice of graffiti. The reactions were partly influenced by the participants’ ages as well as levels of education and maturity. Age and maturity proved to be predictors of the extent to which participants were willing to be pragmatic in so far as the appreciation of graffiti writing is concerned. Older and more experienced and mature participants were thus willing to look past the ‘deviant’ nature of graffiti writing to consider the various pressures that force writers to take to the wall. Urban street protest graffiti is a term coined in this research to capture the unique type of graffiti that is written on various surfaces along streets in urban areas. This highly textual graffiti is drastically different from the post-graffiti commonly found in Western urban cities and is aptly referred to as street art. Urban street protest mainly manifested itself in Zimbabwean urban areas in two main themes of protest inscriptions directed towards the operations of Zimbabwe’s electrical energy supplier (commonly referred to by its former name of the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority - ZESA) as well as through political inscriptions. Political inscriptions expose a high degree of nuances that have not been hitherto discussed in literature on political graffiti inscriptions. The research analysed how graffiti writing can be employed for both pro-hegemonic and anti-hegemonic purposes. Inscriptions in high schools and tertiary institutions highlighted a differential construction of discourse on a gendered basis. Inscriptions in female toilets indicated a tendency of graffiti writers to perpetuate dominant educational, health, traditional and religious discourses which assert male dominance. The inscriptions show a major preoccupation with restricting or policing of female sexuality by fellow students mainly through the discursive usages of social corrective Shona labels such as hure (prostitute) and gaba ([big] tin). These are labels that are virtually absent in graffiti inscriptions in male toilets which is suggestive of a situation whereby female inscriptions are conservative. A consequence of such conservatism in inscriptions in female toilets is that no new sexualities are reconstructed and negotiated through discourses in discursive spaces provided by the inherently private nature of toilets in general. Thus, cultural and religious normative expectations are regarded as still weighing heavily on female high school writers in the construction and negotiation of sexuality and gendered behaviours, attitudes, norms and values through discourses constructed through graffiti. In contrast, male inscriptions highlight a major subversion of dominant discourses on abstinence and responsible sexual behaviours and attitudes. Corrective social labels such as ngochani (gay person) are mainly employed to pressure males into indulging and engaging in heterosexual behaviours. Discourses constructed through graffiti inscriptions in male toilets also demonstrate how sexuality is constructed through debate on the appropriateness of marginalised sexualities such as masturbation and homosexuality. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Two conceptual approaches which offer promise for improved understanding of biological invasions are conceptualizing the invasion process as a series of distinct stages and explicitly incorporating human actions into analyses. This study explores the utility of these approaches for understanding the invasion of Trifolium (true clover) species in New Zealand. From the published literature, I collected a range of Trifolium species attributes, including aspects of global transport and use by humans, opportunistic association with humans in New Zealand, native range attributes, habitat characteristics, and biological traits. I also searched historical records to estimate the extent to which each species had been planted in New Zealand, a search facilitated by the enormous importance of Trifolium in New Zealand's pastoral agriculture system. Regression analysis and structural equation modelling were then used to relate these variables to success at each invasion stage. Fifty-four of the 228 species in the genus Trifolium were intentionally introduced to New Zealand. Species introduced for commercial agriculture were characterised by a large number of economic uses and presence in Britain, while species introduced for horticulture or experimental agriculture were characterised by a large native range area. Nine of these 54 intentionally introduced species subsequently naturalised in New Zealand. The species that successfully naturalised were those that had been planted extensively by humans and that were well-matched to the New Zealand climate. A further 16 species (from the pool of 174 species that were never intentionally introduced) arrived and naturalised in New Zealand without any recorded intentional aid of humans. Several attributes appeared to assist species in unintentional introduction-naturalisation, including a good match to the New Zealand climate, a large native range area, presence in human-influenced habitats, a widespread distribution in Britain, and self-pollination capability. The 25 total naturalised species varied greatly in their current distributions and in the rates at which they had spread to achieve those distributions. Species that had spread quickly and are currently more widespread had been frequent contaminants in the pasture seed supply and have a long flowering period in New Zealand. Other biological traits and native range attributes played supporting roles in the spread process. Attributes facilitating success clearly varied among invasion stages. Humans played a dominant role at all stages of this invasion, although biological traits had increasing importance as a species moved through the invasion sequence. My findings suggest that incorporation of human actions and the stage-based framework provide valuable insight into the invasion process. I discuss potential avenues by which these approaches might be integrated into predictive invasion models.

No description available.

Cette thèse en sociologie historique analyse les logiques d’inclusion et d’exclusion des femmes dans le champ des sciences sociales françaises entre 1890 et 1940 à partir de l’étude des positions sociales, des prises de position et de la réception des travaux produits par des femmes dans les principaux périodiques de sciences sociales orientés vers la sociologie et l’anthropologie. La démonstration prend comme pivot l’accès des femmes aux savoirs et aux diplômes universitaires. La première partie porte sur les femmes non diplômées qui s’insèrent dans le champ des sciences sociales avant 1914, principalement par le biais d’une implication dans la mouvance réformiste ou dans les groupes féminins et féministes. Les figures féminines légitimes, dont les travaux ne suscitent pas de controverses, se situent aux positions les plus hétéronomes du champ là où les enjeux de la pratique réformiste priment sur les enjeux de la connaissance. Les figures de la transgression non diplômées, qui prétendent participer à l’élaboration des connaissances empiriques et théoriques sur les sociétés, provoquent au contraire des réactions négatives qui renvoient leurs analyses féministes hétérodoxes vers le champ politique. Après 1914, le nombre de femmes et de travaux féminins dans les périodiques et les groupes de sciences sociales français diminue globalement jusqu’en 1940, et les femmes non-diplômées cèdent leur place aux diplômées. Les processus de qualification différenciée selon le genre qui contribuent à reformuler l’antinomie entre compétences intellectuelles et féminité s’adaptent à l’accès des femmes aux diplômes. D’un côté, la majorité des nouvelles diplômées s’oriente et est orientée vers les nouvelles professions sociales (surtout le travail social) et vers l’enseignement qui valorisent les compétences traditionnellement associées au féminin et qui construisent leurs identités professionnelles en opposition au travail intellectuel, particulièrement au travail théorique. De l’autre côté, les seules femmes diplômées aspirant à demeurer dans le champ des sciences sociales qui parviennent à obtenir une reconnaissance relative avant 1940 se spécialisent dans les secteurs de la recherche empirique, réalisent leurs travaux au sein d’institutions savantes, s’assimilent aux problématiques et aux perspectives légitimes et n’adoptent pas de posture militante féministe. / In this dissertation in historical sociology, I analyze gender relations and the construction of women’s intellectual legitimacy in the French social sciences between 1890 and 1940. To that end, I study the social positions, the intellectual productions, and the reception of women in the main social science periodicals leaning towards sociology and anthropology. The pivotal point of my demonstration is women’s university enrolment and graduation. The first part of my dissertation is about women lacking a university diploma that nevertheless played a role in the social sciences before 1914, mainly through participating in the reformist circle of influence or by being involved in feminine and feminist groups. The “legitimate feminine figures”, i.e. women whose works did not fuel any kind of controversy, are in the most heteronomous parts of the field of study, in which issues about the reformist practice prevail over issues about knowledge. On the other hand, the “figures of transgression”, i.e. women lacking a diploma but pretending to participate in social empirical and theoretical knowledge, provoke negative reactions that, in turn, relegate their heterodox feminist analyzes to the political field. After 1914 and until 1940, the amount of women and of feminine works in periodicals and French social science groups decreased, and women with a university diploma replaced those lacking one. The gender-differentiated processes of evaluation, which contributed to reformulate the antinomy between intellectual competence and femininity, adapted itself to the fact that women had access to university diploma. On the one hand, the majority of newly graduated women heads and is directed towards new social professions (mainly social work) and teaching. Both professions promote competences traditionally associated with women, and construct the latter’s professional identities as disjoint from intellectual, and mainly theoretical, activities. On the other hand, the only graduated women aspiring to stay within the field of the social sciences, and who succeeded before 1940 in gaining a relative recognition for their competence, pursued empirical research, accomplished their work in accredited institutions, took on problems and perspectives sanctioned by the expert community, and did not play the role of feminist activists. / Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales

À la croisée de l’histoire coloniale et de l’histoire de l’immigration en France, cette thèse se propose d’aborder sous un angle neuf le rôle des Italiens dans la colonisation et le peuplement des villes du littoral oriental de l’Algérie à travers le cas de Bône (Annaba). Elle s’appuie sur un corpus de sources récoltées en France (Paris, Aix-en-Provence, Toulon, Marseille), en Italie (Rome, Pouilles, Sardaigne) et en Algérie (Annaba, Constantine). Un premier axe est consacré à l’étude des politiques migratoires mises en place des deux côtés de la Méditerranée au cours du XIXe siècle pour réguler et contrôler les circulations croissantes entre l’Italie et l’Algérie. Un second s’articule autour des modalités d’installation des Italiens à Bône. Par le biais d’une étude socio-quantitative, les spécificités de l’installation et de l’intégration des étrangers sont étudiées dans un cadre urbain et colonial. Le troisième volet porte sur la place des Italiens dans la société coloniale algérienne de l’entre-deux-guerres. Il permet de resituer l’Algérie dans la politique africaine de l’Italie libérale et fasciste, et plus largement dans les rapports franco-italiens au Maghreb. / At the cross-road of the colonial history and immigration history in France, this PHD thesis proposes to address under a new angle the role of the Italians in the colonisation and settlement of the cities of Algerian western coastline, through the case of Annaba. It is based on a corpus of sources gathered in France (Paris, Aix-en-Provence, Toulon, Marseille), Italy (Rome, Puglia, Sardinia) and Algeria (Annaba, Constantine). A first axis is dedicated to the study of migration policies adopted in both sides of the Mediterranean Sea during the 19th century, which aimed at regulating and controlling the growing circulation between Italy and Algeria. The second axis deals with the modalities of settlement of Italians in Annaba. Through a socio-quantitative study, the specificities of the settlement and integration of foreigners are studied from an urban and colonial perspective. The third axis addresses the status of the Italians in the Algerian colonial society of the inter-war period. It enables to place back Algeria in the African policy of the liberal and fascist Italy, and furthermore in the relationships between Italy and France in Maghreb.