This study has presented findings on the correlations of the attitudes of the health promotion program provider and the program decision-maker in measuring the success of their worksite health promotion programs. The purpose of this study was to answer the following three questions: 1) Do company decision-makers and primary program providers agree upon which evaluation methods are currently being used in their worksite health promotion program? 2) Do the company decision-makers and primary program providers rank the top five evaluation criteria in the same order of importance? and 3) In rank order, what are the top five preferred evaluation criteria of the program provider? Results indicate a strong correlation of agreement for questions 1 and 2 (0.937 and 0.951 respectively). The data suggests that primary health promotion program providers and company decision-makers share strong agreement on which evaluation criteria should measure program success. Justification of worksite health promotion requires that the program provider be accountable for the criteria on which the decision-maker bases the programs' success. / Fisher Institute for Wellness

Inledning: En förväntning är en sinnesstämning som människor känner kring något eller någon innan de kommer i kontakt med objektet. Detta grundar sig i många fall i en positiv känsla över hur något kommer att bli och har vissa krav som den ämnar leva upp till. Varje dag utsätter människan sig för situationer där förväntningar skapas. Förväntningar kan även mätas innan, under, samt efter någonting utförts. Du kan till exempel gå in med en rad förväntning innan du utför ett uppdrag vilka självklart hänger med genom hela processens gång. Under en kampanj kan det kännas att det matchar exakt dina förväntningar eller kanske skiljer sig markant. Under själva processen är det även vanligt att nya förväntningar uppkommer. Efter själv uppdraget känns det ofta som att förväntningarna är uppfyllda eller inte. Vid utförandet av en kampanj kan företaget leverera en väldigt bra kampanj som uppfyller många krav, men det var inte som kunden hade förväntat sig och således medför det en negativ påverkan på förväntningarna. Kampanjen kan även slå snett och således direkt påverka kundens förväntningar till de sämre. Eller så är kampanjen inte speciellt bra, men det var mer än vad kunden hade förväntat sig och således blev deras förväntningar överträffade. Gerillamarknadsföring syftar till att utföra en okonventionell marknadsföringskampanj som står ut från de normala normer och regler som följs i traditionell marknadsföring. Syftet är att utföra en jämförande studie av de utvalda fallkampanjerna för att ta reda på om intervjuobjektens förväntningar stämmer överens med resultatet. Metod: En kvalitativ forskningsansats har valts för just denna studie då det syftar till att undersöka och studera hur förväntningar i våra fallkampanjer stämmer överens med deras resultat. Vår studie tar sin utgångspunkt i en icke-dualistisk ontologi med ett det abduktiva förhållningssättet. Tre stycken gerillakampanjer har granskats och för insamlingen av det empiriska materialet har semi-strukturerade intervjuer och telefonintervjuer tillämpats.    Resultat: Det visade sig att alla aktörer i samtliga kampanjer fick sina förväntningar uppfyllda eller överträffade, detta beror på att dem alla gick in i kampanjerna med olika erfarenheter och krav på sina förväntningar. Det går även att avläsa att alla är nöjda med gerillamarknadsföringens genomslag och kommer att använda sig av detta igen. / Introduction: An expectation is a frame of mind that people feel about something or someone before they are in contact with the object. This takes ground in a positive feeling over how something is going to be or demands they will live by. Every day people are exposed for situations when expectations are created. Expectations can be measured before, under and after something is completed. You can build up a range of expectations before you complete a mission, which is a given through the whole process. During the campaign it can feels like it matches your expectations or maybe distinguishes significant. During the process it is usual that new expectations discovers. After the mission you can see if the expectations was satisfying or not. Throughout the campaign the company can either deliver a splendid campaign that satisfies many demands but it wasn´t anything that the customer expected and therefore it had a negative effect on their expectations. The campaign can also turn out awry and directly affect the customer’s expectation for the worse and on the other way, the campaign can turn out not so good and still be more then the customer expected. This will result in that the customer’s expectations were exceeded. Guerrilla marketing aims to perform an unconventional marketing campaign that stands out from the social norms and rules, which are followed, in traditional marketing.   The purpose is to accomplish a comparative study of selected cases campaigns to find out if the interview objects expectations are consistent with the results. Methodology: A qualitative research approach has been chosen for this particular study as it aims to investigate and study how the expectations in our campaigns agree with their results.  Our study take it´s ground in a non-dualistic ontology with the abductive approach. Three guerrilla-campaigns have both been criticized and we have used semi-structured interviews and telephone interviews to collect empirical data.    Results: It turned out that all participants in the campaigns got their expectations filled or exceeded, this can be since every participant entered the campaign with different experiences and demand on their expectations. It is also accessible to see that everyone is pleased with the effect of guerilla marketing and will use it again.

Few studies on female entrepreneurship have focused on preventure women and their training needs. This study used four years of data collected from a Small Business Development Center (SBDC) in a large mid-western city. The information needs sought by pre-venture females were compared with those of women who were already business owners. The groups were compared to determine training need differences before and after seeing an SBDC counselor. Male clients also were included.Data were obtained from two sources: A Small Business Administration counseling request form to be completed before counseling, and a SBDC counseling form which is a record of items discussed during the counseling session. Of the usable surveys, 553 were female and 276 were male.The three information needs most requested by pre-venture women were: Information on SBDC services (including start-up information), sources of capital, and the business plan. In counseling sessions, the business plan was the most discussed topic. Educational opportunities were the second most discussed.The next six information needs were rated closely together: Sources of finance; legal structure; industry information; business license; business name; and tax information.Little difference was found between the requested needs of pre-venture women and women in business. A greater percentage of the women in business discussed assistance in marketing, record keeping, accounting, advertising, and financial analysis. Further, women in business required more detailed information than did pre-venture women.No difference was found between African-American and white women on the amount of time spent with a counselor. Significantly more African-American women requested information on the business plan, government procurement, and international trade than did white women No difference was found in rank order comparisons of requested training needs between the two groups.Significantly more males than females requested information on bidding, sources of finance, advertising, government procurement, accounting/record keeping, and personnel. Similar gender differences were found in topics discussed during counseling. These differences may be due to the type of business started rather than gender. Rank order comparisons of training needs requested by males and females were identical.More research needs to be done with pre-venture entrepreneurs. Follow-up studies need to identify those who did or did not actually start businesses and the determinants of their decision. / Department of Educational Leadership

DARBO SANTRAUKA Nors lauko reklama, laikoma viena seniausių reklamos skleidimo būdų, tačiau Lietuvoje, sparčiai ėmė plėtotis, tik pastarąjį dešimtmetį. Iki 1994 metų, kai susikūrė pirmosios lauko reklamos įmonės, šioje srityje verslu užsiėmė tik pavieniai, privatūs asmenys, dažnai net nelegaliai. Tik per pastarąjį dešimtį metų visuomenė ir valstybinės struktūros šiam verslui ėmė skirti daugiau dėmesio. Taigi suvokiant šios gana naujos ekonomikos šakos svarbą ir naudą buvo pasirinkta, nagrinėti lauko reklamos poveikį vartotojų poreikių suvokimui. Suvokimas yra labai subjektyvus. Daugelio žmonių suvokimas apie ta patį dalyką gali skirtis, dėl to, kad ir patys žmonės yra skirtingi. Kiekvienas vartotojas gaudamas reklaminę žinutę interpretuoja ir ją suvokia remdamasis asmeninėmis charakteristikomis, vidiniais bei išoriniais veiksniais. Darbo objektas – lauko reklama ir vartotojų poreikiai. Darbo tikslas – teoriškai pagrįsti ir empiriškai patikrinti lauko reklamos poveikį vartotojų poreikių suvokimui. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti poreikių suvokimą vartotojų elgsenoje; 2. Teoriniu lygmeniu išanalizuoti ir apibendrinti vartotojų poreikių suvokimą; 3. Pagrįsti reklamos poveikį vartotojams; 4. Išanalizuoti ir apibendrinti lauko reklamos konceptualiąją esmę; 5. Parengti lauko reklamos poveikio vartotojų poreikių suvokimui tyrimo metodologiją; 6. Remiantis apibendrintomis metodologinėmis nuostatomis, atlikti lauko reklamos poveikio vartotojų poreikių suvokimui; 7. Atlikus empirinį... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / SUMMARY Although outdoor advertisement is considered to be as one of the oldest ways of advertising, however, in Lithuania its rapid development can only be observed only in the last decade. Only separate private entities (mostly illegal) were working in this business untill 1994, when the first outdoor advertisement companies were established. It was only the last decade when the society and public institutions paid more attention to this business. Thus, considering the importance and benefits of this this rather new field of business, the impact of outdoor advertisement on the perception of consumer needs has been selected as the object of analysis. The concept of perception is very subjective. The perception of the same object of majority of people may differ due to the reason that people themselves are different. Every consumer has his/her own interpretation of a message and the perception is based on individual characteristics, internal and external factors. Research Object– outdoor advertisement and consumer needs. Research Goal – theoretical basis and empirical verification of outdoor advertisement impact on the perception of consumer neeeds. Research Tasks: 1. Analysis of the perception of consumer needs in their behaviour; 2. Analysis and summary of the perception of consumer needs at theoretical level; 3. Reasoning of advertisement impact on consumers; 4. Analysis and summary of the conceptual essence of outdoor advertisement; 5. Preparation of research methodology... [to full text]

The definition of child sexual abuse is problematic as it encompasses various meanings within different cultures. This in turn leads to difficulty in measuring the exact incidence and prevalence of child sexual abuse within a country. Many researchers, however, agree that the incidence and prevalence of child sexual abuse within South Africa is significantly high and poses a large threat to many children. As a result, the government has implemented legislation and various policies to protect children from sexual abuse, as well as to provide the victims of such abuse with the necessary assistance. As child sexual abuse may have considerable short- and long-term effects on the child, it is essential that the child be adequately supported. Through various welfare programmes, the government aims to provide support and treatment to children who have been sexually abused. Professionals working with sexually abused children work in a highly stressful environment and often show symptoms of vicarious traumatisation, secondary trauma, burnout and compassion fatigue as a result. South Africa in particular faces further problems, in that the welfare programmes are often underfunded and lack the support needed to effectively help sexually abused children. This has led to a need for community members to volunteer in order to help alleviate some of the stress on professionals working within the field of child sexual abuse. Community members can volunteer in various ways within many different spheres of the community. Their motivations to volunteer vary and range from wanting to give back to the community, to wanting to further their education. Volunteers in South Africa that work within the field of child sexual abuse may also, however, experience many of the same symptoms as the professionals with whom they work. This often leads to a high dropout and turnover rate in volunteer programmes. That said, if volunteers feel a sense of satisfaction and support within their work environment, the organisation’s retention rate will be higher. Literature has shown that South Africa’s mental health services rely on volunteers to help alleviate the workload, particularly in the area of sexual abuse. While much research has been done on the supportive needs of professionals working with sexually abused children, little research has been conducted on the secondary trauma experienced by volunteers working within this field. This qualitative study is therefore important because it explores the supportive needs of volunteers working at an organisation for sexually abused children in a small community in Somerset West. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the North-West University and the participants gave their informed consent before taking part in the study. Data were gathered through discussion groups and individual interviews with six volunteers. Through the process of crystallisation and the four standards of trustworthiness, the reliability of the findings was ensured. Using thematic analysis, various themes and subthemes were identified. From the data obtained in the group discussions and individual interviews, it was revealed that the volunteers had similar supportive needs to those of psychologists, social workers and counsellors working in the field of child sexual abuse. These included a need for supervision and debriefing; a need for appreciation, acknowledgement, value and worth; a need for more contact and support from the organisation; a need for emotional support from the organisation and supportive others; as well as a need for assistance in coping with anger, all of which is consistent with previous research. As volunteer retention is essential to the continuity of organisations such as the one in this study, it is imperative that the volunteers’ supportive needs are understood and fulfilled. These findings have contributed to an understanding of the volunteers’ supportive needs and what organisations and significant others can do to fulfil these needs, in order for the volunteers to render effective services to the sexually abused children with whom they work / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Retirement is an unavoidable and necessary phase in a person’s life. It is also one of the biggest transitions in the life cycle of a human being. Emeritus of the Apostolic Faith Mission of S.A. (AFM) have positive and negative feelings regarding their retirement. In the light of this fact the research question was posed: How can the AFM, from a pastoral perspective, understand the situation of, prepare and assist its emeritus in coping effectively with retirement - in the process addressing their holistic needs - maintaining a meaningful life in the service of God as integral members of His community? With reference to the abovementioned question it is the overall aim of this study to research the holistic needs of the pastors of the AFM, with the objective to create a pastoral model for retirement preparation. In so doing they can remain integral members of God`s community whose holistic needs are taken care of, in a Christian way. The study was done by using the practical-theological model of Osmer as starting point which comprises the following: * the normative task, where Scriptural perspectives on the topic have been researched; * the interpretative task, according to which material from other disciplines are studied; * an empirical research by way of interviews with emeritus; * and a practice theory to design a model for pre-retirement planning for pastors of the AFM. The normative task part of the research indicates that although the Bible does not say much regarding emeritus, definite direction is found regarding old age. God speaks through, and gives direction in his Word concerning the elderly. In the interpretative task part of the study very little literature is found regarding the retirement of clergy. Information exists, however, on the subject of the elderly. Numerous guidelines are also found in Scripture a propos the pastors as a holistic person in connection with body, soul and spirit. Research indicated that preparation for retirement is of cardinal importance. The results which surfaced from the empirical study, confirmed the normative and interpretative theoretical research. Subsequently the practice theory has been formulated from the hermeneutical interaction of the different elements of the research in the format of a model for pre-retirement planning. A model where the strategy for planning has been explained has been compiled finally. Matters related to the problems and fears of emeritus were addressed in creating a model. The intention of the pre-retirement education is to reduce the effect of negative stereotypes of retirement. It will further assist pastors to develop realistic goals for their retirement. With reference to the research question, central theoretical argument and the research reflected in chapters 2 to 5, the final conclusion states that pre-retirement planning for pastors of the AFM is very important. / PhD (Pastoral studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The purpose of this study is to determine the possible training needs of the school governing bodies so that they can play their roles efficiently. Education can no longer be led by the producers, namely the academic theorists, the administrators and the educators' unions. Education must be shaped by the users, by what is good for the individual child and what hopes are held by parents. If power is to be moved, then it has to be managed, by implication, this management is to be by the users represented by the governors. Governing bodies have to take ownership of their schools to make sure that quality education is provided. In order to be effective democratically and managerially, the need for training should be recognized. The responsibilities for governing bodies are so important and complex that a governor cannot be expected to discharge them effectively without some training going beyond the normal process of picking up the job by doing it. The empirical investigation was employed to determine the training needs and strategies of the school governing bodies. Literature survey was also employed to determine the possible problems preventing the governing bodies to manage effectively. The population involved in this study was confined to principals, educator governors, parents, learners and co-opted members. The results of 210 respondents were analyzed. The findings revealed that the governing bodies did not know what to do and what not to do (i.e. they do not know their job description). Findings more over revealed that the governing bodies need to be empowered through extensive training. Recommendations made by the respondents on how training of school governing bodies should be done are also expounded. The respondents put more effort on organisation of workshops, mentoring, in-service training, clinical supervision and induction as relevant strategies that can enhance efficient school governance. / (M.Ed.) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2003

The definition of child sexual abuse is problematic as it encompasses various meanings within different cultures. This in turn leads to difficulty in measuring the exact incidence and prevalence of child sexual abuse within a country. Many researchers, however, agree that the incidence and prevalence of child sexual abuse within South Africa is significantly high and poses a large threat to many children. As a result, the government has implemented legislation and various policies to protect children from sexual abuse, as well as to provide the victims of such abuse with the necessary assistance. As child sexual abuse may have considerable short- and long-term effects on the child, it is essential that the child be adequately supported. Through various welfare programmes, the government aims to provide support and treatment to children who have been sexually abused. Professionals working with sexually abused children work in a highly stressful environment and often show symptoms of vicarious traumatisation, secondary trauma, burnout and compassion fatigue as a result. South Africa in particular faces further problems, in that the welfare programmes are often underfunded and lack the support needed to effectively help sexually abused children. This has led to a need for community members to volunteer in order to help alleviate some of the stress on professionals working within the field of child sexual abuse. Community members can volunteer in various ways within many different spheres of the community. Their motivations to volunteer vary and range from wanting to give back to the community, to wanting to further their education. Volunteers in South Africa that work within the field of child sexual abuse may also, however, experience many of the same symptoms as the professionals with whom they work. This often leads to a high dropout and turnover rate in volunteer programmes. That said, if volunteers feel a sense of satisfaction and support within their work environment, the organisation’s retention rate will be higher. Literature has shown that South Africa’s mental health services rely on volunteers to help alleviate the workload, particularly in the area of sexual abuse. While much research has been done on the supportive needs of professionals working with sexually abused children, little research has been conducted on the secondary trauma experienced by volunteers working within this field. This qualitative study is therefore important because it explores the supportive needs of volunteers working at an organisation for sexually abused children in a small community in Somerset West. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the North-West University and the participants gave their informed consent before taking part in the study. Data were gathered through discussion groups and individual interviews with six volunteers. Through the process of crystallisation and the four standards of trustworthiness, the reliability of the findings was ensured. Using thematic analysis, various themes and subthemes were identified. From the data obtained in the group discussions and individual interviews, it was revealed that the volunteers had similar supportive needs to those of psychologists, social workers and counsellors working in the field of child sexual abuse. These included a need for supervision and debriefing; a need for appreciation, acknowledgement, value and worth; a need for more contact and support from the organisation; a need for emotional support from the organisation and supportive others; as well as a need for assistance in coping with anger, all of which is consistent with previous research. As volunteer retention is essential to the continuity of organisations such as the one in this study, it is imperative that the volunteers’ supportive needs are understood and fulfilled. These findings have contributed to an understanding of the volunteers’ supportive needs and what organisations and significant others can do to fulfil these needs, in order for the volunteers to render effective services to the sexually abused children with whom they work / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The goal of this study was to investigate the career counselling needs at a school in a deprived community. High School learners form part of the future workforce that will influence this country's economy. Therefore it is necessary to focus on the development of a workforce that has the basic skills. Career counselling is therefore seen as the field of education by means of which these skills need to be addressed, but to present successful career counselling, the needs of the learners and teachers have to be taken into consideration. The staff and pupils of a Secondary School from a deprived community in Potchefstroom were used for the purposes of this study. The group consisted of 15 participants in total, of which 10 were pupils (6 girls and 4 boys) in grades 10 to 12, and 5 teachers (4 ladies and 1 gentleman). In order to determine the participants' experiences with regard to Career Counselling, qualitative research methodology was used by means of phenomenological principles in interviews. A specific effort was made to give an account of the extent and nature of this need, as well as to determine what the pupils' needs for Career Counselling are and what the limitations are for the teacher regarding career counselling. The results showed that pupils see career counselling as important and that they have a need for this field of education, that the current career education sessions at school do not fulfil their needs for career guidance, that learners indicate that they have specific needs regarding career guidance, that their peers show indifference towards receiving career guidance and also that their career choices are influenced by their home backgrounds. Furthermore the results showed that the teachers acknowledge the importance of career counselling at schools, the need for better career guidance, that certain factors exist that influence career guidance in a negative way and also that they have specific needs regarding career guidance. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2006.