Abstract Introduction: Vietnam has one of the fastest growing HIV- epidemics in the world. In Vietnam the primary caregivers are the family. Aim:  The aim was to examine caregiver burden and need of support among family members of persons living with HIV [PLHIV] in Ho Chi Minh City, and also to investigate the differences in these matters between genders. Method:  A descriptive cross-sectional study with quantitative method was used. The study was carried out at the Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam where people living with HIV are treated. A convenience sample was used. Seventy one of 87 questionnaires were completed. Result: The largest groups reported “mild to moderate” (35%) and moderate to severe” (42%) caregiver burden. The caregivers felt that they should do more for their relative and a better job in caring for them. They also expressed that the financial situation added to the burden. The needs of support most requested were economic support, knowledge about caring, and mental support to cope. Concerning caregiver burden scale only one significant difference was found, male participants found it more embarrassing to have friends over than female participants. High caregiver burden was strongly associated with depression (p=0.00). Conclusion: High caregiver burden and feeling of depression was strongly associated. The caregivers of PLHIV are in need of different kinds of support to cope with their situation. Intervention including care plan should be given to caregivers to minimize risk of burden and depression and increase their quality of life. / Sammanfattning Introduktion: Vietnam har en av de snabbaste växande HIV-epidemierna i världen. De primära vårdgivarna vid sjukdom är familjemedlemmar. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka känslan av vårdgivarbelastning hos familjemedlemmar till personer som lever med HIV när de vårdar sin anhörig och vilka stödinsatser de behöver. Vidare var syftet att se om några skillnader mellan män och kvinnor föreligger. Metod: En deskriptiv tvärsnitts studie med en kvantitativ metod användes. Studien genomfördes på Hospital of Tropical Diseases i Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Ett bekvämlighets urval användes. Sjuttioen av 87 enkäter var fullständigt ifyllda och användes för analys. Resultat:Den största delen av deltagarna upplevde ”mild till lindrig” (35%) och ”lindrig till svår” (42%) belastning. Familjevårdgivarna kände att de skulle vilja göra mer för sin anhörig och vårda dem på ett bättre sätt. De uttryckte också att den svåra ekonomiska situationen ökade belastningen. Stödinsatser som efterfrågades mest var ekonomiskt stöd, kunskap om hur man vårdar och mentalt stöd för att klara av situationen som vårdgivare. Gällande vårdgivarbelastning fanns en signifikant skillnad, män var mer generade än kvinnor när de hade besök av vänner. Hög vårdgivarbelastning var starkt associerad med känslan av depression (p=0.000). Slutsats: Hög vårdgivarbelastning och känslan av depression var starkt associerade. Vårdgivarna är i behov av stödinsatser av olika slag för att klara av sin situation. Åtgärder som inkluderar en omvårdnadsplan skulle kunna erbjudas till vårdgivarna för att minimera risken av vårdgivar- belastning, depression och öka deras livskvalité.

Majority of the psychologists note that it is natural of a man to evolve gradually. In the beginning of the career, a teacher survives some stages of pedagogical development progress (Frances Fuler, 1969; Feiman – Nemsener, 1983; Leitwood, 1992; Arends, 1998; Šernas, 1998 etc.), but first and most of all (s)he experiences diffidence and self-concern. Only later (s)he starts to care about the teaching situation and the learners. After surveying a range of studies considering first-year teaching problems, a conclusion can be made that there are still very few programs helping beginner teachers’ work. As one of the ways which could help a young teacher solve raising problems, mentorship is being studied as method to establish and maintain partnership with young and little- or non-experienced colleagues. Good partnership should be grounded on common interests, mutual help and knowledge. The present article the deals with mentorship as way to help a beginner teacher’s adaptation and his formation as an educator, in which mentor means a person specially appointed to admonish a young teacher. Since Lithuania joined the international APartMent mentor preparation project in 2001, mentor has been defined as a qualified specialist able to conduct future teachers’ school practice. The present article states the opinion that it would be logical if the same mentor or a specially appointed person could admonish a beginner primary teacher as well, because a... [to full text]

The dissertation is dealt with student's motivation for learning at secondary school and teacher's possibilities to influence this motivation. In the desk study the author defines psychological resources and analyses teacher's possibilities to support student's motivation. Attention has been paid to communication between teachers and students, educational methods and forms and evaluation. In the empirical part the author describes investigation, which took place at secondary school. The investigation inspected influence of some motivation factors to student's motivation for learning. The next topic of investigation was students' motivation structure. The valid of investigation is limited - it is valid only for students, who took part in the investigation. Results of the investigation can be useful not only for teachers teaching in those classrooms but for other teachers too.

This thesis deals with the concept of inclusive education in primary schools. The aim of this thesis is to find out what positives and negatives teachers see in inclusive concept of basic education, and what recommendations could help the functioning of the inclusive education process. The work is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part focuses on the process of inclusion and inclusive education, including a description of concepts, principles and manifestations. In the theoretical part, an inclusive school environment, including actors of an inclusive process is also approached. The basis for the practical part is the survey, which aims at finding the attitudes, opinions and suggestions of primary school teachers on the issue. The results of the research show that the current concept of inclusive education is misunderstood by most teachers and, unfortunately, most of them disagree with this concept. They see the risk of burden not only for children and teachers, but ultimately also for the entire school system, which may lose its quality. In spite of this, they find certain benefits in inclusive education, mostly in the fact that children can learn mutual motivation, cooperation, necessary social skills, and try to perceive and respect differences, which will help...

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur förskollärare och specialpedagoger arbetar och inkluderar barn med särskilda undervisningsbehov i vardagliga situationer. Undersökningsfrågorna är: Vilka är barnen med särskilda behov, enligt förskollärare och specialpedagoger? Hur arbetar förskollärare/specialpedagoger med barn som har särskilda behov för att inkludera dessa barn i lärande? Hur arbetar förskollärare/specialpedagoger med barn som har särskilda behov för att inkludera dessa barn i vardagliga situationer? och Vad är specialpedagogernas roll i arbetet med stöd för barn med särskilda behov? Genom en kvalitativ metod har vi gjort både semistrukturerade och strukturerade intervjuer med sju förskollärare och två specialpedagoger från två olika kommuner. Utifrån det relationella perspektivet, kategoriska perspektivet och det sociokulturella perspektivet har vi analyserat det insamlade datamaterialet och bildat fyra olika teman. Resultat och slutsatser visar att särskilda behov oftast förknippas med diagnoser eller andra svårigheter. Metoder och arbetssätt är bildstöd, tecken och noggrann planering. Specialpedagogen roll är att vara ett stöd och nya infallsvinklar för att barnet ska få en likgiltig tid på förskolan.