The aim of this thesis is to study the role played by negation in databases and to develop data models that can handle inconsistent and incomplete information. We develop models that also allow incompleteness through disjunctive information under both the CWA and the OWA in relational databases. In the area of logic programming, extended logic programs allow explicit representation of negative information. As a result, a number of extended logic programs have an inconsistent semantics. We present a translation of extended logic programs to normal logic programs that is more tolerant to inconsistencies. Extended logic programs have also been used widely in order to compute the repairs of an inconsistent database. We present some preliminary ideas on how source information can be incorporated into the repair program in order to produce a subset of the set of all repairs based on a preference for certain sources over others.

Version rev. de: Doctoral dissertation--Göteborg, 2004. / Bibliogr. p. [319]-335. Index.

The negation system in Modern Egyptian Colloquial Arabic does not follow an obvious set of rules. The particle that negates most verbal predicates also negates nominal predicates, and the particle that negates most nominal predicates also negates verbal predicates. By examining the behavior of these particles over time and comparing them to negation systems in other languages, it is possible to see the reasons for this complicated negation system. / text

The logic of natural language negation (e.g. no) is prima facie at odds with an exclusively CLASSICAL LOGIC based on SET THEORY. The negation of classical logic obeys the LAW OF NON-CONTRADICTION (according to which an element cannot be both in and not in a set) and the LAW OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE (according to which an element either is or is not in a set). In contrast, natural language negation tolerates APPARENT CONTRADICTIONS (as in, Do you like your supper?---Yes and no) and UNEXCLUDED MIDDLES (as in, Do you love your supper?--- No; Do you hate your supper?---No). These prima facie non-classical phenomena relate to non-set theoretic INTERPRETIVE STRUCTURES, particularly OBJECT STRUCTURE, i.e. that objects may possess properties in part but not in whole (e.g. one might love one part of a supper but hate another), and PREDICATE DIMENSIONALITY , i.e. that properties may have mid-range values (e.g. one might evaluate the supper as a whole as an average between the two extremes). I describe several experiments exploring adults' and children's grasp of object structure and predicate dimensionality and their relation to natural language negation, using two different reasoning tasks: the ability to resolve apparent contradictions and the ability to draw inferences about unexcluded middles. Results suggest that even the negation of children as young as age three is not exclusively classical and set theoretic, but rather reflects a principled grasp of object structure and predicate dimensionality. I argue that children's grasp of natural language negation is guided by sophisticated LOGICAL RESOURCES that relate to the NATURAL LOGIC of common objects and their properties, particularly object structure and predicate dimensionality.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Duquesne University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 297-314) and index.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Bielefeld.

Owing to the ever increasing information deluge, it is becoming increasingly difficult to locate relevant information through traditional term-based search methods. Event–based text mining provides a more promising approach, as it also takes into account the semantic relationships between terms. Typical event representations only focus on identifying the type of the event, its par-ticipants and their types. However, additional information, which is essential for correct interpretation of the event, is often present in the text. This includes infor-mation about the polarity, certainty level, intensity/rate/frequency, type and source of the knowledge conveyed by the event. We refer to this additional information as meta-knowledge. This thesis focusses on our work involving the enrichment of events with meta-knowledge information. In this thesis we: • describe the annotation scheme designed specifically to capture meta-knowledge information at the event level• report on the corpora that have been enriched through deployment of the meta-knowledge annotation scheme• describe the work on automated identification of meta-knowledge including: - a broad-ranging study on analysis and identification of polarity of bio-events using three different bio-event corpora - a detailed study on analysis and identification of knowledge source in bio-events found in abstracts as well as in full papers - a first study on analysis and identification of bio-event manner• describe the initial work on a new approach to discourse analysis based on me-ta-knowledge annotations at the event level

abstract: This study investigates several students’ interpretations and meanings for negations of various mathematical statements with quantifiers, and how their meanings for quantified variables impact their interpretations and denials of these quantified statements. Eight students participated in three separate exploratory teaching interviews and were selected from Transition-to-Proof and advanced mathematics courses beyond Transition-to-Proof. In the first interview, students were asked to interpret mathematical statements from Calculus contexts and provide justifications and refutations for why these statements are true or false in particular situations. In the second interview, students were asked to negate the same set of mathematical statements. Both sets of interviews were analyzed to determine students’ meanings for the quantified variables in the statements, and then these meanings were used to determine how students’ quantifications influenced their interpretations, denials, and evaluations for the quantified statements. In the final interview, students were also be asked to interpret and negation statements from different mathematical contexts. All three interviews were used to determine what meanings comprised students’ interpretations and denials for the given statements. Additionally, students’ interpretations and negations across different statements in the interviews were analyzed and then compared within students and across students to determine if there were differences in student denials across different moments. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Mathematics Education 2020

Contemporary readings of Hegelian philosophy tend to overemphasize the Phenomenology ofSpirit and especially as it pertains to the master and slave dialectic. These analyzes are certainlyvalid, but the danger of confining oneself to this work alone is that its deep connections tothe Science of Logic might be neglected (I’ve had the opportunity to use Sven-Olov Wallenstein'sSwedish translation of the Science of Logic, which at the time of writing has not yet beenpublished). Despite this development, there are still researchers who have highlighted theimportance of making these connections visible by understanding how these worksorganically interlink with each other via negation. This study aims to investigate a deepernegativity that connects these works based on a close reading of the dialectic of sensecertainty in the Phenomenology of Spirit and the dialectic of being and nothing in the Science ofLogic - with the help of commentary research texts. The analysis shows that there is a deepconnection between the Phenomenology of Spirit and the Science of Logic which manifest in theirrespective first chapters. Further research is needed to establish these connections, as well asto explain their nuances - especially as pertaining to the relationship between language andHegel's metaphysics - which could not be included here due to the limited scope of the essay. / Den samtida hegelläsningen tenderar att lägga mycket fokus på Andens fenomenologi och särskiltdröja vid herre och slav-dialektikens moment. Dessa analyser äger sin bestående giltighetmen faran i att enbart begränsa sig till detta verk är att det medför att dess intima förbindelsermed Logikens vetenskap försummas (Sven-Olov Wallensteins svenska översättning av Logiken- som i skrivande stund ej ännu publicerats- används). Oaktat denna utveckling så finns detfortfarande forskare som har lyft fram vikten i att synliggöra dessa förbindelser genom attbegripa hur dessa verk organiskt integreras i varandra och hur negationen spelar in irespektive böckers organiska utvecklingsprocesser. Denna studie ämnar framförallt att visaen djupare negativitet som binder ihop dessa verk genom en närläsning av den sinnligavisshetens dialektik samt av varats och intets dialektik, med stöd i kommenterandeforskningstexter. I texten argumenterar jag för att den sinnliga visshetens dialektik samtvarats och intets dialektik samverkar i en och samma rörelse fast med olika bestämningar.Vidare forskning behövs för att etablera dessa förbindelser och explicera nyanser - särskiltgällande språkets förhållande till Hegels metafysik.

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