This thesis examines third-party actor influence on the domestic level in the ongoing diplomatic negotiations between P5+1 and Iran, with the research question being; What demands, arguments and strategies does the Congress and AIPAC use to influence the negotiation process between the U.S. and Iran? Secondly, what are their goals for doing so? Furthermore, the combined theoretical framework has been applied onto the material using a critical method in order to answer the questions. Legislative bills from the Congress, regarding congressional insight to the agreement, have been approved. In this pressured negotiation process with high stakes it is astounding that these actions are allowed. Due to this behavior from Congress, amongst others, it becomes interesting to study the negotiation process and its salient third-party actor influence. The results suggests that legislative actions combined with various demands and arguments, focused on mistrust of Iran, history and the security of Israel, are their main strategies to gain influence. An additional new, third, level has also been discovered by the authors of this thesis in regards to these complicated negotiations.

Ilgai trunkantis konfliktas tarp Izraelio ir kaimyninių arabų valstybių yra procesas, įtraukiantis vis naujus tarptautinius veikėjus, kurie mėgina pritaikyti įvairias strategijas ir metodus, galinčius nulemti šalių sutarimą tokiu būdu, kad jis būtų naudingas ne tik konfliktuojančioms šalims, bet ir tarptautiniu mastu, sukuriant taikią aplinką regione. Tarptautinis tarpininkavimas yra vienas iš dažniausiai naudojamų derybų metodų, kaip priemonė skirta spręsti tarptautinius konfliktus. Tačiau tai nėra vien tik empatija ir gerų norų grindžiamas procesas, tai iš esmės yra užsienio politikos instrumentas, naudojamas valstybių, norint pasiekti savo tikslų. Šiuo darbu mėginama analitiškai pažvelgti į tris realius tarpininkavimo atvejus Vidurio Rytų regione (Jungtinės Tautos, JAV Prezidentas J. Carteris, JAV kaip valstybė) ir pateikti jų išsamią analizę, remiantis tikrais įvykiais, oficialiais dokumentais ir įvairiomis monografijomis, kurios sudaro teorinį darbo pagrindą. Tokiu būdu atskleidžiama, kad tarpininkavimas visų pirma siejasi su trečiosios šalies intervencija į konfliktą, kai ši siekia palengvinti ar išspręsti nesutarimus derybų metu. Taip pat šiame darbe įrodoma, kad tarpininkavimas dar gali būti naudojamas kaip priemonė, skirta plėsti savo įtakos zonas. Pagrindinė darbo išvada - tokie veiksniai kaip konflikto šalys, jų tarpusavio santykiai, tarptautiniai veikėjai, suinteresuoti konfliktu, jų galios šaltiniai, bei tų šaltinių panaudojimo priemonės, konfliktuojančių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Conflict between Israel and its neighboring Arab states is the process of increasing involvement of new international actors who are trying to adapt different strategies and methods that might lead parties to the consensus, which would be useful not only for themselves but also to international politics, creating a peaceful environment for the region. International mediation is the method of negotiations that is one of the most commonly used means of international conflict resolution. However, it is important to highlight that there is no independent international mediation theory that can justify the behavior of actors in world politics so the main problem which enforced to make this study is the lack of integral international mediation theory and its analysis. Thus, the main objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of different mediation models and its efficiency regarding the mediation type and time perspectives. The following tasks were set to achieve the main objective of this study: • To discuss the aspects of the selection of effective solutions to conflict resolution; • Review the diversity of mediation factors; • Analyze the most important theoretical foundations of the international mediation studies, including the essential role of mediation and its types; • Find and assess the effectiveness concept of the international mediation; • Perform a comparative analysis of the types of international mediation; The study was to discuss three real... [to full text]

Since the end of the Korean War tensions have continued on the Korean peninsula. This research focuses on the role of coercive persuasion employed by the United States when North Korea provoked several crises from the late 1960 to the early 1990s.  The case studies include the USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident in 1968, the EC-121 incident in 1969, the axe-murder incident in 1976, and the North Korean nuclear inspection crisis in 1993-94.  In addition to examining crisis negotiations, each case introduces an overview of the changing environment surrounding the Korean peninsula, and analyses North Korea’s motives and intentions in causing crises during that given period. In the theoretical debate on international relations, this study introduces two distinct theories about the explanation of state behaviour.   On the one hand, realists predict that states seek security and survival as the most important objective of their national interests when they are faced with outside threats.  Culturalists meanwhile seek to explain states’ behavioural patterns as distinct and different from state to state due to their unique strategic cultures, which are deeply rooted in historical experience, national self-image, and unique ideology.  Overall, the North Korean responses in the several crises under investigation could be best explained by a combination of these two theories, but this study aims at evaluating the persuasiveness of the two theories in the chosen case histories of US-North Korean relations. To assess the cases more thoroughly with historical evidences, this study draws on primary source materials.  It relies substantially on declassified US government documents, although it also examines South Korean and North Korean materials in order to offer a balanced and objective account of the crises.

The problem investigated by this study was that of understanding types of behaviors exhibited by participants in negotiations processes and impact of behaviors on collective bargaining in Nigeria. The study's three purposes were to describe the nature and extent of interpersonal conflict that occurs in collective bargaining, to determine the consequences that stem from such conflict, and to suggest the behaviors and performances during the face-to-face negotiations that should exist to enhance labor-management relations in Nigerian public education. This study examined behavior in negotiations by using simulation, i.e., a quasiexperimental method. Four outcomes of negotiations--time required to reach agreement, terms of agreements, verbal behavior exhibited during negotiations, and satisfaction derived by negotiators in negotiations—were examined.

VEJSADA, Daniel. Collective bargaining. Praha, 2012. Diplomová práce. Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Právnická fakulta. Vedoucí práce doc., JUDr. Jan Pichrt, Ph.D. The aim of the thesis is mainly to highlight the level of coverage by collective agreements in the CR and to analyze the impact of collective bargaining for employees and employers using available statistical data. By the evaluation of the processes of collective bargaining and focusing on its individual institutes I am looking for the perfect method of handling the collective bargaining so as to be beneficial for both parties involved, and try to present the method how the modern trade union should work in its interaction with the employer, different from the common practice of today's trade unions. I also point out the need for proper analysis of the situation prior to collective bargaining and the method of selecting strategy for negotiations. I chose the topic based on my personal experience with the representation of employees and involvement in the collective bargaining and also on the experience of participation in the EWC.

The most important target of this diploma thesis is to point out opportunities and threats for Czech enterpreneurs especially in the territory of tourism. The thesis contains definitions of: entrepreneurial environment, negotiation strategy and tactics. The thesis includes SWOT analysis of the entrepreneurial environment of Thailand and the environment in the area of tourism.

The main task of the thesis is to describe intercultural differences among the Czech republic, Germany and Austria. The goal is to characterize not only the differences in behaviour of each country, but also to understand and to apply it in business negotiations. There is also included the research of Geert Hofstede and his dimensions. After that is research compared to the praxis and real experiences from business area. First part speaks about communication. Second part is about culture, cultural dimensions and standards. Third part is dedicated to business negotiations, their phases and traditions in all three countries. Fourth part shows results of Hofstede's research in Czech republic, Germany and Austria. Fifth part belongs to the interview with HR Manager of german developing company in Czech republic.

Intercultural marketing is a constant process of marketing programs adaptation to the national or international target markets. Intercultural differences play an important role in the process of implementing marketing strategies, hence while doing marketing research, market segmentation and selection of suitable target groups, developing brand positioning and implementing marketing mix -- product, price, distribution and communication. The dissertation work of David Hrbek provides a reader with a complex of characteristics of cultural divergences in selected countries of European Union and Eastern Europe -- Germany, Austria, Italy, Poland, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus -- with a goal to define manners of behavior of industrial (B2B) subjects in these countries, to analyze business environment and to synthesize the main findings about the ways of leading business negotiations. Based on numerous practical examples the author comes to the conclusion that in spite of the fact business negotiations in B2B markets have been determined mostly by rational data - product description, services, price, terms of delivery, payment conditions, etc. - it more and more appears, that knowledge of cultural disparities of particular countries, selection of appropriate methods of business negotiation with a foreigner, and ability to adjust business habits and ethics in foreign environment, significantly influence results of the business transactions. Without knowledge of local environment, language, hierarchy of values, historical and cultural heritage, and at last but not least careful selection of strategy and tactics of business negotiation, it would be very difficult to realize large and organizationally complex business contracts. The work has a highly practical use due to extended collection and synoptic comparison of business environments in seven selected European countries. The author offers broad analysis of political, legislative and economic factors, and describes specific conditions for selling Czech goods into the above mentioned markets. These data, collected in close cooperation with the Czech embassies and commercial representation abroad, are universally applicable for Czech exporters and establish a frame for further analyses in the area of social-cultural environments and leading business negotiations with foreign partners.

The Role of the European Parliament in the Rulemaking Process of the EU Abstract The topic of the thesis concerns the law-making of the European Union. It intends to present the legal framework of the adoption of the adoption of legislative acts and analyse the influence caused by the practice of informal procedures on de facto the situation in this field. Within the organisation structure, the emphasis is placed on the functioning of the European Parliament and within the informal procedures on so-called trilogue negotiations. Firstly, we examine the nature of informal procedures and trilogue negotiations. Secondly, we analyse what the influence of those procedures on the factual state of affairs of the ordinary legislative procedure in the light of its de lege lata concept and thirdly we evaluate the outcome from the EU functioning principles' point of view. After the de lege lata overview and the specification of the trilogue negotiations and other modalities of the informal procedures, we analyse some typical impacts of the trilogue negotiations on the practice of the adoption of legislative acts. We conclude that the trilogue negotiations constituted the so-called early agreements practice as a standard concept of the ordinary legislative procedure and materially substituted the three readings'...

La période précontractuelle est une période importante dans la vie de la plupart des contrats de nos jours, en raison de la mondialisation et de la complexité des relations juridiques et économiques entre les parties. Dès lors, cette période soulève de nombreux problèmes et questions concernant sa définition, ses dispositions, les droits et les obligations des parties, la nature de la responsabilité durant cette phase, etc. La complexité de l’étude de cette période réside dans sa division en deux phases : les négociations précontractuelles et les contrats préparatoires. Malgré l’importance de cette période vitale et la nécessité de répondre aux questions soulevées par celle-ci, beaucoup de régimes juridiques négligent de réglementer cette période, comme le droit égyptien et le droit français avant l’ordonnance n° 2016-131 du 10 février 2016 portant réforme du droit des contrats, du régime général et de la preuve des obligations, qui a tenté de codifier cette période. A-t-il réussi sa mission ? Le Code civil égyptien peut-il s’inspirer de l’expérience du législateur français ? Le but de cette thèse est donc de répondre à ces questions dans un cadre juridique analytique comparatif. / Pre-contractual phase form an important part of contracts’ life cycle; for reasons including globalization and the complexity of legal and economic relations gathering the concerned parties. Building on this importance this phase arises numerous problems and questions concerning its definition, regulation, rights and duties of the parties and nature of liability during this stage including the negotiations and preparatory contracts. Despite the importance and vitality of this phase, and the necessity to answer the risen questions legislations tend to neglect the regulation of this period. A perfect example of this lack of legislative action is the Egyptian law in addition to the French one preceding the major contract law reform that took place in 2016. This reform tried to codify this period. The question rising in this regard is the following: did this reform attend its mission? If so, can the Egyptian civil code be inspired by the experience of the French legislature? This thesis aims to answer these questions using a comparative analytical legal approach.