A criação de palavras resulta, normalmente, da necessidade de se denominar novos conceitos, objetos. Verifica-se que o falante, conhecendo o funcionamento de sua língua, produz novas unidades lexicais com a finalidade de suprir sua necessidade de denominação, fazendo uso, desse modo, da chamada neologia denominativa. Entretanto, Guilbert assevera que, quando um neologismo emerge do desejo de o falante expressar de maneira diferente uma ideia já conhecida, revelando um modo particular de ver o mundo, é feito por ele o uso da neologia estilística ou literária. São esses os dois tipos de neologia apontados pelo autor. A diferença entre eles pode ser assim explicada: no primeiro caso, explora-se o caráter comunicativo do neologismo e, no segundo, seu potencial expressivo. Assinala-se, contudo, que os processos de criação são os mesmos nos dois casos, mas as intenções que levam à produção de uma nova palavra são distintas. No discurso literário, existem autores criadores que lançam mão do uso de neologismos estilísticos, a fim de dar expressividade para seus textos. Pensando em fazer um trabalho voltado para criações lexicais literárias, decidimos realizar uma pesquisa sobre as criações lexicais em Galáxias, de Haroldo de Campos, tendo em vista que essa obra nos oferece um amplo leque de neologismos resultantes de mais de um processo de formação. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho é entender a expressividade das criações lexicais na obra, especificamente das criações sintagmáticas, observando também os processos de formação utilizados pelo autor. / Word formation, often, results from the need of denominating new concepts, objects. It is verified that the speaker, knowing how his/her language works, creates new lexical units in order to meet his/her need to name, using, then, the denominative neology. However, Guilbert states that, when a new word emerges from the want of the speaker express differently an idea already known, showing a particular way of seeing the world, it is done the use of stylistic or literary neology. Those are the two types of neology mentioned by the author. The difference between them can be explained as follows: in the first case, the communicative property of the neologism is explored and, in the second, its expressive potential. It is noted, however, that formation processes are the same in both cases, but the intents that lead to the production of a new word are different. In literary discourse, there are authors who use stylistic neologisms in order to give expressiveness to their texts. Thinking of doing a research about lexical literary formations, we decided to make a research about creations in Galáxias, by Haroldo de Campos, because this literary work offers us a wide range of neologisms resulting from more than one word formation process. Therefore, the goal of this study is understand the expressiveness of lexical creations in Galáxias, specifically the syntagmatic creations, and verify also the word formation processes used by the author.

A criação de palavras resulta, normalmente, da necessidade de se denominar novos conceitos, objetos. Verifica-se que o falante, conhecendo o funcionamento de sua língua, produz novas unidades lexicais com a finalidade de suprir sua necessidade de denominação, fazendo uso, desse modo, da chamada neologia denominativa. Entretanto, Guilbert assevera que, quando um neologismo emerge do desejo de o falante expressar de maneira diferente uma ideia já conhecida, revelando um modo particular de ver o mundo, é feito por ele o uso da neologia estilística ou literária. São esses os dois tipos de neologia apontados pelo autor. A diferença entre eles pode ser assim explicada: no primeiro caso, explora-se o caráter comunicativo do neologismo e, no segundo, seu potencial expressivo. Assinala-se, contudo, que os processos de criação são os mesmos nos dois casos, mas as intenções que levam à produção de uma nova palavra são distintas. No discurso literário, existem autores criadores que lançam mão do uso de neologismos estilísticos, a fim de dar expressividade para seus textos. Pensando em fazer um trabalho voltado para criações lexicais literárias, decidimos realizar uma pesquisa sobre as criações lexicais em Galáxias, de Haroldo de Campos, tendo em vista que essa obra nos oferece um amplo leque de neologismos resultantes de mais de um processo de formação. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho é entender a expressividade das criações lexicais na obra, especificamente das criações sintagmáticas, observando também os processos de formação utilizados pelo autor. / Word formation, often, results from the need of denominating new concepts, objects. It is verified that the speaker, knowing how his/her language works, creates new lexical units in order to meet his/her need to name, using, then, the denominative neology. However, Guilbert states that, when a new word emerges from the want of the speaker express differently an idea already known, showing a particular way of seeing the world, it is done the use of stylistic or literary neology. Those are the two types of neology mentioned by the author. The difference between them can be explained as follows: in the first case, the communicative property of the neologism is explored and, in the second, its expressive potential. It is noted, however, that formation processes are the same in both cases, but the intents that lead to the production of a new word are different. In literary discourse, there are authors who use stylistic neologisms in order to give expressiveness to their texts. Thinking of doing a research about lexical literary formations, we decided to make a research about creations in Galáxias, by Haroldo de Campos, because this literary work offers us a wide range of neologisms resulting from more than one word formation process. Therefore, the goal of this study is understand the expressiveness of lexical creations in Galáxias, specifically the syntagmatic creations, and verify also the word formation processes used by the author.

Por meio de abordagem terminológica de neologismos, esta pesquisa busca fundamentalmente identificar as principais áreas de interface com a Ciência da Informação. O percurso exploratório de termos e áreas de interface também objetivou verificar as migrações conceituais que corroboram a identidade da área. O trabalho é de caráter exploratório e tem como base a análise qualitativa dos neologismos selecionados nos cinco periódicos mais bem classificados no Qualis/CAPES no último decênio. O corpus de exclusão constituiu-se a partir de obras lexicográficas da área e da Base de Pesquisa em Ciência da Informação (BRAPCI), a partir das funcionalidades do mecanismo de busca linguístico WebCorp. O mapeamento das áreas de interface resulta da seleção de neologismos e da delimitação de contextos terminológicos da BRAPCI, e de artigos do Portal de Periódicos da Capes. A análise terminológica permitiu a identificação de áreas ancestrais e de migração de conceitos, sendo que a migração conceitual auxilia as relações intersticiais, uma vez que o uso de termos que refletem aspectos teóricos e metodológicos comuns facilita a comunicação científica e sua aplicabilidade social. / The aim of this terminology study is the examination of the general features of the main interfaces areas and the distinctiveness of Information Science through the revision upon its neologisms. The methodological approach aimed to verify the conceptual migrations that confirm the uniqueness of Information Science. It was based on an exploratory analyze of qualitative sample of five journals in ten years of Brazilian Scientific Index (Qualis/CAPES). The exclusion of corpus was based on lexicographical works of Brazilian Database of Information Science (BRAPCI) with Linguists Search Engine (WebCorp). The terminological analysis of neologisms allowed the classification of ancestral areas and the migration concepts, which support interstitial relations that make easier scientific communications and social applications.

Neologisms, or newly-coined words, pose problems for natural language processing (NLP) systems. Due to the recency of their coinage, neologisms are typically not listed in computational lexicons---dictionary-like resources that many NLP applications depend on. Therefore when a neologism is encountered in a text being processed, the performance of an NLP system will likely suffer due to the missing word-level information. Identifying and documenting the usage of neologisms is also a challenge in lexicography, the making of dictionaries. The traditional approach to these tasks has been to manually read a lot of text. However, due to the vast quantities of text being produced nowadays, particularly in electronic media such as blogs, it is no longer possible to manually analyze it all in search of neologisms. Methods for automatically identifying and inferring syntactic and semantic properties of neologisms would therefore address problems encountered in both natural language processing and lexicography. Because neologisms are typically infrequent due to their recent addition to the language, approaches to automatically learning word-level information relying on statistical distributional information are in many cases inappropriate. Moreover, neologisms occur in many domains and genres, and therefore approaches relying on domain-specific resources are also inappropriate. The hypothesis of this thesis is that knowledge about etymology---including word formation processes and types of semantic change---can be exploited for the acquisition of aspects of the syntax and semantics of neologisms. Evidence supporting this hypothesis is found in three case studies: lexical blends (e.g., "webisode" a blend of "web" and "episode"), text messaging forms (e.g., "any1" for "anyone"), and ameliorations and pejorations (e.g., the use of "sick" to mean `excellent', an amelioration). Moreover, this thesis presents the first computational work on lexical blends and ameliorations and pejorations, and the first unsupervised approach to text message normalization.

Neologisms, or newly-coined words, pose problems for natural language processing (NLP) systems. Due to the recency of their coinage, neologisms are typically not listed in computational lexicons---dictionary-like resources that many NLP applications depend on. Therefore when a neologism is encountered in a text being processed, the performance of an NLP system will likely suffer due to the missing word-level information. Identifying and documenting the usage of neologisms is also a challenge in lexicography, the making of dictionaries. The traditional approach to these tasks has been to manually read a lot of text. However, due to the vast quantities of text being produced nowadays, particularly in electronic media such as blogs, it is no longer possible to manually analyze it all in search of neologisms. Methods for automatically identifying and inferring syntactic and semantic properties of neologisms would therefore address problems encountered in both natural language processing and lexicography. Because neologisms are typically infrequent due to their recent addition to the language, approaches to automatically learning word-level information relying on statistical distributional information are in many cases inappropriate. Moreover, neologisms occur in many domains and genres, and therefore approaches relying on domain-specific resources are also inappropriate. The hypothesis of this thesis is that knowledge about etymology---including word formation processes and types of semantic change---can be exploited for the acquisition of aspects of the syntax and semantics of neologisms. Evidence supporting this hypothesis is found in three case studies: lexical blends (e.g., "webisode" a blend of "web" and "episode"), text messaging forms (e.g., "any1" for "anyone"), and ameliorations and pejorations (e.g., the use of "sick" to mean `excellent', an amelioration). Moreover, this thesis presents the first computational work on lexical blends and ameliorations and pejorations, and the first unsupervised approach to text message normalization.

The thesis presents a comparison of the neologisms found in selected works of two fantasy series, namely those from the books Last Continent and Jingo (both by Terry Pratchett, they belong to the Discworld series) and A Game of Thrones (by George R. R. Martin, an installment of the A Song of Ice and Fire series). The neologisms gathered from the three books are firstly dealt with separately and subcategorized according to the word-formation processes that were employed in their creation. Subsequently, the data from respective categories in each series are compared with attention paid equally to possible disparities on one hand as well as to significant similarities on the other hand. An attempt at interpreting thus obtained results has been made, mostly with respect to the subgenres of the books and the roles they might have played in the creation of the acquired neologisms. The comparison reveals both differences and similarities, some of them quite striking. The word-formation processes that demonstrate the most intriguing results are compounding and miscellaneous processes, which are utilized to vastly different degrees in each of the series. The other processes display mostly similarity of use or just slight differences. Key words: word-formation process, neologism, comparison

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:34:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borceda_mf_me_ararafcl.pdf: 1402823 bytes, checksum: 34158979052668d810c84207f2705d7b (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desta dissertação é a verificação do uso, e principalmente, uma análise de freqüência de anglicismos no português atual, com vista a investigar a existência ou não de processo de adaptação do elemento estrangeiro e verificar o andamento desse processo para resolução da grafia. Constitui corpus da pesquisa o Banco de Dados do Centro de Estudos Lexicográficos da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras da UNESP de Araraquara, que possui cerca de 200 milhões de ocorrências, em textos diversificados. A análise é feita por meio da observação das ocorrências encontradas no corpus, as quais são organizadas em uma tabela dividida em antes e depois de 1950, e os resultados são avaliados com base nas teorias disponíveis sobre os estrangeirismos (Boulanger, 1979; Deroy, 1956; Alves, 1996; Carvalho, 1989; Sandmann, 1989; entre outros). A efetuação da análise quantitativa dos anglicismos encontrados durante o processo de busca mostrou que a maior parte dos empréstimos ocorre apenas em sua grafia original, ou seja, não possui forma adaptada concorrente. Entre os anglicismos que possuem forma adaptada, verificou-se que o item adaptado foi mais utilizado que o original. Após averiguação da escolha dos falantes entre forma gráfica original e adaptada no corpus em que se baseou a pesquisa, passa-se finalmente, a uma tentativa de sistematização dos processos de adaptação ortográfica dos 114 anglicismos que apresentam acomodação na grafia. / The goal of this dissertation is to verify the usage, and, mainly, to analyze the frequency of anglicisms in current Portuguese, aiming to investigate the existence of adaptation process of the foreign word and check the development of this process for the resolution of writing. The corpus of this research is the one availabel in the Lexicography Laboratory at Faculdade de Ciências e Letras - São Paulo State University - Araraquara (UNESP), that contains more than 200 millions of occurrences, in diversified kinds of texts. The analysis is made by observing he occurrences found in the corpus which are organized in a table divided in before and after 1950, and the results are evaluated basing on the available theory about foreign words (Boulanger, 1979; Deroy, 1956; Alves, 1996; Carvalho, 1989; Sandmann, 1989; and others). The accomplishment of the quantitative analysis of the anglicisms found during the search process showed that the majority of them occurs only in their original graphic form, that is, there ins't an adapter form for them. Among the anglicisms that have an adapted form, the conclusion is that the adapted item is more used than the original one. After the investigation of the speaker's choice between original and adapted graphic form on the corpus in which the research was based an attempt was finally made in order to systematize the processes of spelling adaptation of 114 anglicisms that present accommodation in writing form.

Orientador: Maria Helena de Moura Neves / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é a verificação do uso, e principalmente, uma análise de freqüência de anglicismos no português atual, com vista a investigar a existência ou não de processo de adaptação do elemento estrangeiro e verificar o andamento desse processo para resolução da grafia. Constitui corpus da pesquisa o Banco de Dados do Centro de Estudos Lexicográficos da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras da UNESP de Araraquara, que possui cerca de 200 milhões de ocorrências, em textos diversificados. A análise é feita por meio da observação das ocorrências encontradas no corpus, as quais são organizadas em uma tabela dividida em antes e depois de 1950, e os resultados são avaliados com base nas teorias disponíveis sobre os estrangeirismos (Boulanger, 1979; Deroy, 1956; Alves, 1996; Carvalho, 1989; Sandmann, 1989; entre outros). A efetuação da análise quantitativa dos anglicismos encontrados durante o processo de busca mostrou que a maior parte dos empréstimos ocorre apenas em sua grafia original, ou seja, não possui forma adaptada concorrente. Entre os anglicismos que possuem forma adaptada, verificou-se que o item adaptado foi mais utilizado que o original. Após averiguação da escolha dos falantes entre forma gráfica original e adaptada no corpus em que se baseou a pesquisa, passa-se finalmente, a uma tentativa de sistematização dos processos de adaptação ortográfica dos 114 anglicismos que apresentam acomodação na grafia. / Abstract: The goal of this dissertation is to verify the usage, and, mainly, to analyze the frequency of anglicisms in current Portuguese, aiming to investigate the existence of adaptation process of the foreign word and check the development of this process for the resolution of writing. The corpus of this research is the one availabel in the Lexicography Laboratory at "Faculdade de Ciências e Letras" - São Paulo State University - Araraquara (UNESP), that contains more than 200 millions of occurrences, in diversified kinds of texts. The analysis is made by observing he occurrences found in the corpus which are organized in a table divided in before and after 1950, and the results are evaluated basing on the available theory about foreign words (Boulanger, 1979; Deroy, 1956; Alves, 1996; Carvalho, 1989; Sandmann, 1989; and others). The accomplishment of the quantitative analysis of the anglicisms found during the search process showed that the majority of them occurs only in their original graphic form, that is, there ins't an adapter form for them. Among the anglicisms that have an adapted form, the conclusion is that the adapted item is more used than the original one. After the investigation of the speaker's choice between original and adapted graphic form on the corpus in which the research was based an attempt was finally made in order to systematize the processes of spelling adaptation of 114 anglicisms that present accommodation in writing form. / Mestre

Por meio de abordagem terminológica de neologismos, esta pesquisa busca fundamentalmente identificar as principais áreas de interface com a Ciência da Informação. O percurso exploratório de termos e áreas de interface também objetivou verificar as migrações conceituais que corroboram a identidade da área. O trabalho é de caráter exploratório e tem como base a análise qualitativa dos neologismos selecionados nos cinco periódicos mais bem classificados no Qualis/CAPES no último decênio. O corpus de exclusão constituiu-se a partir de obras lexicográficas da área e da Base de Pesquisa em Ciência da Informação (BRAPCI), a partir das funcionalidades do mecanismo de busca linguístico WebCorp. O mapeamento das áreas de interface resulta da seleção de neologismos e da delimitação de contextos terminológicos da BRAPCI, e de artigos do Portal de Periódicos da Capes. A análise terminológica permitiu a identificação de áreas ancestrais e de migração de conceitos, sendo que a migração conceitual auxilia as relações intersticiais, uma vez que o uso de termos que refletem aspectos teóricos e metodológicos comuns facilita a comunicação científica e sua aplicabilidade social. / The aim of this terminology study is the examination of the general features of the main interfaces areas and the distinctiveness of Information Science through the revision upon its neologisms. The methodological approach aimed to verify the conceptual migrations that confirm the uniqueness of Information Science. It was based on an exploratory analyze of qualitative sample of five journals in ten years of Brazilian Scientific Index (Qualis/CAPES). The exclusion of corpus was based on lexicographical works of Brazilian Database of Information Science (BRAPCI) with Linguists Search Engine (WebCorp). The terminological analysis of neologisms allowed the classification of ancestral areas and the migration concepts, which support interstitial relations that make easier scientific communications and social applications.

The aim of this thesis is to show, on the basis of selected words, how the borrowed Anglicisms are used in the Russian and the Czech language. The goal is to familiarize the reader with neologisms, in particular with their creation and adaptation in the two languages. On the selected fifteen words we show how the borrowed words are used in both languages and how their integration to the language is similar. In the thesis we have shown the significance of Anglicisms in the languages and the possibilities of their derivatives and adaptation to the given system of the language. The main result of the thesis is a list of words which enables us to observe linguistic tendencies of borrowed words in the past decades. This list enriches the reader with borrowed words that are not so frequent for the reader to know them. The results which we have accomplished will enable us to focus on further research concerning this issue in the future. Key words New vocabulary, foreign words, neologisms, anglicisms, borrowing