O objetivo da tese é descrever uma coorte de nascidos vivos e os óbitos neonatais dela derivados e estimar as probabilidades de morte segundo características do recém-nascido, da gestação, do parto e da mãe, bem como das causas de morte. Utilizou-se como fonte de obtenção de dados as Declarações de Nascido Vivo (DN) e de Óbito (DO),documentos básicos dos Sistemas Oficiais de Informação do país. A coorte foi formada por 3225 nascimentos vivos de mães residentes e ocorridos no Munícipio de Santo André, no 1º semestre de 1992. Para a identificação dos óbitos neonatais foi empregada a técnica de \"linkage\", pareando-se as DO com as respectivas DN, obtendo-se 55 óbitos neonatais. A proporção de nascidos vivos de baixo peso ao nascer foi de 6,8 por cento . Obteve-se associação estatisticamente significativa para os nascidos vivos de baixo peso e a presença de gestações de pré-termo, parto normal e cujo nascimento havia ocorrido no hospital público do SUS. Este hospital é referência para as gestações de risco do municipio. Essa associação estava presente também nos recém-nascidos de mães adolescentes e idosas e nos de mães prímiparas ou grandes multíparas. Não se encontrou associação entre o baixo peso ao nascer e sexo, bem como com a variável anotação do nome do pai na DN. Os óbitos concentraram-se no 10 dia de vida (54,5 por cento ).Verificou-se que 94,6 por cento das crianças morreram sem que estas tivessem deixado o hospital após o nascimento. Com relação às causas básicas de morte, as mais frequentes foram as afecções perinatais. A análise das causas múltiplas permitiu uma melhor avaliação da participação da imaturidade/prematuridade e das infecções perinatais no processo que levou a morte. Estas causas estiveram presentes como causa básica ou associada em 63,6 por cento e 25,5 por cento dos óbitos, respectivamente. Os fatores de risco para os óbitos neonatais foram baixo peso ao nascer, gestações de pré-termo e a ausência do registro do nome do pai. Os partos cesareanos foram considerados como fator de confusão para o risco de morte neonatal, o efeito protetor destes partos desapareceu ao se controlar o peso ao nascer. O maior risco de morte encontrado nos nascimentos no hospital público do SUS também deixou de existir ao se controlar a variável peso. Observou-se um risco de morte significativamente maior para os nascidos vivos de baixo peso do sexo masculino que nos do sexo feminino. A categoria de recém-nascidos de baixo peso e de pré-termo apresentou risco de morte 82 vezes maior que os de termo com peso igual ou superior a 2500 gramas. Não se encontrou um risco de morte significativo para os nascidos vivos de mães primíparas ou grandes multíparas e de mães adolescentes ou idosas em relação aos recém-nascidos de mães multíparas e com idade entre 20 e 34 anos. Foram considerados como nascidos vivos de risco os nascimentos de baixo peso. Observou-se um risco de morte significativamente maior por anomalias congênitas e afecções perinatais nos nascimentos de baixo peso que entre aqueles que tinham peso igual ou acima de 2500 gramas. O risco de morte por infecções perinatais foi 94,0 vezes maior nesse grupo de recém-nascidos. Os nascidos vivos de baixo peso do sexo masculino apresentaram uma chance 3,6 vezes mais elevada de morrer por afecções respiratórias que os do sexo feminino deste grupo. Os dados obtidos sugerem que muitos destes óbitos poderiam ter sido evitados se houvesse uma melhor identificação das gestações de risco no pré-natal e fosse assegurada uma adequada atenção ao parto e aos recém-nascidos, bem como indicam que nem todos recém-nascidos de risco receberam os cuidados nescessários após o parto. / A cohort of live births was analysed and the risk of death according to some variables was estimated. The data was obtained from the birth and death certificates. The records were linked, and each death was matched with the birth certificate, in order to identify the neonatal deaths and the survivals of the cohort. It was studied 3,225 live borns of resident mothers of the Santo André Municipality. The births occurred in this area from 01/101/1992 to 06/30/1992. The incidence of low birthweight was 6.8 per cent and the proportion of preterm infants was 5.3 per cent . The low birthweight was associated to the preterm gestation, vaginal deliveries, and to the births which occurred on the SUS public hospital. There was also an association between the low birthweight and the live borns from adolescent and older mothers. The low and high parity were risk factors to the low birthweight. The abscence of notation of the father\'s name on the birth certificate was not associated to the low birthweight. The deaths occurred mainly in the first day of the life (54.5 per cent ) . The data showed that 94.6 per cent of the infant deaths occurred before hospital discharge . The perinatal afections were the leading cause of death. The prematurity/imaturity was assigned as underlying or associated cause in 63.6 per cent of the deaths and the perinatal infections in 25.5 per cent of these deaths. It was found a higher risk of death in low birthweight and preterm newborns and in infants with abscence of the father\'s name on the birth certificate. The cesarean section deliveries showed to be a confounding factor to the neonatal deaths, as well as, the type of the hospital in which the infants were deliveried. The male low birthweight infants presented higher risk of death than the female infants. The low birthweight and preterm babies showed a 82 times higher risk of dying than the normal weight and term infants. The low birthweight newborn showed a higher risk of death from congenital anommalies and perinatal afections. This group of live births, also presented a risk of death from perinatal infections 94.0 times higher than the normal weight babies. The male low birthweigth infants presented 3.6 times higher chance of dying from perinatal respiratory afections than the female newborns of this group. These results suggest that some deaths could be avoided by adequate prenatal, delivery and neonatal care in the maternity wards. The high risk death found in the preterm and very low birth weight infants also suggest that some of these high risk newborns did not had access to neonatal intensive care.

A mortalidade neonatal, em sua maioria, ocorre por causas que poderiam ser evitadas se houvesse oferta de serviços qualificados durante o pré-natal, parto e puerpério. De modo geral, estão associadas às condições biológicas, às disparidades socioeconômicas e de acesso aos serviços de saúde. Assim, mesmo em municípios com melhores índices de desenvolvimento econômico, a elucidação dos elementos que compõem a trama de causalidade dos óbitos neonatais é fundamental. Dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar os fatores associados aos óbitos neonatais no Município de Londrina-PR, no período de 2000 a 2009. Foram investigados os óbitos neonatais, segundo características maternas, do recém-nascido e relativas ao uso do sistema municipal de saúde, por meio de estudo retrospectivo descritivo do tipo ecológico. Os dados foram extraídos da Declaração de Nascido Vivo, da Declaração de Óbito e das Fichas de Investigação do Óbito Infantil do Comitê Municipal de Prevenção de Mortalidade Materno-Infantil do Núcleo de Informação de Mortalidade (NIM) da Secretaria de Saúde Municipal. No que se refere à caracterização materna, mais de 60,0% das mães eram jovens adultas (12 a 27 anos) e a média de idade 25,8 anos. Ao longo dos 10 anos, o número de mães adolescentes diminuiu de 22,9% para 8,5%. Do total, 83,5% tinham companheiro, 73,9% de oito a onze anos de estudo e 52,7% não trabalhavam. Tiveram acompanhamento no pré-natal 91,4% das mulheres, 55,1% das quais se consultaram de uma a seis vezes. Quase a totalidade apresentou algum tipo de afecção durante a gestação: 82,7% trabalho de parto prematuro e 36,7% doenças renais e de vias urinárias. Pouco mais de 51,0% evoluiu para o parto vaginal. Ao longo dos anos, o parto cirúrgico aumentou de 35,4% para 61,5%. Quanto às características dos recém-nascidos que foram a óbito, 56,9% eram do sexo masculino e 86,0% da raça branca. Aproximadamente 60,0% nasceram entre 22 e 31 semanas de gestação e 60,7% tinham peso inferior a 1.500 gramas e 73,0% apresentaram asfixia no 1º minuto de vida. Ao longo dos anos, a prematuridade se manteve elevada. A média de idade do óbito foi de 4,9 dias. A maioria das mortes ocorreu no período neonatal precoce (73,9%) e o Coeficiente de Mortalidade Neonatal passou de 21,2 para 14,8, entre 2000 e 2009. A causa básica foram, predominantemente, afecções perinatais (77,6%), seguidas das anomalias congênitas (20,0%). Do total das mortes evitáveis, 77,1% ocorreram por causas redutíveis por adequado controle na gravidez e atenção ao parto. Quanto ao uso do sistema municipal de saúde pelas mães dos neonatos observou-se que 62,3% realizaram o pré-natal no serviço público de saúde. A quase totalidade dos partos ocorreu no hospital (96,5%), sendo 63,7% em hospitais que ofereciam atendimento obstétrico e de unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN). Ao longo dos 10 anos de estudo, o uso do serviço hospitalar com maternidade e UTIN, aumentou de 39,2% para 66,6%. O período do óbito neonatal apresentou associação estatisticamente significativa com: trabalho de parto prematuro (p<0,01), infecção do trato urinário (p<0,05), hipertensão arterial/pré-eclâmpsia (p<0,01), peso ao nascer (p<0,01), idade gestacional (p<0,01), Apgar no 1º e 5º minuto (p<0,01), local do parto (p<0,01) e local do óbito (p<0,05). Por outro lado, não houve associação estatística com as características demográficas e socioeconômicas maternas. Ainda que as mortes neonatais tenham sido reduzidas, ao longo dos anos, no Município de Londrina, a sua ocorrência requer atenção para a reorganização do sistema de saúde, particularmente no que se refere à qualificação da assistência pré-natal e parto. Conclui-se ser necessária a operacionalização da integralidade de forma a abordar as necessidades materno-infantis que recorrerem ao serviço municipal de saúde. / Neonatal mortality mostly occurs due to avoidable causes which could be prevented if quality health services were available at prenatal, delivery and postnatal periods. In general, these causes are related to biological conditions, socioeconomic disparities and health services accessibility. Hence, even in cities where the economic development is high, it is fundamental to elucidate factors that contribute to the causality of neonatal deaths. The aim of this study was to analyze the factors associated to neonatal deaths in Londrina - PR, from 2000 to 2009. Neonatal deaths were investigated according to characteristics of mothers, newborns and health system city services through an ecological study with a retrospective and descriptive approach. Data were obtained from Birth Certificates, Death Certificates and Infant Death Investigation Forms provided by the Municipal Committee for Prevention of Maternal and Infant Death obtained from the Mortality Information Center assigned under the City Health Department. Regarding maternal characteristics, more than 60.0% were young adults (aged from 12 to 27), mean age of 25.8. Over this ten-year period, the number of teenager mothers decreased from 22.9% to 8.5%. Out of the total, 83.5% were married, 73.9% had 8-11 schooling years and 52.7% did not have a job. Most women (91.4%) received prenatal care and 55.1% of them attended to 1-6 prenatal care appointments. Almost all mothers had some sort of health problems during pregnancy: 82.7% presented with premature labor and 36.7% had renal and urinary conditions. Slightly more than 51,0% led to natural deliveries. Over the years, surgical deliveries increased from 35.4% to 61.5%. As for characteristics of newborns who died, 56.9% were male and 86.0% were caucasian. About 60.0% were born with 22-31 weeks of gestational age and 60.7% weighted under 1500 grams and 73.0% presented with asfixiation at the first minute. Over the studied period, prematurity rates remained elevated. Mean death age was 4.9 days. Most deaths occured at early neonatal period (73.9%) and the Neonatal Mortality Rate decreased from 21.2 to 14.8 between 2000 to 2009. The leading death causes were perinatal conditions (77.6%) followed by congenital anomalies (20.0%). Out of all avoidable deaths, 77.1% occured due to causes that could be prevented if adequate control over pregnancy and labor care were available. As for the city health services attended by the newborns\' mothers, 62.3% used the public health system. Almost all labors took place in hospitals (96.5%), and 63.7% of these facilities provided obstetric and neonatal intensive care. In the studied period, the use of hospital facilities with maternity/nursery and neonatal intensive care wards increased from 39.2% to 66.6%. The neonatal death period was statistically associated to premature labor (p<0.01), urinary tract infeccion (p<0.05), arterial hypertension/pre-eclampsia (p<0.01), birth weight (p<0.01), gestational age (p<0.01), Apgar score at 1st and 5th minutes (p<0.01), place of delivery (p<0.01) and place of death (p<0.05). On the other hand, there was no statistical association between maternal demographic and socioeconomical characteristics. Even though neonatal deaths have decreased over the years, in Londrina, this number still requires attention in order to reorganize the health system, specifically regarding qualified assitance for prenatal care and delivery. In conclusion, it is necessary to implement integrative care as to address the maternal-infant needs of the population who attends the city health services.

A Casa do Parto de Sapopemba (CPS) é uma unidade autônoma, isolada do hospital, integrada ao Sistema Único de Saúde. Atende mulheres com gestação de baixo risco e a assistência é prestada exclusivamente por obstetrizes e enfermeiras obstétricas. Este modelo tem sido criticado em relação à segurança para a mulher e recém-nascido. A literatura aponta menos intervenções desnecessárias e maiores níveis de satisfação das mulheres atendidas em casas de parto. No Brasil existem poucos estudos sobre o tema. Os objetivos deste estudo, do tipo caso-controle, foram: descrever as remoções neonatais segundo o motivo, tempo de vida, local e desfecho; identificar os fatores de risco associados à remoção. Ocorreram 2.840 partos na CPS no período de setembro de 1998 a agosto de 2005. Os casos foram todos os recém-nascidos removidos da CPS para hospitais de referência (n=32) no período do estudo. Os controles foram recém-nascidos da CPS, nascidos no mesmo período e que não foram removidos (n=64). Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários e registro sobre os partos da instituição. Foi realizada análise univariada e de regressão logística múltipla dos dados. A prevalência de remoções e a taxa de mortalidade neonatal foi de 1,1% e 1/1.000 nascidos vivos, respectivamente. O desconforto respiratório foi o motivo principal para a remoção neonatal seguido de suspeita de aspiração de mecônio, hipotonia e asfixia neonatal. O Hospital Geral de Vila Alpina recebeu 51,6 % das remoções e o Amparo Maternal 32,6%. No momento da remoção, o tempo de vida do recém-nascido variou entre 5 minutos e 30 horas (média=8 horas; mediana=5 horas; dp=8,3 horas). Os fatores de risco para remoção neonatal foram: intercorrências no trabalho de parto e parto (OR=5,5; IC 95% 1,06 – 28,26), hábito de fumar durante a gestação (OR=4,1; IC 95% 1,03 – 16,33) e Índice de Apgar igual ou menor que sete no primeiro minuto de vida (OR=7,8; IC 95% 1,62 – 37,03). As taxas de remoção e mortalidade neonatal encontradas, similares ou inferiores a estudos internacionais, são importantes indicadores da qualidade do atendimento na CPS. Acredita-se que o conhecimento dos fatores de risco para remoção possa contribuir para o aprimoramento da assistência, pela identificação de situações que apontam para um maior risco de complicações neonatais. / The Sapopemba Birth Center (SBC) is a public free-standing maternity unit, isolated from the reference hospital. Obstetric care for low-risk women is offered by midwives and nurse-midwives. This model of care has been questioned concerning women and newborns safety. Studies show less unnecessary interventions and higher level of satisfaction of women assisted in birth centers. There are few studies on this subject in Brazil. This case-control study aimed to: describe neonatal transfers according to the reasons, newborn lifetime, backup hospital and conditions of newborns after transfer; identify risk factors associated with neonatal transfers in this setting. There were 2,840 births in the SBC during the study period, from September 1998 to August 2005. Cases were all newborns transferred from the SBC to referenced hospitals (32) during the study period. Controls were selected from newborns delivered at the SBC in the same period and who were not transferred to hospital (64). Data were collected from records available at the birth center. Unvaried and multiple analysis was performed using conditional logistic regression. The neonatal transfer and mortality rates were 1.1% and 1/1,000, respectively. Respiratory distress was the main reason for transfer, followed by suspected aspiration of meconium, hypotonia and neonatal asphyxia. The Vila Alpina General Hospital received 51.6% of transfers from the SBC and the Amparo Maternal, 32.6%. In the moment of transfer, the newborn’s lifetime varied from 5 minutes to 30 hours (mean = 8 hours; median = 5 hours; sd = 8,3 hours). Risk factors associated with neonatal transfers were: labor and intrapartum complications (OR = 5.5; CI 95% 1.06 – 28.26); smoking during pregnancy (OR = 4.1; CI 95% 1.03 – 16.33); first minute Apgar score bellow eight (OR = 7.8; CI 95% 1.62 – 37.03). Neonatal mortality and transfer rates found in this study were similar or lower comparing to the international studies and they represent an important index of quality related to the assistance given in the SBC. The knowledge of risk factors associated with neonatal transfers from this birth center may contribute for the improvement of care, by the identification of the situations that show a higher risk of neonatal complications.

Os resultados e a discussão estão apresentados no formato de dois artigos. Artigo 1 - Objetivo: O componente neonatal precoce mostra-se crescente, concentrando-se nos hospitais e demandando maior complexidade da atenção. Logo, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar características dos hospitais que atendem ao parto, descrever perfil dos RNs e das mães e a mortalidade neonatal precoce, na RMSP. Métodos: estudo ecológico, baseado em dados do Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade SIM, Sistema de Informações de Nascidos Vivos SINASC e Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde CNES, vinculados por técnica determinística, obtendo-se uma coorte de nascidos vivos (NV) hospitalares ocorridos na RMSP em 2006, compreendendo 143 hospitais e 152.743 NV. Os hospitais foram classificados por nível de complexidade (presença de: UTI neonatal; UTI adulto, atividade de ensino, referência para parto de alto risco, segundo CNES e volume de NV). O perfil dos recém-nascidos e das mães foi definido com base no SINASC. A tipologia de complexidade e o perfil da clientela foram obtidos empregando-se análises de clusters e fatorial. Resultados: A complexidade foi classificada em 4 grupos na rede SUS e 3 na rede não SUS. O SUS responde por 62,6% dos partos que resultaram em NV e a rede não SUS por 37,3%. O perfil da clientela foi definido por 2 fatores: 1- Risco RN (peso ao nascer e idade gestacional); 2- Risco da mãe (idade, escolaridade da mãe e nº de consultas pré-natal). Há maior freqüência de RN de <1500g e muito prematuros no SUS. As mães atendidas no SUS apresentam perfil social semelhante. Na rede não-SUS o perfil das mães é distinto, com maior freqüência de mães de baixa escolaridade e adolescentes nos hospitais de menor complexidade. A taxa de mortalidade neonatal precoce foi de 5,6 NV, sendo 65% mais elevada na rede SUS (6,6 NV) que na rede privada (4,0 NV). Porém, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante dessas taxas entre os níveis de complexidade da rede SUS, exceto para os de altíssima complexidade. No grupo de RN <1500g há redução do diferencial de mortalidade entre as duas redes (22%), observou-se o mesmo no grupo de 1500 a 2499g, porém sem significância estatística. Já entre os RNs de 2500g e mais a taxa de mortalidade é 131% mais elevada na rede SUS. Conclusões: Na RMSP há forte presença de planos privados de saúde, contudo o SUS responde por parcela expressiva da atenção ao parto. A rede SUS atende mães e RNs de maior risco que a rede não SUS e apresentou melhores resultados na atenção aos RN de risco (<1500g) do que para os RN de 2500g e mais, mostrando a necessidade de aprimorar a qualidade da atenção ao parto e ao RN. Artigo 2 - Objetivo: descrever as características do recém-nascido e da mãe e da mortalidade neonatal precoce, segundo local de nascimento, na RMSP. Métodos: Utilizou-se coorte de nascidos vivos vinculados aos respectivos óbitos neonatais precoces, por técnica determinística. Identificou-se o parto domiciliar a partir das informações da DN e os ocorridos em estabelecimentos a partir da vinculação com o CNES. Resultados: Foram estudados 154.676 nascidos vivos, dos quais 0,31% ocorreu acidentalmente em domicílio, 98,7% em hospitais e menos de 1% em outro tipo de serviço de saúde. A mortalidade neonatal precoce foi menor no Centro de Parto Normal Isolado e nas Unidades Mistas de Saúde, condizente com o perfil de baixo risco obstétrico. As taxas mais elevadas ocorreram nos Prontos-Socorros (54,4 óbitos por mil NV) e nos domicílios (26,7), representando um risco de morte, respectivamente, 9,6 e 4,7 vezes maior que nos hospitais (5,6 óbitos). Conclusões: Apesar da alta predominância do parto hospitalar na região, há um segmento de partos acidentais tanto em domicílios como em prontossocorros que merecem atenção, por registrarem maiores taxas de mortalidade neonatal precoce. / Results and discussion have been formatted into two articles. Article 1 Aim: Early neonatal component has increased, is concentrated in hospitals and demands a more complex attention. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of hospitals which attend child birth, the profile of newborn babies and mothers as well as early neonatal deaths in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). Methods: Environment study based on data from SIM, SINASC and CNES linked through deterministic technique, obtaining a cohort of live births (LB) in hospitals in MRSP in 2006, encompassing 143 hospitals and 152.743 LBs. Hospitals were classified according to complexity level (presence of neonatal ICU; adult ICU, training activities, referral for high risk parturition according to CNES and LB volume). The definition of clientele profile was based on SINASC. Complexity typology and client profile were obtained through cluster and factorial analysis. Results: Complexity was classified in four groups in the SUS system (public) and three in the non-SUS system (non public). SUS answered for 62.6% of LB childbirths and the non-SUS system for 37.3%. Clientele profile was defined through two factors: 1- LB Risk (weight at birth and gestation period); 2- Mother Risk (age, schooling level, number of pre-natal consultations). Newborn babies under 1500 grams and preterm births numbers are higher in SUS. Mothers attended by SUS present a similar social profile. In the non-SUS system, the mothers profiles present a variation, showing a greater frequency of mothers with low schooling level and adolescents in the lower complexity hospitals. Neonatal death rate was 5.6% of LBs; in the SUS system it was 65% higher (6.6% LB) than in the private system (4.0% LB). However, there was no significant statistical difference among complexity levels in the SUS system, except for very high complexity units. For the newborn under 1500 g there is a reduction in the mortality differential between the two systems (22%); the same was observed in the 1500-2499g group, but with no statistical significance. On the other hand, with the newborn over 2500 g the mortality rate is 131% greater in the SUS system. Conclusions: There is a strong presence of health insurance in the MRSP. However, SUS answers for an expressive amount of birth care. The SUS system attends mothers and newborn babies under greater risk than the non-SUS system does and presented better results when attending high risk newborns (under 1500 g) than with newborns equal and over 2500 g, showing the necessity of improving attendance to delivery and newborn babies. Article 2 Aim: To describe the frequency and evaluate the characteristics to mothers and newborns, according to place of childbirth in MRSP. Methods: Linked dataset of live births and neonatal deaths through deterministic techniques. Home births were identified using information from DN and those occurring in establishments linked to CNES. Results: 154,676 newborn babies were studied, being 0,31% home born, 98.7% in hospitals and less than 1% born in other health care services. Neonatal mortality was lower in birth center and mixed health units, consonant with low risk obstetric profile. Higher rates happened in first-aid clinics (54.4 deaths per thousand newborn) and home births (26.7), representing, respectively, a death risk 9.6 and 4.7 times larger than in hospitals (5.6). Conclusions: Although there is a predominance of childbirth in hospitals, there is a portion of accidental births at home or in first-aid clinics which need attention due to elevated rates of neonatal mortality.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-11-07T11:59:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Semyramis Lira Dantas.pdf: 5533957 bytes, checksum: b10a44ee1f1cc4ffcb0d5764fb3595c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-07T12:00:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Semyramis Lira Dantas.pdf: 5533957 bytes, checksum: b10a44ee1f1cc4ffcb0d5764fb3595c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-14 / Introduction: Surveillance of death is Ministry of Health's strategy to improve the quality and reliability of the Mortality Information System and the regional diagnosis of the health situation. Its achievement enhances the identification of risk factors and situations associated with perinatal mortality, and helps direct investment in public policies that culminate with the reduction of this undesirable outcome. It should be the responsibility of federal entities and professionals of Surveillance and Health Care. The component fetal mortality, even though prevalent, is still invisible to managers, health professionals and researchers. The components of perinatal mortality share the same circumstances because the studies are limited to neonatal or perinatal period. Objective: To compare the behavior of the characteristics of perinatal mortality in their subgroups: early fetal and neonatal mothers residing in the city of Campina Grande/PB in the years 2013 and 2014. Methodology: Cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study, which uses chips death investigation: outpatient, home and hospital. The independent variables were taken from data from death investigation files in four non-hierarchical groups: socioeconomic and demographic data, medical history, current pregnancy and related to newborn alive/stillbirth. The dependent variable is: perinatal death (stillbirth and early neonatal death). The independent variables were: color, mother's age, education, race, paid work, mate, passive smoking, smoking, alcohol, drugs, VDRL, urinary tract infection, hypertension, diabetes, previous abortion, previous stillbirth, stunted pathologies, first prenatal consultation, number of queries, type of pregnancy, type of prenatal office accreditation, newborn weight, sex, type of delivery, fetus malformations. The variables of the groups were submitted to the description of absolute and relative frequencies and bivariate analysis by calculating the prevalence ratio (RP), and that showed statistically significant (p . 0.15) were for multiple Poisson regression. the adjusted RP were calculated and considered statistically significant (p . 0.05). Results: 248 perinatal deaths were analyzed. In the multiple model were significant: maternal education "8 to 11 years of study" with RP 1.19 (95% CI 1.0-1.4) and p = 0.04; the "high-risk prenatal" with RP 1.14 (95% CI 1.03-1.27) and p = 0.01; the "Caesarean section" with RP 0.82 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.91) and p <0.01; the "weight" less than 1000 grams with RP 0.81 (0.69 to 0.95); p <0.01; and "defects" to RP 0.75 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.88) and p <0.01. Conclusion: There are differences to be explored by other studies, between stillbirth and early neonatal. This study showed that prenatal "high risk", the range of 8 to 11 years of study were more likely to evolve to fetal death. While fetus malformations, caesarean section and weighing less than 1000 grams need quality neonatal care, as they are more susceptible to early neonatal death. It is of great value to use health surveillance instruments to qualify the diagnosis of perinatal mortality, and point out ways to reduce fetal mortality. / Introducao: A vigilancia do obito e a estrategia do Ministerio da Saude para melhorar a qualidade e confiabilidade do Sistema de Informacao sobre Mortalidade e o diagnostico regional da situacao de saude. Sua realizacao potencializa a identificacao de fatores de riscos e situacoes associados a mortalidade perinatal e ajuda a direcionar investimento nas politicas publicas que culminem com a reducao desse desfecho indesejavel. Ela deve ser de responsabilidade dos entes federados e dos profissionais da Vigilancia e da Assistencia a Saude. O componente fetal dessa mortalidade, embora predominante, ainda e invisivel aos olhos dos gestores, profissionais de saude e pesquisadores. Acredita-se que os componentes da mortalidade perinatal partilham das mesmas circunstancias, pois os estudos estao limitados ao componente neonatal ou ao periodo perinatal. Objetivo: Comparar o comportamento das caracteristicas da mortalidade perinatal nos seus subgrupos fetal e neonatal precoce de maes residentes do municipio de Campina Grande-PB, nos anos de 2013 e 2014. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, descritivo e analitico, o qual utiliza as fichas de investigacao de obito: ambulatorial, domiciliar e hospitalar. As variaveis independentes foram retiradas de dados das fichas de investigacao de obito em quatro grupos nao hierarquicos: dados socioeconomicos e demograficos, historia pregressa, gestacao atual e referente a recem-nascido vivo/natimorto. A variavel dependente e obito perinatal (obito fetal e o obito neonatal precoce). As variaveis independentes utilizadas foram: cor, idade da mae, escolaridade da mae, raca, trabalho remunerado, companheiro, fumante passivo, tabagismo, alcool, drogas, VDRL, infeccao do trato urinario, hipertensao, diabetes, aborto anterior, natimorto anterior, patologias pregressas, primeira consulta de pre-natal, numero de consultas, tipo de gestacao, tipo de credenciamento do consultorio pre-natal, peso do recem-nascido, tipo de parto, sexo e malformacoes fetais. As variaveis dos grupos foram submetidas a descricao de frequencias absolutas e relativas e a analise bivariada, calculando a razao de prevalencia (RP). As que exibiram significancia estatistica (p . 0,15) foram para o modelo multiplo de regressao de Poisson. Foram calculadas as RP ajustadas e consideradas significantes estatisticamente (p . 0,05). Resultados: Foram analisados 248 obitos perinatal. No modelo multiplo foram significativos: escolaridade materna de \8 a 11 anos de estudo., com RP 1,19 (IC 95% 1,0-1,4) e p=0,04; o \pre-natal de alto risco., com RP 1,14 (IC 95% 1,03-1,27) e p=0,01; o \parto cesareo., com RP 0,82 (IC 95% 0,74-0,91) e p <0,01; o \peso. menor que 1000 gramas, com RR 0,81 (0,69-0,95) e p< 0,01; e \malformacoes. com RP 0,75 (IC 95% 0,64-0,88) e p< 0,01. Conclusao: Ha diferencas a serem exploradas por outros estudos entre o obito fetal e neonatal precoce. O presente estudo demonstrou que, no pre-natal de \alto risco., a faixa de 8 a 11 anos de estudo tinha mais chances de evoluir para o obito fetal; enquanto as malformacoes fetais, o parto cesareo e o peso menor que 1000 gramas precisam de assistencia neonatal de qualidade, pois sao mais susceptiveis ao obito neonatal precoce. E de grande valia utilizar os instrumentos da vigilancia em saude para qualificar o diagnostico da mortalidade perinatal e apontar caminhos que reduzam a mortalidade fetal.

Introdução: O presente estudo trata da evolução da mortalidade perinatal hospitalar do município de Fortaleza-Ceará em dois momentos: 1995 e 2005. O interesse para a realização desta pesquisa parte da relevância dos cuidados oferecidos à mulher grávida e ao recém nascidocomo importante indicador da saúde materno infantil.Objetivos: Avaliar a evolução dos indicadores de saúde perinatal referentes aos nascimentos hospitalares de Fortaleza, Ceará, ocorridos em 1995 e em 2005.Metodologia: Estudo epidemiológico, do tipo ecológico, que estuda a evolução da saúde perinatal em Fortaleza, de 1995 a 2005, a partir da análise dos dados de dois estudos de base hospitalar. Todos os nascimentos foram acompanhados desde o parto até a alta ou óbito em hospital.Fizeram parte da população, todos os nascimentos e respectivos óbitos perinatais ocorridos em hospitais/maternidades públicas e particulares, conveniados com o SUS, no município de Fortaleza, CE, em 1995 e em 2005, disponíveis em dois bancos de dados já existentes.Resultados: Os resultados evidenciaram que nos dez anos (1995-2005) houve melhoria nos indicadores de saúde perinatal em Fortaleza. Os coeficientes de mortalidade perinatal hospitalar, fetal e neonatal precoce tiveram redução de 29 por cento, 19,0 por cento e de 42 por cento respectivamente. Em crianças com baixo peso ao nascer,observou-se declínio na mortalidade perinatal, fetal e neonatal precoce em todas as categorias. Chama-se atenção para a redução do coeficiente de mortalidade perinatal no grupo de recém nascidos de muito baixo peso (< 1500g), que passou de 821,1/1000 NV em 1995 para 532,2/1000 NV em 2005, com um declínio de 35,2 por cento. Quanto ao coeficiente de mortalidade neonatal precoce, a redução foi de 53,8 por cento, passando de 703,0/1000 NV para 324,7/1000 NV. Foi possível evidenciar mudanças referentes à reorganização da atenção perinatal em Fortaleza, quando se detectou uma maior participação dos hospitais públicos, que realizou um maior número de partos nos dez anos em 121 por cento por cento. Em 1995 a proporção de partos foi de 32,4 por cento e em 2005 de 71,7 por cento. Quanto à idade materna, os coeficientes de mortalidade perinatal, fetal e neonatal precoce nos dez anos tiveram reduções, com ênfase entre os filhos de mães adolescentes (10 a 19 anos). Para este grupo, o coeficiente de mortalidade perinatal obteve declínio de 54,2 por cento o de mortalidade fetal de 16,2 por cento e o de mortalidade neonatal precoce de 36,8 por cento. Conclusões: A mudança nos indicadores da saúde perinatal no município de Fortaleza mostra que houve uma melhora da atenção ao longo dos dez anos, revelando um cenário favorável na atenção prestada à mulher grávida e ao recém nascido na capital. Contudo, sabe-se que aspectos relacionados com o processo de trabalho e a organização da rede, ainda permanecem em níveis inferiores em relação , quando compara-se com outras capitais brasileiras, sendo necessárias medidas governamentais para que estas lacunas sejam remediadas / Introduction: This study deals with the evolution of perinatal mortality hospital in Fortaleza, Ceara on two occasions: 1995 and 2005. The interest for this research part of the relevance of care offered to pregnant women and newborn care as an important indicator of maternal and infant health.Objectives: To evaluate perinatal health indicators relating to hospital births in Fortaleza, occurring in 1995 and 2005.Methodology: Epidemiological study of ecological type, which studies the evolution of perinatal health in Fortaleza, from 1995 to 2005, based on the analysis of data from two hospital-based studies. All births were followed from birth until discharge or death in hospital. The population was composed of all births and perinatal deaths occurred in their hospitals / public hospitals and private contracts with the SUS in the city of Fortaleza, in1995 and 2005, available in two databases that already exist.Results: The results showed that within ten years (1995-2005) found a reduction in perinatal health indicators in Fortaleza. The hospital perinatal mortality rates, fetal and early neonatal fell by 29 per cent, 19.0 per cent and 42 per cent respectively. As birth weight were obtained decline in perinatal mortality, fetal and early neonatal in all categories. Attention is drawn to the reduction of perinatal mortality rate in the group of infants with very low birthweight (<1500g), now 821.1 / NV in 1000 to 532.2 in 1995 / 1000 NV in 2005, with a declining 35.2 per cent. As for early neonatal mortality rate, the reduction was 53.8 per cent, from 703.0 / 324.7 for 1000 NV / NV 1000. The results showed changes related to the reorganization of perinatal care in Fortaleza, when it detected a greater involvement of public hospitals, which increased the number of births in the ten years 121 per cent per cent. In 1995 the proportion of births was 32.4 per cent and 71.7 per cent in 2005. As for maternal age, perinatal mortality rates, fetal and early neonatal ten years have had reductions, with emphasis among the children of teenage mothers (10-19 years). For this group, the perinatal mortality rate decline of 84.7 per cent was obtained, the fetal mortality of 46.8 per cent and early neonatal mortality rate of 88.7 per cent.Conclusions: The change in perinatal health indicators in Fortaleza shows that there was an improvement of attention over the ten years, revealing a favorable outlook on care provided to pregnant women and newborn in capital.Contudo, it is known that aspects related to the work process and organization of the network, are still inconsistent when it is compared with other Brazilian cities, requiring government measures to these deficiencies are remedied

The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of high neonatal mortality rates in Migori County, Kenya. The neonatal mortality cases were utilised as the target population to the study. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional, non-experimental research design was used. A systematic sampling technique was employed to draw a sample of 201 archived neonatal cases out of 420 neonatal mortality medical records, which constituted the study population. Data were collected by means of a developed questionnaire. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21 was used to analyse data. The main findings revealed the leading determinants of neonatal mortality were early neonatal period, prematurity, poor 1st Apgar score, low birth weight and neonates with intrapartum complications. Obstetrical haemorrhage and HIV were the main maternal complications associated to neonatal mortalities, while the leading direct causes of death in this study were birth asphyxia and sepsis. Other determinants were gender, rural residence, lowly educated and informally employed mothers. To reduce mortalities, a multifaceted approach is needed to establish quality improvement in neonatal intensive care, reduce preterm birth incidences, and empower mothers socio-economically. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

<p>Background: Globally, neonatal mortality (i.e. deaths occurring during the first month of life) accounts for 44% of the 11 million infants that die every year (Lawn, Cousens &amp / Zupan, 2005). Early&nbsp / detection of illness and referral of mothers and infants during the peri-natal period to higher levels of care can lead to substantial reductions in maternal and child mortality in developing&nbsp / countries. Establishing effective referral systems from the community to health facilities can be achieved through greater utilization of community health workers and improved health seeking&nbsp / behaviour. Study design: The Good Start Saving Newborn Lives study being conducted in Umlazi, KwaZulu-Natal, is a community randomized trial to assess the effect of an integrated home&nbsp / visit package delivered to mothers during pregnancy and post delivery on uptake of PMTCT interventions and appropriate newborn care practices. The home visit package is delivered by community health workers in fifteen intervention clusters. Control clusters receive routine health facility antenatal and postpartum care. For any identified danger signs during a home visit,&nbsp / community health workers write a referral and if necessary refer infants to a local clinic or hospital. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of this referral system by describing&nbsp / community health worker referral completion rates as well as health-care seeking practices and perceptions of mothers. A cross- sectional survey was undertaken using a structured&nbsp / questionnaire with all mothers who had been referred to a clinic or hospital by a community health worker since the start of the Good Start Saving Newborn Lives Trial. Data collection: Informed consent was obtained from willing participants. Interviews were conducted by a trained research assistant in the mothers&rsquo / home or at the study&nbsp / offices. Road to Health Cards were reviewed to confirm referral completion. Data was collected by means of a cell phone (mobile researcher software) and the database was later transferred to Epi-info and STATA IC 11 for analysis.&nbsp / Descriptive analysis was&nbsp / conducted so as to establish associations between explanatory factors and referral completion and to describe referral processes experienced by caregivers. Significant&nbsp / associations between categorical variables were assessed using chi square tests and continuous variables using analysis of variance. Results: A total of 2423 women were&nbsp / enrolled in the SNL study and 148 had received a referral for a sick infant by a CHW by June 2010. The majority (95%) of infants were referred only once during the time of enrolment, the&nbsp / highest number of which occurred within&nbsp / the first 4 weeks of life (62%) with 22% of these being between birth and 2 weeks of age. Almost all mothers (95%) completed the referral by taking&nbsp / their child to a health facility. Difficulty in breathing and rash accounted for the highest number of referrals (26% and 19% respectively). None of the six mothers who did not complete referral recognised any danger signs in their infants. In only 16% of cases did a health worker give written feedback on the outcome of the referral to the referring CHW.&nbsp / Conclusion: This study found&nbsp / high compliance with referrals for sick infants by community health workers in Umlazi. This supports the current primary health care re-engineering process being undertaken by the South&nbsp / African National Department of Health (SANDOH) which will involve the establishment of family health worker teams&nbsp / including community health workers. A key function of these workers will&nbsp / be to conduct antenatal and postnatal visits to women in their homes and to identify and refer ill children. Failure of mothers to identify danger signs in the infant was associated with&nbsp / non-completion of referral. This highlights the need for thorough counseling of mothers during the antenatal and early postnatal period on neonatal danger signs which can be reinforced by&nbsp / community health workers. Most of the referrals in this study were&nbsp / neonates which strengthens the need for home visit packages delivered by community health workers during the antenatal&nbsp / and post-natal period as currently planned by the South African National Department of Health.Recommendations: This study supports the current plans of the Department of Health for greater involvement of CHWs in Primary Health Care. Attention should be given to improving communication between health facilities and CHWs to ensure continuity of care and greater&nbsp / realization of a team approach to PHC.</p>

<p>Background: Globally, neonatal mortality (i.e. deaths occurring during the first month of life) accounts for 44% of the 11 million infants that die every year (Lawn, Cousens &amp / Zupan, 2005). Early&nbsp / detection of illness and referral of mothers and infants during the peri-natal period to higher levels of care can lead to substantial reductions in maternal and child mortality in developing&nbsp / countries. Establishing effective referral systems from the community to health facilities can be achieved through greater utilization of community health workers and improved health seeking&nbsp / behaviour. Study design: The Good Start Saving Newborn Lives study being conducted in Umlazi, KwaZulu-Natal, is a community randomized trial to assess the effect of an integrated home&nbsp / visit package delivered to mothers during pregnancy and post delivery on uptake of PMTCT interventions and appropriate newborn care practices. The home visit package is delivered by community health workers in fifteen intervention clusters. Control clusters receive routine health facility antenatal and postpartum care. For any identified danger signs during a home visit,&nbsp / community health workers write a referral and if necessary refer infants to a local clinic or hospital. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of this referral system by describing&nbsp / community health worker referral completion rates as well as health-care seeking practices and perceptions of mothers. A cross- sectional survey was undertaken using a structured&nbsp / questionnaire with all mothers who had been referred to a clinic or hospital by a community health worker since the start of the Good Start Saving Newborn Lives Trial. Data collection: Informed consent was obtained from willing participants. Interviews were conducted by a trained research assistant in the mothers&rsquo / home or at the study&nbsp / offices. Road to Health Cards were reviewed to confirm referral completion. Data was collected by means of a cell phone (mobile researcher software) and the database was later transferred to Epi-info and STATA IC 11 for analysis.&nbsp / Descriptive analysis was&nbsp / conducted so as to establish associations between explanatory factors and referral completion and to describe referral processes experienced by caregivers. Significant&nbsp / associations between categorical variables were assessed using chi square tests and continuous variables using analysis of variance. Results: A total of 2423 women were&nbsp / enrolled in the SNL study and 148 had received a referral for a sick infant by a CHW by June 2010. The majority (95%) of infants were referred only once during the time of enrolment, the&nbsp / highest number of which occurred within&nbsp / the first 4 weeks of life (62%) with 22% of these being between birth and 2 weeks of age. Almost all mothers (95%) completed the referral by taking&nbsp / their child to a health facility. Difficulty in breathing and rash accounted for the highest number of referrals (26% and 19% respectively). None of the six mothers who did not complete referral recognised any danger signs in their infants. In only 16% of cases did a health worker give written feedback on the outcome of the referral to the referring CHW.&nbsp / Conclusion: This study found&nbsp / high compliance with referrals for sick infants by community health workers in Umlazi. This supports the current primary health care re-engineering process being undertaken by the South&nbsp / African National Department of Health (SANDOH) which will involve the establishment of family health worker teams&nbsp / including community health workers. A key function of these workers will&nbsp / be to conduct antenatal and postnatal visits to women in their homes and to identify and refer ill children. Failure of mothers to identify danger signs in the infant was associated with&nbsp / non-completion of referral. This highlights the need for thorough counseling of mothers during the antenatal and early postnatal period on neonatal danger signs which can be reinforced by&nbsp / community health workers. Most of the referrals in this study were&nbsp / neonates which strengthens the need for home visit packages delivered by community health workers during the antenatal&nbsp / and post-natal period as currently planned by the South African National Department of Health.Recommendations: This study supports the current plans of the Department of Health for greater involvement of CHWs in Primary Health Care. Attention should be given to improving communication between health facilities and CHWs to ensure continuity of care and greater&nbsp / realization of a team approach to PHC.</p>

Research report (MMed) -- Stellenbosch University, 2010. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Hypertension and its complications is responsible for a significant proportion of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Dora Nginza Hospital, clinical experience has shown that hypertension and its complications are common but despite this assumption, the overall prevalence of complications, social and demographic characteristics and various forms of presentations of hypertension in pregnancy is still largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of complications, risk factors, social and demographic characteristics of hypertensive complications of pregnancy in Dora Nginza Hospital. STUDY DESIGN: The study is a retrospective descriptive study performed on medical records. The study was carried out by looking at records of patients admitted with hypertension in pregnancy over a 2 year period (2007-2008). MS Excel was used to capture the data and STATISTICA version 9 was used for data analysis. SETTING: Dora Nginza hospital, Port Elizabeth Hospitals Complex. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence, risk factors, maternal complications, perinatal outcome. RESULTS: A total of 22,711 deliveries were recorded in Dora Nginza hospital over the two year period (2007-2008). 1520 cases were complicated by hypertension giving an incidence of hypertension as 6.69% (66.9 per 1000 deliveries). The incidence of pre eclampsia is 35.40% and chronic hypertension 2.80%. Maternal complications occurred in 40.29% of the hypertensive women. Maternal deaths occurred in 0.79% (790 per 100000 deliveries) accounting for 38.71% of the total maternal deaths in the facility. Poor neonatal outcome was recorded in 5.90% of these women. The 2.30% stillbirths represent 3.30% of all fetal deaths in the facility for the study period. Prominent risk factors are age, race, low socioeconomic status, smoking and BMI CONCLUSION: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Dora Nginza hospital is common and is an important cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Improved socioeconomic status, quality obstetric services which include early booking, proper antenatal care, early referral and proper documentation can minimise the effect of hypertension on pregnancy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming