Correlations between neuropsychiatric symptoms and beta-amyloid (Aβ) burden in specific brain regions in living Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients remain to be elucidated. Ten mild AD patients underwent MR and [11C]SB-13 PET imaging. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were quantified with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). NPI-depression/dysphoria, -apathy, -agitation/aggression, -anxiety, and -appetite/eating disorders scores were hypothesized to correlate with Aβ burden in particular brain regions. Pearson’s correlation coefficient revealed that depression/dysphoria scores positively correlated (p<0.05) with standardized uptake values (SUVs) from left medial temporal lobe (r=0.67), and agitation/aggression correlated with SUVs from bilateral anterior cingulate (right, r=0.71; left, r=0.78), temporal (right, r=0.71; left, r=0.75), parietal (right, r=0.77; left, r=0.81), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (right, r=0.74; left, r=0.73). However, NPI scores did not significantly correlate with better estimates of Aβ burden that use the cerebellum as reference region. Overall, our results confirm the lack of association between Aβ burden and neuropsychiatric symptoms reported in autopsy studies.

La voix humaine constitue la partie dominante de notre environnement auditif. Non seulement les humains utilisent-ils la voix pour la parole, mais ils sont tout aussi habiles pour en extraire une multitude d’informations pertinentes sur le locuteur. Cette expertise universelle pour la voix humaine se reflète dans la présence d’aires préférentielles à celle-ci le long des sillons temporaux supérieurs. À ce jour, peu de données nous informent sur la nature et le développement de cette réponse sélective à la voix. Dans le domaine visuel, une vaste littérature aborde une problématique semblable en ce qui a trait à la perception des visages. L’étude d’experts visuels a permis de dégager les processus et régions impliqués dans leur expertise et a démontré une forte ressemblance avec ceux utilisés pour les visages. Dans le domaine auditif, très peu d’études se sont penchées sur la comparaison entre l’expertise pour la voix et d’autres catégories auditives, alors que ces comparaisons pourraient contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la perception vocale et auditive. La présente thèse a pour dessein de préciser la spécificité des processus et régions impliqués dans le traitement de la voix. Pour ce faire, le recrutement de différents types d’experts ainsi que l’utilisation de différentes méthodes expérimentales ont été préconisés. La première étude a évalué l’influence d’une expertise musicale sur le traitement de la voix humaine, à l’aide de tâches comportementales de discrimination de voix et d’instruments de musique. Les résultats ont démontré que les musiciens amateurs étaient meilleurs que les non-musiciens pour discriminer des timbres d’instruments de musique mais aussi les voix humaines, suggérant une généralisation des apprentissages perceptifs causés par la pratique musicale. La seconde étude avait pour but de comparer les potentiels évoqués auditifs liés aux chants d’oiseaux entre des ornithologues amateurs et des participants novices. L’observation d’une distribution topographique différente chez les ornithologues à la présentation des trois catégories sonores (voix, chants d’oiseaux, sons de l’environnement) a rendu les résultats difficiles à interpréter. Dans la troisième étude, il était question de préciser le rôle des aires temporales de la voix dans le traitement de catégories d’expertise chez deux groupes d’experts auditifs, soit des ornithologues amateurs et des luthiers. Les données comportementales ont démontré une interaction entre les deux groupes d’experts et leur catégorie d’expertise respective pour des tâches de discrimination et de mémorisation. Les résultats obtenus en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle ont démontré une interaction du même type dans le sillon temporal supérieur gauche et le gyrus cingulaire postérieur gauche. Ainsi, les aires de la voix sont impliquées dans le traitement de stimuli d’expertise dans deux groupes d’experts auditifs différents. Ce résultat suggère que la sélectivité à la voix humaine, telle que retrouvée dans les sillons temporaux supérieurs, pourrait être expliquée par une exposition prolongée à ces stimuli. Les données présentées démontrent plusieurs similitudes comportementales et anatomo-fonctionnelles entre le traitement de la voix et d’autres catégories d’expertise. Ces aspects communs sont explicables par une organisation à la fois fonctionnelle et économique du cerveau. Par conséquent, le traitement de la voix et d’autres catégories sonores se baserait sur les mêmes réseaux neuronaux, sauf en cas de traitement plus poussé. Cette interprétation s’avère particulièrement importante pour proposer une approche intégrative quant à la spécificité du traitement de la voix. / The human voice is the most meaningful sound category of our auditory environment. Not only is the human voice the carrier of speech, but it is also used to extract a wealth of relevant information on the speaker. Voice-sensitive areas have been identified along the superior temporal sulci of normal adult listeners. Yet little data is available on the nature and development of this selective response to voice. In the visual domain, a vast literature focuses on a similar problem regarding face perception. Several studies have identified processes and regions involved in visual expertise, demonstrating a strong resemblance to those used for faces. In the auditory domain, very few studies have compared voice expertise to expertise for other sound categories. Such comparisons could contribute to a better understanding of voice perception and hearing. This thesis aims to clarify the nature of the processes and regions involved in voice perception. Different types of experts and different experimental methods were used in three separate studies. The first study assessed the influence of musical expertise on timbre voice processing, by using using behavioral voice and musical instrument discrimination tasks. The results showed that amateur musicians performed better than non-musicians in both tasks, suggesting a generalization of auditory abilities associated with musical practice. The second study compared event related potentials evoked by birdsongs in bird experts and non-expert participants. Because a different topographical distribution was observed among bird experts in all sound categories, a definitive interpretation was difficult to make. In the third study, we asked whether the voice-sensitive areas would be recruited by different categories of sounds of expertise in guitar makers, bird experts and non-experts. The behavioral data showed an interaction between the two groups of experts and their respective category of expertise for memory and discrimination tasks. The functional magnetic resonance imaging results showed an interaction of the same type in the left superior temporal sulcus and the left posterior cingulate gyrus. The results show that the voice selective areas do not exclusively process voice stimuli but could also contribute to expert-level processing of other sound categories. Therefore, cortical selectivity to human voice could be due to a prolonged exposure to voice. The data presented demonstrate several behavioral and anatomo-functional similarities between cerebral voice processing and other types of auditory expertise. These common aspects can be explained by a functional and economical brain organization. Consequently, sound processing would rely on shared neural networks unless necessary. This interpretation is particularly important to suggest an integrative approach for studying voice processing specificity.

Les commotions cérébrales ont longtemps été considérées comme une blessure ne comportant que peu ou pas de conséquences. Cependant, la mise à la retraite forcée de plusieurs athlètes de haut niveau, liée au fait d'avoir subi des commotions cérébrales multiples, a porté cette question au premier plan de la culture scientifique et sportive. Malgré la sensibilisation croissante du public et la compréhension scientifique accrue des commotions cérébrales, il reste encore beaucoup d’inconnus au sujet de ces blessures. En effet, il est difficile de comprendre comment cette atteinte peut avoir des effets si profonds malgré le fait qu’elle n’entraîne apparemment pas de conséquences physiques apparentes lorsque les techniques traditionnelles d’imagerie cérébrale sont utilisées. Les techniques de neuroimagerie fonctionnelle ont cependant contribué à répondre aux nombreuses questions entourant les conséquences des commotions cérébrales ainsi qu'à accroître la compréhension générale de la physiopathologie de commotions cérébrales. Bien que les techniques de base telles que l'imagerie structurelle comme les scans TC et IRM soient incapables de détecter des changements structurels dans la grande majorité des cas (Ellemberg, Henry, Macciocchi, Guskiewicz, & Broglio, 2009; Johnston, Ptito, Chankowsky, & Chen, 2001), d'autres techniques plus précises et plus sensibles ont été en mesure de détecter avec succès des changements dans le cerveau commotionné. Des études d’IRM fonctionelle ont entre autres établi une solide relation entre les altérations fonctionnelles et les symptômes post-commotionels (Chen, Johnston, Collie, McCrory, & Ptito, 2007; Chen et al., 2004; Chen, Johnston, Petrides, & Ptito, 2008; Fazio, Lovell, Pardini, & Collins, 2007). Les mesures électrophysiologiques telles que les potentiels évoqués cognitifs (ERP) (Gaetz, Goodman, & Weinberg, 2000; Gaetz & Weinberg, 2000; Theriault, De Beaumont, Gosselin, Filipinni, & Lassonde, 2009; Theriault, De Beaumont, Tremblay, Lassonde, & Jolicoeur, 2010) et la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne ou SMT (De Beaumont, Brisson, Lassonde, & Jolicoeur, 2007; De Beaumont, Lassonde, Leclerc, & Theoret, 2007; De Beaumont et al., 2009) ont systématiquement démontré des altérations fonctionnelles chez les athlètes commotionnés. Cependant, très peu de recherches ont tenté d'explorer davantage certaines conséquences spécifiques des commotions cérébrales, entre autres sur les plans structural et métabolique. La première étude de cette thèse a évalué les changements structurels chez les athlètes commotionnés à l’aide de l'imagerie en tenseur de diffusion (DTI) qui mesure la diffusion de l'eau dans la matière blanche, permettant ainsi de visualiser des altérations des fibres nerveuses. Nous avons comparé les athlètes commotionnés à des athlètes de contrôle non-commotionnés quelques jours après la commotion et de nouveau six mois plus tard. Nos résultats indiquent un patron constant de diffusion accrue le long des voies cortico-spinales et dans la partie du corps calleux reliant les régions motrices. De plus, ces changements étaient encore présents six mois après la commotion, ce qui suggère que les effets de la commotion cérébrale persistent bien après la phase aiguë. Les deuxième et troisième études ont employé la spectroscopie par résonance magnétique afin d'étudier les changements neurométaboliques qui se produisent dans le cerveau commotionné. La première de ces études a évalué les changements neurométaboliques, les aspects neuropsychologiques, et la symptomatologie dans la phase aiguë post-commotion. Bien que les tests neuropsychologiques aient été incapables de démontrer des différences entre les athlètes commotionnés et non-commotionnés, des altérations neurométaboliques ont été notées dans le cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral ainsi que dans le cortex moteur primaire, lesquelles se sont avérées corréler avec les symptômes rapportés. La deuxième de ces études a comparé les changements neurométaboliques immédiatement après une commotion cérébrale et de nouveau six mois après l’atteinte. Les résultats ont démontré des altérations dans le cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral et moteur primaire dans la phase aiguë post-traumatique, mais seules les altérations du cortex moteur primaire ont persisté six mois après la commotion. Ces résultats indiquent que les commotions cérébrales peuvent affecter les propriétés physiques du cerveau, spécialement au niveau moteur. Il importe donc de mener davantage de recherches afin de mieux caractériser les effets moteurs des commotions cérébrales sur le plan fonctionnel. / Concussions had long been considered an injury of little to no consequence. However, the forced retirement of several high profile athletes due to the impact of having suffered multiple concussions has pushed the issue to the forefront of scientific and sports culture alike. Despite the growing public awareness and the ever-expanding scientific understanding of concussions there is still much that remains unknown about these injuries. Indeed, understanding how an injury can have such profound effects, though mostly transient, without any apparent physical consequence continues to confound how concussions are conceptualized in research. Neuroimaging techniques have helped answer many of the questions surrounding the physical consequences of concussions on the brain as well as increasing the general understanding of the pathophysiology of concussions. While basic structural imaging techniques such as CT scans and MRI are unable to detect any structural changes in the vast majority of cases (Ellemberg, et al., 2009; Johnston, et al., 2001), other more precise and sensitive techniques have been able to successfully detect changes in the concussed brain. Functional MRI studies have further established a strong relationship between functional alterations and post-concussion symptoms (Chen, et al., 2007; Chen, et al., 2004; Chen, et al., 2008; Fazio, et al., 2007). Electrophysiological measures such as ERP (Gaetz, et al., 2000; Gaetz & Weinberg, 2000; Theriault, et al., 2009; Theriault, et al., 2010) and TMS (De Beaumont, Brisson, et al., 2007; De Beaumont, Lassonde, et al., 2007; De Beaumont, et al., 2009) have consistently demonstrated alterations in concussed athletes. However, there has been very little research that has attempted to further explore the specific structural and metabolic aspects of concussion. The first study assessed structural changes in concussed athletes using diffusion tensor imaging which measures water diffusion in white matter. We compared concussed athletes with non-concussed control athletes in the days immediately after injury and again six months later. Our results indicated a consistent pattern of increased diffusion along neural tracts of the cortical spinal tract and in the corpus callosum underlying motor cortex. Furthermore, these changes were still present six months after injury suggesting that the effects of concussion are persistent past the acute phase. The second and third studies employed magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a means of investigating the neurometabolic changes that occur in the concussed brain. The first of these studies investigated the neurometabolic changes, neuropsychological aspects, and symptomatology in the acute post-injury phase. While neuropsychological testing was unable to show differences between concussed and non-concussed athletes, neurometabolic alterations were noted in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex as well as in primary motor cortex which correlated with reported symptoms. The second study investigated neurometabolic changes immediately after concussion and again six months after injury. Results indicated alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal and primary motor cortices in the acute post-injury phase, but only those in primary motor cortex persisted to the six month time point.

INTRODUCTION: The association of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders (SRMDs) such as Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Periodic Limb Movements (PLMs) with cerebrovascular disease is underexplored. Emerging evidence links them to vascular disease, for which white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are a well-recognized biomarker. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional hospital-based observational study in which high-risk TIA and minor stroke patients were assessed for vascular risk factors, WMHs and polysomnography-determined sleep variables. RESULTS: Ninety-seven patients were enrolled, of whom 44 completed polysomnography. Twenty-five percent had RLS, which was associated with lower quality of life. Independent of the effect of classical vascular risk factors, PLMs (but not RLS) were associated with WMHs on linear regression analyses (p=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: SRMDs are prevalent after minor stroke/TIA. RLS is associated with poor quality of life, while PLMs are associated with WMHs. Whether PLMs are implicated in the pathogenesis of WMHs or whether WMHs exacerbate PLMs remains uncertain.

La stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (TMS) est une technique de stimulation corticale non-invasive.Depuis son apparition au milieu des années 1980, les évolutions technologiques qu’elle a connues ontconsidérablement amélioré sa fiabilité, sa précision ainsi que sa reproductibilité. Ces progrès ont favorisél’émergence d’un grand nombre d’applications, tant dans le domaine de la recherche fondamentale enneurosciences cognitives que dans celui de la recherche clinique. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudierles apports méthodologiques et fondamentaux de la TMS robotisée, dernière avancée technologique dudomaine. Grâce à un placement et un suivi automatisés de la bobine de stimulation, la TMS robotiséeouvre en effet la voie à l’automatisation des protocoles, ainsi qu’à l’élaboration de nouvelles approchesen neuroimagerie fonctionnelle. Les deux premières études de ce travail abordent ce premier point, enproposant le développement de deux outils nécessaires à l’automatisation du paramétrage des protocolesde TMS : CortExTool et AutoHS. CortExTool est une boîte à outils qui permet l’analyse automatisée dessignaux électromyographiques évalués durant le paramétrage, et AutoHS un modèle bayésien assurantune recherche automatique du point chaud moteur, étape essentielle de la procédure. Testée sur donnéesvirtuelles et comparée expérimentalement à la pratique manuelle d’experts sur 19 volontaires sains, laprocédure automatisée proposée ici apparaît au moins aussi fiable, tout en étant plus rapide et repro-ductible. La troisième et dernière étude de cette thèse s’attache quant à elle aux apports fondamentauxpossibles de cette technologie. Elle propose un protocole qui permet la cartographie extensive des ré-ponses électroencéphalographiques évoquées par la TMS sur 18 aires corticales réparties sur l’ensembledu néocortex. Appliquée sur 22 volontaires sains, l’analyse des propriétés dynamiques de ces réponses faitapparaître des spécificités régionales ainsi que des réseaux corticaux partageant des propriétés communes.Celles-ci étant liées aux caractéristiques cytoarchitecturales des aires stimulées, nos résultats apportent lapreuve de concept pour la cytoarchitectonie fonctionnelle, qui pourrait aboutir à une nouvelle méthodede parcellisation in vivo du cortex chez l’Homme. L’ensemble des résultats de cette thèse confirme l’intérêtde la robotisation de cette technique, qui pourrait à terme faciliter la mise en œuvre des protocoles par lescentres cliniques, et amener de nouveaux outils d’exploration fonctionnelle pour un meilleur diagnosticdes pathologies psychiatriques et neurologiques. / Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non invasive cortical stimulation tool. Major technologicalevolution has continuously increased the spatial reliability and reproducibility of TMS since its beginningin the middle of the 80’s, by minimizing the influence of human and experimental factors. Therefore, TMSestablished itself as a powerful technique for probing and treating the human brain. The aim of this thesisis to study the methodological and basics contribution of robotized TMS, as being the last technologicaladvance to date. By means of the automatic handling of the TMS coil, robotized TMS opens new avenues forthe automation of stimulation protocol, and to new approaches in functional neuroimaging. The two firststudies of this work aim at developing two tools that are still needed to achieve the automation of set-upprocedures of TMS protocols : CortExTool and AutoHS. CortExTool is a toolbox allowing the automaticanalysis of electromyographic signals, while AutoHS is a Bayesian model aiming at automatically finding themotor hotspot, which are two critical ingredients used during such procedures. We validated our automaticset-up procedure on both virtual and real data, during an experimental comparison against manual set-upprocedures on 19 healthy volunteers. Results showed that the automatic procedure was at least as reliableas the manual one, while being faster and more reproducible. The third and last study of this thesis aimed atexploring new basics approaches offered by this technology. We developed a protocol allowing the extensivemapping of evoked electroencephalographic responses on 18 cortical targets covering the whole neocortex,and tested it on 22 healthy volunteers. The analysis of the dynamical properties of these responses revealedregional specificities as well as cortical networks sharing similar properties. Our results provide the proofof concept of functional cytoarchitectonics, that would guide the parcellation of the human cortex in vivobased on its intrinsic responses to local perturbations. The results of this thesis are promising regarding thenew possibilities offered by robotized TMS. Its use could decrease the experimental variability, facilitatethe handling of TMS protocols used for research and clinical routine, and finally offer new functionalexploration approaches that could allow a better diagnosis of psychiatric and neurological pathologies.

Depuis des années, l’imagerie TEP des récepteurs 5-HT1A a permis une compréhension accrue du rôle physiopathologique de ces récepteurs. Toutefois les radiotraceurs actuels ne permettent pas d’évaluer le couplage entre récepteurs 5-HT1A et protéines G, susceptible d’être altéré au cours de pathologies. Les travaux effectués au cours de cette thèse visent à promouvoir l’utilisation de techniques d’imagerie translationnelles pour explorer le couplage des récepteurs 5-HT1A in vivo. La première partie a consisté à évaluer un agoniste des récepteurs 5-HT1A, le F13640, comme potentiel radiotraceur TEP. L’ensemble des résultats suggère que le [18F]F13640 est spécifique des récepteurs 5-HT1A couplés, avec des propriétés inédites par rapport aux radiotraceurs classiques.La deuxième partie a consisté à évaluer l’intérêt de l’imagerie des récepteurs 5-HT1A couplés. Les variations de densité de récepteurs couplés et totaux ont été comparées en autoradiographie postmortem au cours de la maladie d’Alzheimer. La fixation du [18F]F13640 dans l’hippocampe est diminuée dès les premiers stades, tandis que la fixation du [18F]MPPF n’est réduite qu’aux stades avancés. Ces observations démontrent la complémentarité entre traceurs agonistes et antagonistes des récepteurs 5-HT1A en imagerie TEP.La dernière partie s’est focalisée sur le concept d’agonisme biaisé, impliquant la possibilité de cibler différentes populations de récepteurs 5-HT1A en fonction de leur couplage aux protéines G. Le F13640 a été comparé au F15599 à doses pharmacologiques en imagerie TEP et en IRMf. Chez le rat, ces deux agonistes produisent des réponses hémodynamiques et métaboliques différentes. Chez le chat, ils diffèrent également en termes d’occupation des récepteurs et de réponse hémodynamique conséquente. L’ensemble des données est en faveur d’une stimulation préférentielle des récepteurs postsynaptiques par le F15599 par rapport aux autorécepteurs, contrairement au F13640 / Since the 1990s, PET imaging of 5-HT1A receptors has led to an increased understanding of the pathophysiological role of these receptors. However, the coupling between 5-HT1A receptors and G-proteins, which may be altered during pathologies, cannot be explored using current radiotracers. The work carried out in this thesis aims to promote the use of translational imaging techniques to explore the coupling of 5-HT1A receptors in vivo. In the first part, we evaluated the 5-HT1A receptor agonist F13640 as a PET radiotracer candidate. Taken together, the results suggest that [18F]F13640 binds specifically to coupled 5-HT1A receptors and displays novel properties and distribution pattern compared to classical 5-HT1A radiotracers. The second part was a proof-of-concept study regarding the interest of coupled 5-HT1A receptors imaging. Densities of coupled and total receptors were compared in postmortem autoradiography during Alzheimer’s disease. [18F]F13640 binding in hippocampus was decreased in the early stages, whereas [18F]MPPF binding was reduced in the advanced stages only. These results confirm the complementarity between 5-HT1A receptor agonists and antagonist tracers in PET imaging.In the last part we focused on the concept of biased agonism, which implies the possibility of targeting different populations of 5-HT1A receptors depending on their coupling with G-proteins. F13640 and F15599 were compared at pharmacological doses using PET and fMRI imaging. The two agonists produce different hemodynamic and metabolic responses in rat brain. They also differ in cat brain in terms of receptor occupancy and subsequent hemodynamic responses. Taken together, the results are consistent with a preferential stimulation of postsynaptic receptors over autoreceptors for F15599, in contrast with F13640

Introdução: Os glicocorticoides (GCs) estão envolvidos na regulação e adaptação da resposta ao estresse, exercendo seus efeitos através de seus receptores. Variações polimórficas no gene do receptor de glicocorticoide (GR) têm sido caracterizadas funcionalmente. O polimorfismo A3669G do gene do GR está relacionado a modificações na sensibilidade aos GCs e mudanças no perfil metabólico. Concentrações fisiológicas de GCs estimulam a ingestão calórica e, na presença de insulina, modificam a preferência alimentar. A variante A3669G do gene do GR parece levar a um menor risco para diabetes, em pacientes com Síndrome de Cushing, e para o tabagismo, quando associado a um polimorfismo do gene do receptor de mineralocorticoide, sugerindo uma modulação na via de recompensa. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a associação de variantes do polimorfismo A3669G do gene do GR com o comportamento alimentar e parâmetros metabólicos em uma amostra de estudantes, correlacionando com dados de neuroimagem funcional. Métodos: A amostra provém de alunos de 6 escolas de Porto Alegre, avaliados em 2008 e em 2013. Em 2008, 131 indivíduos apresentavam o protocolo completo de avaliação e, destes, 74 retornaram em 2013. A avaliação incluiu genotipagem, antropometria, exames laboratoriais, comportamento alimentar e um paradigma avaliando a ativação cerebral em resposta a visualização de imagens de alimentos palatáveis, não palatáveis e de objetos neutros. A análise da associação com os fenótipos foi realizada através do teste t de Student e Chi quadrado; os dados do estudo longitudinal foram analisados por meio de Equações de Estimatição Generalizada. Resultados: A variante G do polimorfismo A3669G do gene do GR foi encontrado em 17,6% em 2008 e em 14,9% da amostra em 2013. Não houve diferença entre os grupos de carreadores do alelo G e não carreadores quanto a diferentes confundidores; a comparação entre as médias dos dois grupos sobre o consumo calórico proveniente de proteínas, carboidratos e gorduras em 2008 não revelou diferenças significativas; nesta etapa, as análises evidenciaram maior consumo de açúcares e de calorias totais no grupo não carreador do alelo G. Em 2013, estes indivíduos não carreadores do alelo G do polimorfismo A3669G apresentaram maior insulinemia e além de aumento no índice de resistência à insulina, sem diferenças no consumo alimentar. Os dados de neuroimagem funcional indicaram que a visualização de imagens de alimentos palatáveis pelo grupo não carreador do alelo G ativou o giro occipital médio, uma região implicada no processamento visual, mostrando menor ativação em giro pré central e nas áreas de Brodmann 4 e 6, relacionadas ao planejamento motor e sensibilidade ao sabor. Conclusão: Os resultados mostram que os indivíduos não carreadores da variante G do polimorfismo A3669G do gene do GR apresentaram menor sensibilidade à insulina, precedidos pela modulação na preferência alimentar. Os achados em neuroimagem funcional indicam maior saliência de incentivo aos alimentos palatáveis e predisposição à impulsividade no grupo não carreador do alelo G. Sugere-se que a redução na sensibilidade em nível celular aos GCs relacionada à presença do alelo G, afete a ingestão alimentar, reduzindo o consumo de alimentos palatáveis, diminuindo o risco para doenças metabólicas. / Introduction: Glucocorticoids are involved in regulation and adaptation of the stress response, exerting effects through its receptors. Variations on the glucocorticoid receptors genes have been characterized functionally. The A3669G polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is related to a change in the tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids and altered metabolic profile. Physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids stimulate food intake and in the presence of insulin affect food preferences. The G variant of the A3669G polymorphism appears to lead to a lower risk for diabetes, in patients with Cushing's syndrome, and smoking, when associated with a polymorphism of the mineralocorticoid receptor gene, suggesting a modulation in reward pathways. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association of A3669G polymorphism variants with feeding behavior and metabolic parameters in a sample of students correlating with functional neuroimaging data. Methods: The sample includes students of 6 schools in Porto Alegre, evaluated at two occasions 2008 and in 2013. In 2008, 131 individuals had complete protocol assessment and, from these, 74 returned in for re- evaluation in 2013. The evaluation included genotyping, anthropometry, laboratory tests, feeding behavior and a functional MRI paradigm to verify brain activation in response to the visualization of palatable, non- palatable foods and neutral items. The association with phenotypes was performed using Student's t test and Chi-square; longitudinal study data were evaluated using Generalized Estimating Equations. Results: The variant of the A3669G polymorphism was found in 17.6% of the students in 2008 and 14.9% of the sample in 2013. There was no difference between groups in the sample composition; the comparison between groups of the mean caloric intake originating from proteins, carbohydrates and fats in 2008 revealed no significant differences; at this time, analysis showed lower consumption of sugars and total calories in the G carrier group. In 2013, these individuals showed a reduction in insulin level and resistance, with no differences in food intake. The fMRI data indicated that viewing a food palatable image by the wild-type allele carrier group activated a region involved in visual processing (middle occipital gyrus) and deactivated an area related to motor planning and sensitivity to taste (pre central gyrus). Conclusion: The results showed that G carriers of the A3669G polymorphism of glucocorticoid receptor gene had lower insulin resistance levels, preceded by modulation of their food preference. The findings in functional neuroimaging showed increased incentive salience on viewing palatable food images and a predisposition for impulsivity in noncarriers. Data suggest that reduction in glucocorticoids sensitivity at a cellular level affects food intake, by reducing consumption of palatable foods, possibly decreasing the risk for metabolic diseases.

Orientador: Luiz Eduardo Gomes Garcia Betting / Resumo: A conectividade funcional é anormal na epilepsia do lobo temporal mesial (ELTm). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de fármacos antiepilépticos (FAES) na conectividade funcional de pacientes com ELTm. Para isso, 31 pacientes com ELTm (16 à direita e 15 à esquerda) e 36 controles foram investigados. Sequências 3D volumétricas T1 e imagens funcionais a partir de sinal BOLD foram adquiridas em um equipamento 3T. Os dados da ressonância magnética funcional (RMf) em repouso foram processados e analisados utilizando o programa CONN. Para cada sujeito, duas formas de análise foram realizadas: uma de correlação entre as várias regiões de interesse e outra de região interesse para todos os voxels. A análise de grupos foi feita utilizando um modelo linear geral com nível de significância de p < 0,05 corrigido para múltiplas comparações. Foram realizadas comparações entre pacientes com ELTm (direita ou esquerda) e controles, seguidas de comparações de acordo com a carga de FAEs. A partir dessas análises, foi constatado uma redução de conectividade com volume total de 9092 mm3 (p<0,0001), em pacientes com ELTm esquerda e 5234 mm3 (p<0,0001), em pacientes com ELTm direita . Quando considerada a carga de medicação, pacientes com ELTm esquerda, recebendo doses altas, apresentaram redução de conectividade nas regiões temporais. Nos pacientes que recebiam doses baixas, essa redução atingiu uma área total mais extensa, no córtex frontal medial, na região posterior do cíngulo e p... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Introdução: Os glicocorticoides (GCs) estão envolvidos na regulação e adaptação da resposta ao estresse, exercendo seus efeitos através de seus receptores. Variações polimórficas no gene do receptor de glicocorticoide (GR) têm sido caracterizadas funcionalmente. O polimorfismo A3669G do gene do GR está relacionado a modificações na sensibilidade aos GCs e mudanças no perfil metabólico. Concentrações fisiológicas de GCs estimulam a ingestão calórica e, na presença de insulina, modificam a preferência alimentar. A variante A3669G do gene do GR parece levar a um menor risco para diabetes, em pacientes com Síndrome de Cushing, e para o tabagismo, quando associado a um polimorfismo do gene do receptor de mineralocorticoide, sugerindo uma modulação na via de recompensa. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a associação de variantes do polimorfismo A3669G do gene do GR com o comportamento alimentar e parâmetros metabólicos em uma amostra de estudantes, correlacionando com dados de neuroimagem funcional. Métodos: A amostra provém de alunos de 6 escolas de Porto Alegre, avaliados em 2008 e em 2013. Em 2008, 131 indivíduos apresentavam o protocolo completo de avaliação e, destes, 74 retornaram em 2013. A avaliação incluiu genotipagem, antropometria, exames laboratoriais, comportamento alimentar e um paradigma avaliando a ativação cerebral em resposta a visualização de imagens de alimentos palatáveis, não palatáveis e de objetos neutros. A análise da associação com os fenótipos foi realizada através do teste t de Student e Chi quadrado; os dados do estudo longitudinal foram analisados por meio de Equações de Estimatição Generalizada. Resultados: A variante G do polimorfismo A3669G do gene do GR foi encontrado em 17,6% em 2008 e em 14,9% da amostra em 2013. Não houve diferença entre os grupos de carreadores do alelo G e não carreadores quanto a diferentes confundidores; a comparação entre as médias dos dois grupos sobre o consumo calórico proveniente de proteínas, carboidratos e gorduras em 2008 não revelou diferenças significativas; nesta etapa, as análises evidenciaram maior consumo de açúcares e de calorias totais no grupo não carreador do alelo G. Em 2013, estes indivíduos não carreadores do alelo G do polimorfismo A3669G apresentaram maior insulinemia e além de aumento no índice de resistência à insulina, sem diferenças no consumo alimentar. Os dados de neuroimagem funcional indicaram que a visualização de imagens de alimentos palatáveis pelo grupo não carreador do alelo G ativou o giro occipital médio, uma região implicada no processamento visual, mostrando menor ativação em giro pré central e nas áreas de Brodmann 4 e 6, relacionadas ao planejamento motor e sensibilidade ao sabor. Conclusão: Os resultados mostram que os indivíduos não carreadores da variante G do polimorfismo A3669G do gene do GR apresentaram menor sensibilidade à insulina, precedidos pela modulação na preferência alimentar. Os achados em neuroimagem funcional indicam maior saliência de incentivo aos alimentos palatáveis e predisposição à impulsividade no grupo não carreador do alelo G. Sugere-se que a redução na sensibilidade em nível celular aos GCs relacionada à presença do alelo G, afete a ingestão alimentar, reduzindo o consumo de alimentos palatáveis, diminuindo o risco para doenças metabólicas. / Introduction: Glucocorticoids are involved in regulation and adaptation of the stress response, exerting effects through its receptors. Variations on the glucocorticoid receptors genes have been characterized functionally. The A3669G polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is related to a change in the tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids and altered metabolic profile. Physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids stimulate food intake and in the presence of insulin affect food preferences. The G variant of the A3669G polymorphism appears to lead to a lower risk for diabetes, in patients with Cushing's syndrome, and smoking, when associated with a polymorphism of the mineralocorticoid receptor gene, suggesting a modulation in reward pathways. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association of A3669G polymorphism variants with feeding behavior and metabolic parameters in a sample of students correlating with functional neuroimaging data. Methods: The sample includes students of 6 schools in Porto Alegre, evaluated at two occasions 2008 and in 2013. In 2008, 131 individuals had complete protocol assessment and, from these, 74 returned in for re- evaluation in 2013. The evaluation included genotyping, anthropometry, laboratory tests, feeding behavior and a functional MRI paradigm to verify brain activation in response to the visualization of palatable, non- palatable foods and neutral items. The association with phenotypes was performed using Student's t test and Chi-square; longitudinal study data were evaluated using Generalized Estimating Equations. Results: The variant of the A3669G polymorphism was found in 17.6% of the students in 2008 and 14.9% of the sample in 2013. There was no difference between groups in the sample composition; the comparison between groups of the mean caloric intake originating from proteins, carbohydrates and fats in 2008 revealed no significant differences; at this time, analysis showed lower consumption of sugars and total calories in the G carrier group. In 2013, these individuals showed a reduction in insulin level and resistance, with no differences in food intake. The fMRI data indicated that viewing a food palatable image by the wild-type allele carrier group activated a region involved in visual processing (middle occipital gyrus) and deactivated an area related to motor planning and sensitivity to taste (pre central gyrus). Conclusion: The results showed that G carriers of the A3669G polymorphism of glucocorticoid receptor gene had lower insulin resistance levels, preceded by modulation of their food preference. The findings in functional neuroimaging showed increased incentive salience on viewing palatable food images and a predisposition for impulsivity in noncarriers. Data suggest that reduction in glucocorticoids sensitivity at a cellular level affects food intake, by reducing consumption of palatable foods, possibly decreasing the risk for metabolic diseases.

Orientador: Simone Appenzeller / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T13:41:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_Renata_M.pdf: 1172344 bytes, checksum: 3fc9e9d779a4b94077d1d56223dc0d79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O nosso objetivo foi determinar a prevalência de atrofia hipocampal no lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil (LESj) determinando a volumetria hipocampal por ressonância magnética e avaliar a possível relação entre atrofia hipocampal e fatores associados. Todos os pacientes com quatro ou mais critérios classificatórios de LES seguidos no ambulatório de reumatologia pediátrica com início da doença até aos 18 anos foram incluídos. Uma análise clínica e neurológica foi realizada de acordo com os critérios classificatórios do Colégio Americano de Reumatologia. Dados laboratoriais e de tratamento foram obtidos através da revisão criteriosa dos prontuários clínicos. Observamos que os volumes hipocampais dos nossos pacientes foram significativamente menores quando comparados aos volumes hipocampais dos nossos controles (p<0,001). A atrofia hipocampal foi identificada em 25 pacientes (34,72%) e no grupo controle 1 indivíduo (1,38%) apresentou atrofia hipocampal direita. A esclerose hipocampal esteve presente em 1(4%) paciente e o hipersinal em 13 (52%) pacientes. Em relação ao tratamento medicamentoso a atrofia hipocampal no LESj esteve associada ao uso de corticosteroides (p= 0,008), micofenolato mofetil (p=0,012), ciclosporina (p=0,018) e ciclosfosfamida (p=0,037). A idade de início da doença (p= 0,038) e dano cumulativo (p= 0,040) também se mostraram associados. Quanto à análise de dados laboratoriais, apenas o anticoagulante lúpico (p= 0,017) e a diminuição do complemento (p= 0,018) se mostraram associados. A esclerose hipocampal apresentou relação com pulso metilprednisolona no início da doença (p=0,023), ciclofosfamida (p=0,023) e com a função cognitiva organização perceptual, planejamento e praxia (p< 0,001). O hipersinal demonstrou associação com atrofia hipocampal (p=0,024), volume hipocampal direito (p=0,024), volume hipocampal esquerdo (p=0,007), no entanto a presença de hipersinal no hipocampo esquerdo apresentou associação apenas com a dose total de corticosteróides (p=0,034). Em relação aos domínios cognitivos, o raciocínio espacial apresentou uma correlação inversa com o volume hipocampal esquerdo (p=0,041; r= -0,281). A memória visográfica apresentou uma correlação direta com o volume hipocampal direito (p=0,042; r= 0,281). A velocidade de processamento associou-se com atrofia hipocampal (p=0,026). O raciocínio temporal demonstrou uma associação com atrofia hipocampal direita (p=0,015), atrofia hipocampal bilateral (p=0,012), e uma correlação inversa com o volume hipocampal direito (p=0,008; r= - 0,359) e volume hipocampal esquerdo (p=0,003; r= -0,400). A atrofia hipocampal é frequente no LESj. A idade de início da doença, tratamento medicamentoso e anticorpos antifosfolípides estão associados à sua ocorrência / Abstract: Our aimed was to determine the prevalence of hippocampal atrophy in childhood-onset SLE (cSLE) using manual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetric measurements and to evaluate the possible relationship between hippocampal atrophy and associated factors. All patients with four or more classification criteria for SLE, followed at the Pediatric Rheumatology Unit with diagnosis up to 18 years old was included. A clinical analysis and neurological evaluation was analyzed according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria. Laboratory and treatment features were obtained through a review of clinical records. We observed that the hippocampal volumes of our patients were significantly smaller when compared hippocampal volumes to our controls (p <0.001). Hippocampal atrophy was identified in 25 patients (34.72%) and 1 (1.38%) control at the right hippocampus atrophy. Hippocampal sclerosis was present in 1 (4%) and increased signal in 13 (52%) patients. In relation to drug treatment in cSLE hippocampal atrophy was associated with the use of corticosteroids (p=0.008), mycophenolate mofetil (p=0.012), cyclosporine (p=0.018) e cyclophosphamide (p=0.037).The age of onset (p= 0.038) and cumulative damage (p= 0.040) were also associated. However the analysis of laboratory features, only lupus anticoagulant (p=0.017) and decreased complement (p=0.018) were associated. Hippocampal sclerosis showed relation with pulse methylprednisolone at disease onset (p=0.023), cyclophosphamide (p = 0.023) and cognitive function perceptual organization, planning and praxis (p <0.001). Increased signal showed association with hippocampal atrophy (p=0.024), right hippocampal volume (p=0.024), left hippocampal volume (p = 0.007). However presence of increased signal in the left hippocampus was associated with total corticosteroid dose (p=0.034). Considering cognitive domains, spatial reasoning showed inverse correlation with left hippocampal volume (p = 0.041, r = -0.281). Visografica memory showed a direct correlation with the right hippocampal volume (p= 0.042, r = 0.281). Processing speed is associated with hippocampal atrophy (p = 0.026). Temporal reasoning demonstrated an association with right hippocampal atrophy (p = 0.015), bilateral atrophy (p = 0.012) and inverse correlation with right hippocampal volume (p=0.008, r= -0.359) and left hippocampal volume (p = 0.003, r = -0.400). Hippocampal atrophy is prevalent in cSLE. The age of onset of disease, drug treatment and antiphospholipid antibodies are associated / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestra em Ciências