The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy is complex, and various pathogenic pathways have been proposed. A better understanding of the pathophysiology is warranted for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize recent evidence from experiments using animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes showing that low-grade intraneural inflammation is a facet of diabetic neuropathy. Our experimental data suggest that these mild inflammatory processes are a likely common terminal pathway in diabetic neuropathy associated with the degeneration of intraepidermal nerve fibers. In contrast to earlier reports claiming toxic effects of high-iron content, we found the opposite, i.e., nutritional iron deficiency caused low-grade inflammation and fiber degeneration while in normal or high non-heme iron nutrition no or only extremely mild inflammatory signs were identified in nerve tissue. Obesity and dyslipidemia also appear to trigger mild inflammation of peripheral nerves, associated with neuropathy even in the absence of overt diabetes mellitus. Our finding may be the experimental analog of recent observations identifying systemic proinflammatory activity in human sensorimotor diabetic neuropathy. In a rat model of type 1 diabetes, a mild neuropathy with inflammatory components could be induced by insulin treatment causing an abrupt reduction in HbA1c. This is in line with observations in patients with severe diabetes developing a small fiber neuropathy upon treatment-induced rapid HbA1c reduction. If the inflammatory pathogenesis could be further substantiated by data from human tissues and intervention studies, anti-inflammatory compounds with different modes of action may become candidates for the treatment or prevention of diabetic neuropathy.

Les neuropathies optiques héréditaires se caractérisent par une dégénérescence des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine entraînant une perte visuelle modérée voire la cécité. L'atrophie optique dominante (AOD) ou maladie de Kjer et la neuropathie optique de Leber (NOHL), sont les deux formes les plus fréquentes. Il existe quatre loci d'AOD mais seulement deux gènes identifiés : OPA1 et OPA3 codant des protéines mitochondriales. La NOHL est due à des mutations de l'ADN mitochondrial (ADNmt). Aucun traitement n'existe pour soigner ces pathologies ou ralentir leur progression. Nous nous sommes intéressés au gène YWHAH, situé au locus OPA5, codant la protéine 14-3-3eta, un des gènes majoritairement exprimés dans les GCRs. Le criblage de YWHAH dans des banques d'ADNs de patients exempts de mutation dans OPA1, OPA3 et l'ADNmt a permis d'identifier deux mutations hétérozygotes chez des patients présentant une AOD et une surdité profonde.14-3-3eta joue un rôle de protection dans l'apoptose. En effet, les fibroblastes de patients et des cellules surexprimant une 14-3-3eta mutée s'avèrent moins résistants à un stress apoptotique. Pour évaluer l'effet des mutations de 14-3-3eta sur la fonction visuelle et auditive nous avons généré une souris reproduisant une mutation humaine. Les souris 14-3-3eta hétéro et homozygotes ont une atteinte auditive de 15 à 20 décibels dès 2 mois, et seules les souris homozygotes présentent une altération de la fonction visuelle à partir de 12 mois affectant les interneurones et les photorécepteurs de la rétine. La souris mutante présente un phénotype moins grave que chez l'homme, mais son étude permet d'impliquer 14-3-3eta dans des atteintes neurosensorielles / Inherited Optic Neuropathies (ION) are characterized by the degeneration of the Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs), leading to moderate visual loss or legal blindness. Dominant Optic Atrophy or Kjer disease (DOA) and Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) are the most common forms of IONs. There are four loci for DOA, but only two genes have been identified: OPA1 and OPA3 encoding mitochondrial proteins. LHON is caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. There is no treatment to cure these diseases or slow down their progression. In order to identify new genes responsible for DOA, our team was interested in the YWHAH gene localized at the OPA5 locus, coding the 14-3-3eta protein, a gene strongly expressed in RGCs. The screening of YWHAH in DNAs without mutation in OPA1, OPA3 and mtDNA allowed us to identify two heterozygous mutations in patients presenting a DOA associated to a severe deafness.As 14-3-3eta plays a role in apoptosis, we studied patient fibroblasts and found that they present a marked susceptibility to apoptosis. Moreover, the mutated alleles of 14-3-3eta lost their ability to confer resistance to cell death. In order to evaluate the effects of the 14-3-3eta mutations on the visual and auditory functions, we have generated an animal model mimicking a human mutation. The 14-3-3eta hetero and homozygous mice present a stable auditory impairment of 15 to 20 decibels, whereas only the homozygous mice present an alteration of the visual function at 12 months, with affected interneurones and photoreceptors. Even if the mutant mouse does not present a phenotype as dramatic as in human, its study shed light on 14-3-3eta involvement in neuronsensorial functions

A neuropatia hansênica e a neuropatia hereditária com suscetibilidade à pressão (Hereditary Neuropathy with liability to Pressure Palsies - HNPP) são mononeuropatias múltiplas em que os estudos da condução nervosa (ECN) mostram geralmente alentecimento focal em topografias muito semelhantes. Na ausência de uma história familiar de HNPP e das manifestações na pele típicas da hanseníase, o diagnóstico diferencial entre elas pode ser muito difícil. Procurando identificar características que ajudassem a distinguir essas doenças, revisamos e catalogamos os dados da história clínica e dos ECN de 39 pacientes com HNPP e 78 pacientes com neuropatia hansênica. A manifestação inicial mais frequente na hanseníase foi o déficit sensitivo (43 pacientes-55.1%) e na HNPP foi a fraqueza muscular localizada indolor (24 pacientes-61%). Fraqueza muscular foi significativamente superior na HNPP e déficit sensitivo foi significativamente superior na hanseníase (p<0.001). A evolução clínica foi estável ou progressiva até o tratamento em todos os pacientes com hanseníase e na HNPP dez pacientes (25.6%) tiveram um curso progressivo e 29 (74.4%) uma evolução com flutuações. O padrão predominante ao exame neurológico foi a mononeuropatia múltipla: 66 pacientes (84.6%) na hanseníase e 26 pacientes (66.7%) na HNPP. Espessamento neural foi mais frequente na hanseníase (p=0,001) e déficit sensitivo intradérmico foi observado somente na hanseníase (p<0,001). Episódio prévio ou atual de paralisia aguda de nervo foi referido somente na HNPP (p<0,001). O padrão dos ECN prevalente foi a neuropatia sensitivo-motora assimétrica com alentecimento focal da condução (NSMAAF): 44 pacientes (56.4%) na hanseníase e 31 pacientes (94.0%) na HNPP. Os parâmetros clínicos mais úteis em distinguir as duas doenças foram: a perda sensitiva intradérmica com comprometimento precoce das fibras finas e ocorrência de reação hansênica na hanseníase; o envolvimento motor inicial predominante, episódios de paralisia aguda de nervo e a evolução com flutuações na HNPP. Se o paciente a ser avaliado apresentar mononeuropatia múltipla com alentecimentos focais da velocidade de condução, os seguintes achados neurofisiológicos sugerem hanseníase: a não detecção de potenciais sensitivos ou motores, a redução da amplitude dos potenciais de ação sensitivos dos nervos sural, fibular superficial e radial superficial (< 8,8 ?V), a redução da amplitude do potencial de ação muscular composto dos nervos ulnar e tibial posterior, a redução da velocidade de condução do potencial de ação muscular composto do nervo ulnar motor no segmento do antebraço (< 43 m/s) e a presença de dispersão temporal frequente; enquanto os seguintes achados sugerem HNPP: aumento desproporcional da latência distal do nervo mediano motor e a presença de bloqueio de condução. / The Hansen\'s disease neuropathy (HDN) and the Hereditary Neuropathy with liability to Pressure Palsies (HNPP) are multiple mononeuropathies whose nerve conduction studies (NCS) usually show focal slowing at very similar topographies. In the absence of a family history of HNPP and the typical skin manifestations of HD, the differential diagnosis between them may be very difficult. In order to identify characteristics that may distinguish these diseases, we reviewed the data of 39 patients with HNPP and of 78 patients with HDN. The most frequent presenting sign was a sensory deficit in 43 patients (55.1%) in the HDN and a localized painless muscular weakness in 24 patients (61%) in the HNPP. Muscle weakness was significantly higher in HNPP and sensory deficit was significantly higher in leprosy (p<0.001). The disease was stable or progressive until treatment in all patients with HDN and among HNPP ten patients (25.6%) had a progressive course and 29 (74.4%) an intermittent evolution. Neural thickening was more frequent in leprosy (p=0.001) and intradermal sensory deficit was observed only in leprosy (p<0.001). Previous or current episode of acute nerve palsy was reported only in HNPP (p<0.001). The predominant pattern on neurological examination was the multiple mononeuropathy: 66 patients (84.6%) in the HDN and 26 patients (66.7%) in the HNPP. The most prevalent pattern of NCS was an asymmetric sensorimotor neuropathy with focal slowing (ASMNFS): 44 patients (56.4%) in HDN and 31 patients (94.0%) in HNPP. The most helpful clinical parameters in distinguishing these diseases were the presence of leprosy reaction and the intradermal sensory loss with predominant early involvement of small nerve fibers in HDN; the initial predominant motor involvement, episodes of acute nerve palsies and the intermittent evolution in HNPP. If the patient evaluation show a pattern of multiple mononeuropathy with focal slowing, the following neurophysiological findings suggest HDN: no detection of sensory or motor potentials, amplitude reduction of the sural, superficial fibular and superficial radial (<8.8 ?V) nerves, amplitude reduction of the motor ulnar and posterior tibial nerves, reduction of the conduction velocity of the motor ulnar nerve at the forearm segment (<43 m/s) and the presence of frequent temporal dispersion; while the following findings suggest HNPP: a disproportionate increase in the motor distal latency of the median nerve and the presence of conduction block.

Introdução: Polineuropatia periférica (PNP) é descrita em diabéticos, porém estudos têm mostrado alterações neuropáticas em pacientes com pré-diabetes (Pre-DM), Síndrome Metabólica (SM), obesos e submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica (post-BS). Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de PNP entre pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus (DM), obesos graus II e III e pré-diabetes (OB-PRE-DM), obesidade graus II e III e síndrome metabólica (OB-SM), obesidade sem PREDM e SM (Ob No MS) e pacientes Post-BS e avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade da escala Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) em comparação com Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal onde as prevalências de PNP foram avaliadas através do MNSI e do NDS. O desempenho do NDS foi comparado ao MNSI através de curvas Receiving Operating Characteristics Curves (ROC). Resultados: Considerando os escores MNSI ≥ 2,5 e ≥ 4 sintomas, MNSI ≥ 2,5 e ≥ 7 sintomas e NDS ≥ 3 em combinação com Neuropathy Symptom Score (NSS) score ≥ 3, houve a prevalência maior de PNP em DM e Pre-DM vs Ob-SM e Ob No MS e em todos vs Post-BS quando os grupos foram comparados entre si. As curvas ROC mostraram que o melhor desempenho do NDS foi ≥ 0,5. Conclusão: A prevalência de PNP descrita com o MNSI é maior em relação a com NDS. O baixo valor obtido para o melhor desempenho do NDS sugere que exploremos escores <3 para avaliar alterações neuropáticas com este escore. / Introduction: Peripheral polineuropathy (PNP) is seen in diabetics, however, studies have shown neuropathic alterations in patients with pre-diabetes (Pre-DM), Metabolic Syndrome (MS), obese and submitted to bariatric surgery (post-BS). Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of PNP among patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM), obese grades II and III and pre-diabetes (OB-PRE-DM), obesity grades II and III and metabolic syndrome (OB-SM), obesity without PREDM and Ob No MS and Post-BS patients and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) compared to the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out in which PNP prevalence were evaluated through the MNSI and the Neuropathy NDS. The performance of the NDS was compared to the MNSI through Receiving Operating Characteristics Curves (ROC curves). Results: Considering MNSI scores ≥ 2.5 and ≥ 4 symptoms, MNSI ≥ 2.5 and ≥ 7 symptoms and NDS ≥ 3 in combination with NSS score ≥ 3, there was a higher prevalence of PNP in DM and Pre-DM vs Ob-SM and Ob No MS and in all vs. Post-BS when groups were compared to each other. The curves ROC showed that the best performance of NDS was ≥ 0.5. Conclusion: The prevalence of PNP described with MNSI is higher in relation to described with NDS. The low value obtained for the best performance of NDS suggest that we explore <3 scores to evaluate neuropathic alterations with this score.

Introdução: Polineuropatia periférica (PNP) é descrita em diabéticos, porém estudos têm mostrado alterações neuropáticas em pacientes com pré-diabetes (Pre-DM), Síndrome Metabólica (SM), obesos e submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica (post-BS). Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de PNP entre pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus (DM), obesos graus II e III e pré-diabetes (OB-PRE-DM), obesidade graus II e III e síndrome metabólica (OB-SM), obesidade sem PREDM e SM (Ob No MS) e pacientes Post-BS e avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade da escala Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) em comparação com Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal onde as prevalências de PNP foram avaliadas através do MNSI e do NDS. O desempenho do NDS foi comparado ao MNSI através de curvas Receiving Operating Characteristics Curves (ROC). Resultados: Considerando os escores MNSI ≥ 2,5 e ≥ 4 sintomas, MNSI ≥ 2,5 e ≥ 7 sintomas e NDS ≥ 3 em combinação com Neuropathy Symptom Score (NSS) score ≥ 3, houve a prevalência maior de PNP em DM e Pre-DM vs Ob-SM e Ob No MS e em todos vs Post-BS quando os grupos foram comparados entre si. As curvas ROC mostraram que o melhor desempenho do NDS foi ≥ 0,5. Conclusão: A prevalência de PNP descrita com o MNSI é maior em relação a com NDS. O baixo valor obtido para o melhor desempenho do NDS sugere que exploremos escores <3 para avaliar alterações neuropáticas com este escore. / Introduction: Peripheral polineuropathy (PNP) is seen in diabetics, however, studies have shown neuropathic alterations in patients with pre-diabetes (Pre-DM), Metabolic Syndrome (MS), obese and submitted to bariatric surgery (post-BS). Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of PNP among patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM), obese grades II and III and pre-diabetes (OB-PRE-DM), obesity grades II and III and metabolic syndrome (OB-SM), obesity without PREDM and Ob No MS and Post-BS patients and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) compared to the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out in which PNP prevalence were evaluated through the MNSI and the Neuropathy NDS. The performance of the NDS was compared to the MNSI through Receiving Operating Characteristics Curves (ROC curves). Results: Considering MNSI scores ≥ 2.5 and ≥ 4 symptoms, MNSI ≥ 2.5 and ≥ 7 symptoms and NDS ≥ 3 in combination with NSS score ≥ 3, there was a higher prevalence of PNP in DM and Pre-DM vs Ob-SM and Ob No MS and in all vs. Post-BS when groups were compared to each other. The curves ROC showed that the best performance of NDS was ≥ 0.5. Conclusion: The prevalence of PNP described with MNSI is higher in relation to described with NDS. The low value obtained for the best performance of NDS suggest that we explore <3 scores to evaluate neuropathic alterations with this score.

Orientador: Edi Lucia Sartorato / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T07:24:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AmaralFernandes_MarcelaScabello_D.pdf: 2548021 bytes, checksum: 4a1e103fa460381f99df5a845fdfec67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A neuropatia óptica hereditária de Leber (LHON) é uma doença mitocondrial, com herança materna, caracterizada pela perda (sub) aguda, indolor e bilateral da visão, escotoma central ou cecocentral e discromatopsia, devido à degeneração do nervo óptico por apoptose das células parvo ganglionares da retina. As três mutações primárias G11778A, T14484C e G3460A são responsáveis por 90 a 95% dos casos da LHON e acometem subunidades dos genes MT-ND4, MT-ND6 e MT-ND1, respectivamente, que codificam proteínas para o complexo I da cadeia respiratória. Somente 5% dos pacientes possuem uma das demais mutações secundárias. A presença da mutação é fundamental para que LHON ocorra, no entanto, a penetrância incompleta e predileção pelo gênero masculino sugerem que fatores genéticos, epigenéticos e ambientais possam modular a expressão fenotípica da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar clínica e molecularmente para LHON 63 pacientes com neuropatia óptica, sendo 25 com quadro clínico típico de Leber (grupo I) e 38 com neuropatia óptica de etiologia a esclarecer (grupo II), assim como verificar a relação entre os agentes tóxicos tabaco e álcool e uma possível suscetibilidade genética entre os pacientes que faziam uso abusivo destes agentes. Estes pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação oftalmológica completa no ambulatório de neuroftalmologia do HC-UNICAMP e tiveram suas amostras de sangue coletadas e analisadas no CBMEG. A pesquisa das três mutações primárias foi realizada pelas técnicas de restrição enzimática e sequenciamento direto, e confirmada pelo PCR-multiplex e Plataforma Sequenom. Os pacientes que não apresentaram uma das mutações primárias foram rastreados pelo sequenciamento direto e pela Plataforma Sequenom, para oito principais mutações secundárias: G3733A e C4171A (MT-ND1), T10663C (MT-ND4L) e G14459A, C14482G, C14482A, A14495G e C14568T (MT-ND6). Os haplogrupos dos pacientes mutantes foram pesquisados pela Plataforma Sequenom. Dos 63 pacientes com neuropatia óptica foram encontrados 18 pacientes mutantes, sendo 14 do grupo I (11 com G11778A e 3 com T14484C) e 4 do grupo II (3 com G11778A e 1 com T14484C). Os haplogrupos encontrados nestes pacientes mutantes foram: C, D, M, U, e, principalmente L1/L2 e L3, que mostra a presença de ancestral comum de origem asiática, européia e, predominantemente, africana. Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou a mutação primária G3460A, assim como não foi encontrada nenhuma das 8 mutações secundárias rastreadas. Na análise estatística das variáveis estudadas houve diferença significativa para recorrência familiar materna, campo visual e presença de mutação, dentre os 63 pacientes com neuropatia óptica, sendo que achados mostraram que o quadro clínico clássico da doença descrito por Leber há mais de um século tem boa confiabilidade. Ao comparar as mesmas variáveis entre os 14 mutantes do grupo I com os 4 mutantes do grupo II, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa para nenhuma das variáveis, evidenciando que o diagnóstico de LHON é molecular, através do rastreamento das mutações (inicialmente as primárias). Não foi possível estabelecer relação entre o uso abusivo do tabaco e álcool e uma suscetibilidade genética de base, isto é, a mutação da LHON, entre os pacientes com neuropatia óptica de etiologia a esclarecer e com consumo abusivo destes agentes / Abstract: Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is maternally inherited mitochondrial disease, characterized by painless, bilateral, (sub) acute loss of vision, central or cecocentral scotoma and dyschromatopsia, due to the degeneration of optic nerve by the apoptosis of the p-retinal ganglion cells. The three primary mutations G11778A, T14484C and G3460A account for 90 to 95% of the cases of LHON and affect subunits of genes MT-ND4, MT-ND6 and MT-ND1, respectively, which encode proteins of the complex I of the respiratory chain. Only 5% of patients have one of the other secondary mutations. The mutation in mtDNA is essential for LHON occurs, however, the incomplete penetrance and the male predominance of the disease suggests that genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors may modulate the phenotypic expression of LHON. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and molecularly for LHON 63 patients with optic neuropathy, 25 with classical clinical symptoms of Leber (group I) and 38 with optic neuropathy of unknown etiology (group II), as well as to investigate the relationship between toxic agents tobacco and alcohol and a possible genetic susceptibility among patients who were abusing these agents. These patients underwent complete ophthalmologic evaluation in the Neuro-Ophthalmoloy Outpatient HC-UNICAMP, had their blood samples collected and analyzed in CBMEG. The research of the three primary mutations was performed by restriction analysis and direct sequencing and confirmed by multiplex-PCR and Sequenom Platform. Patients who did not have one of the primary mutations were screened by direct sequencing and by Sequenom Platform for 8 major secondary mutations: G3733A and C4171A (MT-ND1), T10663C (MT-ND4L) and G14459A, C14482G, C14482A, A14495G and C14568T (MT -ND6). The haplogroups of mutant patients were screened by Sequenom Platform. Of 63 patients with optic neuropathy 18 patients were found to be mutants, 14 in group I (11 with G11778A and 3 with T14484C) and 4 in group II (3 with G11778A and 1 with T14484C). The haplogroups found in these mutants patients were: C, D, M, U, and especially L1/L2 and L3, which shows the presence of the common ancestor of Asian, European and, predominantly, African. None of the patients had a primary mutation G3460A, and nor it was found any of the eight secondary mutations screened. Statistical analysis of the variables studied showed significant differences for maternal familial recurrence, visual field and the presence of mutation among the 63 patients with optic neuropathy, demonstrating a good reliability to the classical clinical picture of the disease described by Leber over a century ago. When comparing the same variables among 14 mutants of group I with 4 mutants of group II, there was no statistically significant difference for any of the variables, indicating that the diagnosis of LHON is molecular, by tracking the mutations (initially the primaries ones). No relationship between abusive use of tobacco and alcohol and a genetic-based susceptibility, that is, the mutation for LHON could be correlated in patients with optic neuropathy of unknown etiology and history of heavy consumption of these agents / Doutorado / Oftalmologia / Doutora em Ciências Médicas

Introdução: Polineuropatia periférica (PNP) é descrita em diabéticos, porém estudos têm mostrado alterações neuropáticas em pacientes com pré-diabetes (Pre-DM), Síndrome Metabólica (SM), obesos e submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica (post-BS). Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de PNP entre pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus (DM), obesos graus II e III e pré-diabetes (OB-PRE-DM), obesidade graus II e III e síndrome metabólica (OB-SM), obesidade sem PREDM e SM (Ob No MS) e pacientes Post-BS e avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade da escala Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) em comparação com Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal onde as prevalências de PNP foram avaliadas através do MNSI e do NDS. O desempenho do NDS foi comparado ao MNSI através de curvas Receiving Operating Characteristics Curves (ROC). Resultados: Considerando os escores MNSI ≥ 2,5 e ≥ 4 sintomas, MNSI ≥ 2,5 e ≥ 7 sintomas e NDS ≥ 3 em combinação com Neuropathy Symptom Score (NSS) score ≥ 3, houve a prevalência maior de PNP em DM e Pre-DM vs Ob-SM e Ob No MS e em todos vs Post-BS quando os grupos foram comparados entre si. As curvas ROC mostraram que o melhor desempenho do NDS foi ≥ 0,5. Conclusão: A prevalência de PNP descrita com o MNSI é maior em relação a com NDS. O baixo valor obtido para o melhor desempenho do NDS sugere que exploremos escores <3 para avaliar alterações neuropáticas com este escore. / Introduction: Peripheral polineuropathy (PNP) is seen in diabetics, however, studies have shown neuropathic alterations in patients with pre-diabetes (Pre-DM), Metabolic Syndrome (MS), obese and submitted to bariatric surgery (post-BS). Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of PNP among patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM), obese grades II and III and pre-diabetes (OB-PRE-DM), obesity grades II and III and metabolic syndrome (OB-SM), obesity without PREDM and Ob No MS and Post-BS patients and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) compared to the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out in which PNP prevalence were evaluated through the MNSI and the Neuropathy NDS. The performance of the NDS was compared to the MNSI through Receiving Operating Characteristics Curves (ROC curves). Results: Considering MNSI scores ≥ 2.5 and ≥ 4 symptoms, MNSI ≥ 2.5 and ≥ 7 symptoms and NDS ≥ 3 in combination with NSS score ≥ 3, there was a higher prevalence of PNP in DM and Pre-DM vs Ob-SM and Ob No MS and in all vs. Post-BS when groups were compared to each other. The curves ROC showed that the best performance of NDS was ≥ 0.5. Conclusion: The prevalence of PNP described with MNSI is higher in relation to described with NDS. The low value obtained for the best performance of NDS suggest that we explore <3 scores to evaluate neuropathic alterations with this score.

Introduction : La chimiothérapie cytotoxique constitue une modalité thérapeutique de nombreux cancers. L’amélioration de la durée de survie des patients a fait apparaître des complications de ces traitements notamment sur le nerf périphérique. Il s’agit d’une complication fréquente et potentiellement sévère qui peut avoir un impact durable. Pourtant, bien que les chimiothérapies neurotoxiques soient connues, il n’existe pas de données précises permettant de prédire la tolérance individuelle. La détection précoce des polyneuropathies chimio-induites (PNCI) est donc capitale pour évaluer les facteurs favorisants. L’utilisation du TNSc (Total Neuropathy Score clinical version) et le Sudoscan® peut notamment permettre la détection de ces PNCI. En effet, le TNSc (Total Neuropathy Score clinical version), un score composite évaluant les petites et grosses fibres nerveuses. Celui-ci a été validé pour déterminer la sévérité de la PNCI. Selon le traitement, l’atteinte concerne les grosses fibres myélinisées ou les fibres fines amyéliniques (FFA). L’examen des grosses fibres est bien standardisé au moyen de l’EMG. Cependant il n’en est pas de même pour le diagnostic d’atteinte des FFA. Le Sudoscan® mesure la conductance cutanée (mesure chronoampérométrique) après une exposition à un courant continu inférieur à 100µA/6V permet d’apprécier la fonction sudomotrice. Des études dans le diabète ont montré que la fonction sudomotrice est directement liée à l’état des FFA, car ces fibres contrôlent les glandes sudoripares. Le Sudoscan® pourrait donc être utilisé pour la détection de PNCI.Objectifs i) Evaluer l’incidence des PNCI par le TNSc selon la dose et évaluer l’atteinte des FFA chez des patients au cours de traitement par Sels de platines ou Taxanes ou Alcaloïdes de pervenche; ii) étudier l’évolution dans le temps des PNCI par le TNSc et par Sudoscan® au cours de la chimiothérapie et à distance de son arrêt; iii) caractériser des facteurs de risque de PNCI; iv) comparer les TNSc et mesures chronoampérométriques selon les traitements reçus v) évaluer l’intérêt des conductances par rapport au TNSc.Résultats Une attention particulière a été portée aux patients sous Oxaliplatine (n=65) et Taxanes (n=28). Nous avons retrouvé une augmentation du TNSc chez tous les patients sous chimiothérapie neurotoxique. Pendant le suivi, 57% des patients sous Oxaliplatine et 58% des patients sous Taxanes atteignaient un TNSc correspondant à une neuropathie clinique. Aucune différence du TNSc entre les patients symptomatiques et asymptomatiques n’a été observée à distance de traitement par Oxaliplatine (≥4mois). De même, on ne retrouvait pas de différences du TNSc entre les patients symptomatiques et asymptomatiques à distance de traitement par Taxanes. D’autre part, l’étude des conductances n’a pas révélé d’évolution en fonction de la dose reçue pour les patients sous Oxaliplatine. En revanche, chez les patients sous Taxanes on retrouvait des différences significatives des conductances en fonction des doses reçues. La mesure la plus basse des pieds pendant le suivi est observée en moyenne 23 jours avant que le TNSc le plus élevé ne soit atteint (p=0,03). On ne retrouve pas de différences des conductances pendant le suivi entres les patients symptomatiques et asymptomatiques à distance de traitement par Oxaliplatine. Toutefois, les patients symptomatiques à distance de traitement par Taxanes avaient des conductances des pieds plus basses que les patients asymptomatiques à distance (p=0.004). Le TNSc est plus élevé selon la dose reçue chez les patients diabétiques que chez les patients non diabétiques. Les conductances des mains et des pieds des patients diabétiques étaient significativement plus basses (p=0.003) chez les patients diabétiques que chez les patients non diabétiques.Conclusion Ces résultats suggèrent que les mesures chronoampérométriques permettent de détecter et quantifier l’atteinte des FFA chez les patients recevant des Taxanes. / Introduction : Cytotoxic chemotherapy is a treatment modality for many cancers. The improved survival time of patients showed some complications of these cytotoxic treatments including chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). This is a common and potentially severe complication that can have a lasting impact on the quality of life. Although neurotoxic chemotherapies are known, there is no accurate data to predict individual tolerance. Early detection of CIPN is therefore essential to assess the contributing factors. To this end, the use of the TNSc (Total Neuropathy Score clinical view) and the Sudoscan® can improve the detection CIPN.Indeed, the TNSc (Total Neuropathy Score clinical view), a composite score assessing small and large nerve fibers, has been validated to evaluate the severity of CIPN. The nerve impairment concerns the large myelinated fibers or small fibers, depending on the treatment. The objective assessment of large fibers is standardized by means of the EMG (Electromyography), but it is not the same for the diagnosis of the small fibers impairment.On the other hand, the Sudoscan® measures skin conductance (chronoamperometric measurement) after exposure to a direct current of less than 100μA and 6V, and can assess the sudomotor function. Interestingly, studies in diabetes have shown that sudomotor function is directly related to the status of the small fibers that control the sweat glands. The Sudoscan® could thus be used for the detection of CIPN.Objectives: i) to evaluate the impact, depending on the dose received of chemotherapy, of CIPN by TNSc and assess the impairment of small fibers in patients during treatment with Platinum compounds or Taxanes or vinca alkaloids; ii) to study the evolution of the peripheral neurologic impairment by TNSC and skin conductance measurements during chemotherapy and after the end of the treatment; iii) to characterize risk factors for CIPN; iv) to assess the usefulness of conductance measurements compared to TNSc.Results: Particular attention has been given to patients treated with Oxaliplatin (n= 65) and Taxanes (n= 28), known to damage small fibers. We found an increased TNSc in all patients receiving neurotoxic chemotherapy. During follow-up, 57% of patients receiving Oxaliplatin and 58% of patients receiving Taxanes reach a TNSc corresponding to a clinical neuropathy. However, there was no difference of TNSc during the follow-up between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, 4 months after the end of the treatment by Oxaliplatin. Similarly, we did not find differences of TNSc during the follow-up between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, 4 months after the end of the treatment by Taxanes.Regarding conductance values, we didn’t observe changes depending on the dose received for patients treated by Oxaliplatin. However, in patients receiving Taxanes we found significant differences, based on the cumulative dose, for the hands and feet. Indeed, the lowest measure of the feet during the tracking is observed within an average of 23 days before the TNSc reached its highest value (p = 0.03). We didn’t find differences in conductance values during follow-up among symptomatic and asymptomatic patients 4 months after the end of their treatment. However, 4 months after the end of the chemotherapy, symptomatic patients treated with Taxanes had feet conductance values lower than asymptomatic patients (p= 0.004). The TNSc was higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic patients depending on the dose received during the follow-up. During the follow-up, the conductance values of the hands and feet were significantly lower (p= 0.003) for these patients than in nondiabetic ones.Conclusion: These results suggest that the chronoamperometric measurements can be useful in the detection and quantification of small fibers impairment in patients receiving Taxanes.

Centronuclear myopathy (CNM) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder associated with general skeletal muscle weakness, type I fiber predominance and atrophy, and abnormally centralized nuclei. Autosomal dominant CNM is due to mutations in the large GTPase dynamin 2 (DNM2), a mechanochemical enzyme regulating cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking in cells. To date, 40 families with CNM-related DNM2 mutations have been described, and here we report 60 additional families encompassing a broad genotypic and phenotypic spectrum. In total, 18 different mutations are reported in 100 families and our cohort harbors nine known and four new mutations, including the first splice-site mutation. Genotype-phenotype correlation hypotheses are drawn from the published and new data, and allow an efficient screening strategy for molecular diagnosis. In addition to CNM, dissimilar DNM2 mutations are associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) peripheral neuropathy (CMTD1B and CMT2M), suggesting a tissue-specific impact of the mutations. In this study, we discuss the possible clinical overlap of CNM and CMT, and the biological significance of the respective mutations based on the known functions of dynamin 2 and its protein structure. Defects in membrane trafficking due to DNM2 mutations potentially represent a common pathological mechanism in CNM and CMT.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is a rare genetic disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system. Neurons in GAN patients develop an abnormal organization of cytoskeletal proteins called intermediate filaments (IFs), which normally provide strength and support for the overall cell structure. The irregular IF structure in GAN patient neurons leads to a progressive loss of motor skills in children and subsequent death in adolescence. GAN is caused by reduced levels of the gigaxonin (Giga) protein. Giga functions to control the degradation of other cellular proteins, and the loss of Giga in GAN cells results in significantly elevated levels of the galectin-1 (Gal-1) protein. Gal-1 stabilizes the active form of the Ras signaling protein, which functions as a molecular switch to regulate the phosphorylation and subsequent organization of IFs. The connection between these pathways led us to propose that Giga regulates IF phosphorylation and structure by modulating Ras signaling through the degradation of Gal-1. Using GAN patient cells, we demonstrated that restoring Giga reduced Gal-1 protein levels, decreased IF phosphorylation, and reestablished normal IF organization. Similar effects of reduced IF phosphorylation and improved IF structure were also obtained in GAN cells by directly decreasing the protein levels of either Gal-1, or downstream Ras signaling proteins. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the loss of Giga induces Gal-1 mediated activation of Ras signaling, thereby leading to the increased IF phosphorylation and abnormal IF structure observed in GAN cells. Identification of aberrant Ras signaling is significant because it is the first to specify a mechanism by which the loss of Giga leads to the development of GAN and provides targets for novel drug therapies for the treatment of this currently immedicable genetic disease.