Because new generation is going to be main power in the human resource market, the research object of this study is the employee who is 25- to 40- year- old. There are three purposes. First, what relationship is between the new generation employee¡¦s upward political behavior and job performance? Second, what relationship is between the styles of the new generation employee¡¦s upward political behavior and job performance? Third, what relationship of the different styles is between the new generation employee¡¦s upward political behavior and job performance? The main research results are: 1.The factors of upward political behavior include exchange and upward appeal, rational persuasion, image management, ingratiation, and blocking. The factors of job performance include task performance and contextual performance. ¡§Exchange and upward appeal¡¨ and ¡§blocking¡¨ have significantly negative effect on the factors of job performance. ¡§Rational persuasion¡¨, ¡§image management¡¨ and ¡§ingratiation¡¨ have significantly positive effect on the factors of job performance. Moreover, ¡§ingratiation¡¨ has no significant effect on task performance. 2.The styles of upward political behavior include tactician, full-dimension person, shotgun, understanding person, and self-tactician. All styles have the significant difference in the factors of job performance. 3.All styles of new generation employees¡¦ upward political behavior have the different relationship between the factors of upward political behavior and the factors of job performance. (1) Tactician: ¡§Exchange and upward appeal¡¨ has significantly negative effect on the factors of job performance. ¡§Rational persuasion¡¨ has significantly positive effect on contextual performance. ¡§Image management¡¨ has significantly positive effect on the factors of job performance. (2) Full-dimension person: ¡§Exchange and upward appeal¡¨ and ¡§blocking¡¨ have significantly negative effect on the factors of job performance. ¡§Rational persuasion¡¨ and ¡§ingratiation¡¨ have significantly positive effect on the factors of job performance. (3) Shotgun: ¡§Exchange and upward appeal¡¨ has significantly negative effect on the factors of job performance. ¡§Image management¡¨ has significantly positive effect on the factors of job performance. ¡§Ingratiation¡¨ has significantly positive effect on contextual performance. (4) Understanding person: ¡§Exchange and upward appeal¡¨ has significantly negative effect on contextual performance. ¡§Image management¡¨ has significantly positive effect on the factors of job performance. ¡§Blocking¡¨ has significantly negative effect on contextual performance. (5) Self-tactician: ¡§Exchange and upward appeal¡¨ has significantly negative effect on contextual performance. ¡§Rational persuasion¡¨ has significantly positive effect on the factors of job performance. ¡§Blocking¡¨ has significantly negative effect on the factors of job performance. To sum up, according to the findings of this study, discuss and provide the suggestions to the all and five- style employees and the further research.

Αντικείμενο της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη των παρεχόμενων υπηρεσιών στα Δίκτυα Νέας Γενιάς. Στο πρώτο μέρος της εργασίας, γίνεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή στην έννοια των Δικτύων Νέας Γενιάς. Περιγράφονται συνοπτικά οι παράγοντες που οδηγούν στην ανάπτυξή τους, τα βασικά τους χαρακτηριστικά, οι υποδομές που απαιτούνται για να γίνει πραγματικότητα η μετάβαση από το υπάρχον δίκτυο σε ένα δίκτυο Νέας Γενιάς, καθώς και οι προκλήσεις και οι περιορισμοί που παρουσιάζονται κατά την ανάπτυξή τους. Στο δεύτερο μέρος της εργασίας περιγράφονται αναλυτικά οι Υπηρεσίες και οι Εφαρμογές που θα υποστηρίζει ένα τέτοιο δίκτυο, καθώς και η Αρχιτεκτονική του. Ακόμα, γίνεται αναφορά στον τρόπο με τον οποίο θα εξελιχθούν οι ήδη υπάρχουσες υπηρεσίες και τεχνολογίες των Ευφυών Δικτύων. Στο τρίτο και τελευταίο μέρος, περιγράφεται το στάδιο στο οποίο βρίσκεται η εξέλιξη των Δικτύων Νέας Γενιάς σήμερα, καθώς και τα προβλήματα της ασφάλειας που παρουσιάζονται. / This project studies the next generation's networks services.

This diploma thesis concerns Service-Oriented Architecture and possibilities of using framework NGOSS (New Generation Operations Systems and Software) by its adoption to organization. Diploma thesis is divided into four main parts. The first three parts are theoretical and are the foundation for the last practical part of diploma thesis. The first part is devoted to enterprise architecture and to their importance for a big company. The second part of the diploma thesis is devoted to framework, to their principles and importance in connection with enterprise architecture. In first chapters of this part is devoted to description of framework generally, while the last parts contain the description of particular framework for telecommunication industry named NGOSS. I describe its main characteristics and its main parts with emphasis on its part concerning architecture of information system named TNA (Technology Neutral Architecture). This TNA description also contains description of NGOSS contract, which is very important for practical part of diploma thesis. The third and the last theoretical part is concerned with service oriented architecture and its main architectural elements -- services. In the last and practical part of diploma thesis, I am trying to design NGOSS contract for the chosen SOA service and demonstrate its importance for SOA adoption. The end of the practical part contains conclusion on possibilities and benefits of NGOSS framework by SOA adoption.

L'exploitation de la variation clonale est une des voies d'amélioration utilisée chez un grand nombre de plantes d'intérêts agronomiques telles que la pomme de terre, le café et la vigne. En effet, après plusieurs cycles de reproduction végétative, des caractéristiques agronomiques stables apparaissent donnant naissance à une diversité phénotypique remarquable, appelée « diversité clonale ». Chez la vigne, cette diversité clonale est d'une importance majeure pour les viticulteurs puisqu'elle permet une amélioration variétale sans changer d'identité de cépage en conformité avec la réglementation fixée par Appellations d'Origine Protégée. L'hypothèse la plus parcimonieuse expliquant cette diversité phénotypique clonale est l'accumulation de mutations somatiques au cours des cycles de reproduction végétative. L'objectif de cette thèse a été de dresser un panorama le plus exhaustif possible des différents polymorphismes moléculaires entre les génomes de plusieurs clones. Dans un premier temps trois clones de Pinot ont été séquencés par la technique 454 GS-FLX puis dans un second temps 11 clones de quatre cépages ont été séquencés la technique Illumina HiSeq 2000. Afin d'analyser la grande quantité de données obtenues, nous avons construit un pipeline d'analyse (Bacchus pipeline) permettant d'identifier tous les types de polymorphismes moléculaires entre les différents génomes.Nos résultats permettent, pour la première fois un inventaire exhaustif des polymorphismes moléculaires dans un contexte multiplication végétatif. L'ensemble des mutations polymorphes entre deux clones a pu être identifié, SNPs, indels (2,5 SNPs et 11,5 indels par Mb en moyenne) ainsi que des variations d'ordre structural (larges insertions ou délétions) représentant la classe la plus fréquente (129 évènements par Mb entre deux clones en moyenne). Afin d'évaluer le polymorphisme d'insertion généré par ces éléments nous en avons étudié quatre par une approche S-SAP sur plusieurs niveaux de diversité (inter-espèces, inter-cépages, inter-clones et entre plusieurs tissus d'un même individu). L'analyse phylogénétique au niveau des espèces est conforme à celle réalisée avec d'autres types de marqueurs moléculaires (SSR, SNP). Cependant, une forte instabilité de ces insertions a été confirmée entre les clones et entre les tissus d'un même d'individu. L'identification des clones par une méthodologie moléculaire serait d'une grande importance pour la filère. Pour cet objectif, nos résultats indiquent que les mutations de types SNP et petits indels qui sont certes moins fréquentes que les variations structurales mais qui sont plus stables semblent plus pertinentes pour la mise en place d'une méthodologie d'identification des clones / Clonal variation is considered as an effective contribution to breeding programs of vegetatively propagated species with major agronomical interest such as banana, potato, coffee and grape. Indeed, after several propagation cycles, stable and heritable phenotypic variations appear giving rise to a phenotypic variation termed “clonal diversity”. This clonal diversity is very important for wine-growers because it allows preserving cultivars identity in the strict respect of Appellation (A.O.P) wines specifications The most parsimonious hypothesis explaining clonal phenotypic diversity is the accumulation of somatic mutations. The objective of my thesis was to provide a broad description of molecular polymorphisms in the context of vegetative propagation. Three clones were first sequenced by 454 GS-FLX technology and eleven clones were then sequenced with Illumina Hiseq2000 technique. To analyse the high quantity of data obtained, we built a pipeline (Bacchus pipeline) allowing the identification of all existing molecular polymorphisms between different genomes.All polymorphism types were observed: indels and SNPs which have a low polymorphism frequency (2.5 SNPs and 11.5 indels per Mb between two clones in average) and structural variations (large insertions or deletions) which have a high polymorphism frequency (129 per Mb between two clones in average) but are unstable. To evaluate stability and polymorphism level of these transposable elements, we have studied 4 elements using S-SAP method at different diversity levels (inter-species, inter-cultivars, inter-clones and between organs/tissues of a single individual). Our interspecific phylogenetic analysis is similar to other phylogenies performed with SSR or SNPs markers. However, we confirm the high instability of these elements between clones and between tissues in single individuals.Clone identification through molecular methods would be of high significance for the wine industry. SNP or small indels mutations are less frequent but more stable than structural variation and could be used for accurate clone identification.

Aujourd’hui, le marché des services est devenu de plus en plus concurrentiel. Les exigences des clients pour des offres de service en adéquation avec leurs usages et leurs préférences conduisent les fournisseurs à proposer de nouveaux services qui répondent à ce nouveau besoin pour se démarquer des concurrents et attirer de nouveaux clients. Avec la convergence des réseaux et celle des services de nouvelle génération (NGN/NGS), de nouveaux services sont apparus. Les utilisateurs sont nomades et veulent utiliser leurs services de différentes manières n’importe où, n’importe quand et par n’importe quel type de terminal, et cela avec une continuité de service et une qualité de service de bout en bout. Ainsi, fournir des services personnalisés aux clients dans un environnement hétérogène et mobile devient un challenge pour les opérateurs et les fournisseurs de service pour améliorer le retour sur investissement (ROI) et le délai de mise sur le marché (TTM). Nos réflexions à propos de la fourniture des services personnalisés selon les besoins fonctionnels et non-fonctionnels (QoS) des usagers, nous ont conduits à identifier les besoins du nouveau contexte NGN/NGS défini par l’intersection de ces trois éléments «user-centric, mobilité et QoS». Comment piloter dynamiquement la QoS de bout en bout pour une session unique «user-centric»? Comment assurer le « service Delivery» dans un contexte de mobilité et d’ubiquité? Ces nouveaux besoins, nous ont motivé à proposer des solutions à travers trois contributions principales qui prennent en considération la vision utilisateur et opérateur. Notre première contribution porte sur le modèle organisationnel. Nous proposons une nouvelle organisation avec un maximum de flexibilité, d’adaptabilité et d’autogestion, qui permet de piloter la QoS à chaque niveau de l’architecture (équipement, réseau et service). Dans cette organisation nous avons défini des acteurs et le rôle que joue chacun d’eux par rapport à la prise de décision au cours de la session de l’utilisateur, et cela pour maintenir la QoS de bout en bout dans un environnement qui est totalement hétérogène et mobile.Notre deuxième contribution traite du composant de service autonomique. Avec la complexité de la personnalisation des services dans un contexte hétérogène et mobile et le besoin de satisfaire la QoS de bout en bout, les ressources services doivent être prises en compte au même titre que les ressources réseaux. Donc, un degré élevé d’autosuffisance, d’autogestion et d’automatisation est demandé dans la ressource service (composant de service) pour améliorer le service delivery. Pour cela, nous proposons un composant de service autonomique «ASC: Autonomic Service Component» basé sur un agent de QoS intégré qui s’autocontrôle et s’autogère pour adapter dynamiquement ses ressources en réponse à un changement de situations au cours de la session de l’utilisateur. Notre troisième proposition couvre le modèle protocolaire. La session de services personnalisés nécessite des interactions plus flexibles au niveau service pour avoir une session unique avec une continuité de service. Nous proposons un protocole de signalisation SIP+ qui permet la négociation de la QOS des services personnalisés dès la phase d’initialisation de la session et de la renégociation de la QoS pendant l’usage, pour maintenir le service avec la QoS requise à travers une session unique.De façon plus concrète, nous présentons nos expérimentations à travers un scenario et une plate-forme de démonstration qui nous permet de tester la faisabilité et la performance de nos contributions. Les apports et les perspectives de cette thèse sont consignés en conclusion. / Nowadays, the services market has become increasingly competitive. Customer requirements for service offerings in line with their uses and preferences led providers to offer new services to meet this new need and to stand out from competitors and attract new customers. With the success of the network and service convergence (NGN / NGS), new services have emerged. A mobile user desires to access his services anywhere, anytime and on any type of terminal.Thus, providing customized services to clients while ensuring the service continuity and the end-to-end quality of service in a heterogeneous and mobile environment became a challenge for mobile operators and service providers to improve the return on investment (ROI) and time-to-market (TTM). Our thinking about the provision of customized services according to the functional and non-functional (QoS) needs of the users has led us to identify the needs of the new context NGN / NGS defined by the intersection of these three elements "user-centric, mobility and QoS". How to dynamically control the end-to-end QoS for a single "user-centric" session? How to ensure the "Service Delivery" in the context of mobility and ubiquity? These new needs have led us to propose solutions through three main contributions that take into account the user and the operator vision. Our first contribution concerns the organizational model. We have proposed a new organization with a maximum of flexibility, adaptability and self-management which allows the control of the QoS at each level of the architecture (equipment, network and service). In this organization, we have defined actors and the role of each one in relation to the decision-making process during the user session in order to maintain the end-to-end QoS in an environment that is totally heterogeneous and mobile. Our second contribution addresses the autonomic service component. With the complexity of services personalization in a heterogeneous and mobile context and the need to satisfy the end to end QoS, services and network resources must be taken into account. Therefore, a high degree of self-sufficiency, self-management and automation is required in the resource service to improve the service delivery. We have therefore proposed an autonomic service component based on an integrated QoS-agent which is self-controlled and self-managed to dynamically adapt its resources in response to changing situations during the user’s session. Our third proposal covers the model protocol. The personalized services session requires more flexible interactions at the service level in order to obtain a single session with service continuity. We have proposed a signalling protocol SIP + that allows the negotiation of the QoS of personalized services at the session initialization phase and the renegotiation of the QoS during the utilization to maintain the service with the required QoS through a unique session. More concretely, we have presented our experiments through a scenario and demonstration platform that allows us to test the feasibility and the performance of our contributions. The contributions and perspectives of this thesis are stated in the conclusion.

[pt] A pesquisa traz reflexões acerca da chamada Nova Geração do samba no Rio de Janeiro, destacada, especialmente, pelas rodas de samba no Beco do Rato, bar localizado entre os bairros da Glória e da Lapa, e também a partir da elaboração do DVD Samba Social Clube - Nova geração, Vol 1., em 2016, e o DVD Samba Social Clube - Nova geração, Vol 2., lançado em 2020. Deste modo, aprofunda-se o debate pelo vetor da inserção, dessa categoria, na cena musical, a fim de compreender suas sonoridades, repertório, as rotinas de trabalho e a relação com as demandas sociais contemporâneas como machismo, racismo e homofobia. Por fim, analisa-se como o apadrinhamento está presente na trajetória desses músicos, explorando as relações e parcerias com nomes célebres do samba, a herança familiar e outros sentidos possíveis nestas articulações. / [en] The research brings reflections on the so-called New Generation of samba in Rio de Janeiro, highlighted, especially, by the wheels of samba in the Alley of the Mouse, bar located between the neighborhoods of Gloria and Lapa, and also from the elaboration of the DVD Samba Social Club - New generation, Vol 1., in 2016, and the DVD Samba Social Club - New generation, Vol 2., released in 2020. In this way, the debate is deepened by the vector of the inclusion of this category in the musical scene, in order to understand its sonorities, repertoire, work routines and the relationship with contemporary social demands such as machismo, racism and homophobia. Finally, it is analyzed how the sponsorship is present in the trajectory of these musicians, exploring the relationships and partnerships with famous names of the samba, the family heritage and other possible senses in these joints.

Det sägs att militära medel och motmedel ständigt utvecklas inom området krigföring. Samma resonemang gäller även för synen på konflikter och hur användandet av militär och icke-militär makt kan utvecklas och effektiviseras för att påverka en motståndare. Dagens krigföring har utvecklats till konflikter där gränsdragningen mellan krig och fred skyms i ett dunkel och problemet uppstår då vi varken vet eller förstår att vi blir utsatta för en krigshandling. Syftet med den här uppsatsens är att undersöka och skapa en djupare förståelse för begreppet New Generation Warfare, (NGW) vilket utgör ett nytt sätt att förstå modern krigföring som icke-linjär och asymmetrisk, samt hur den krigföringen kan påverka ett modernt och öppet samhälle. Med den djupare förståelsen för NGW analyseras Försvarsmaktens tre senaste perspektivstudier för att klargöra i vilken utsträckning den förståelsen kan återfinnas i studiens analyser och framtidssyn. Resultatet visar att perspektivstudierna till en viss grad uppvisar en förståelse för NGW och att den förståelsen även har utvecklats över tid. Resultatet visar även på att det saknas en djupare förståelse för den moderna icke-linjära och asymmetriska krigföringen som i huvudsak riktar in sig på motståndarens situationsuppfattning och lägesbild i syfte att sabotera, förvirra och vilseleda.

A miopatia miotubular é uma doença genética congênita que afeta a musculatura esquelética e respiratória, causada por mutações no gene MTM1. Apresenta padrão de herança recessivo ligado ao cromossomo X e frequência estimada de 1/50.000 meninos nascidos vivos. O diagnóstico é geralmente realizado através de biopsia muscular, com presença de fibras pequenas com núcleo central, predominância de fibras do tipo I, concentração de miofibrilas na periferia da fibra e região central ocupada por acúmulos de mitocôndrias e glicogênio. O quadro clínico é bastante grave, com manifestação clínica no período neonatal e óbito nos primeiros meses, ou ano de vida. Os pacientes apresentam hipotonia e fraqueza muscular generalizadas, dificuldade de alimentação, ptose palpebral, oftalmoplegia, hérnia inguinal e criptorquidia. Mulheres portadoras das mutações são geralmente assintomáticas, mas diversos casos de heterozigotas sintomáticas têm sido relatados. Pacientes com miopatias congênitas estruturais vem sendo estudados nos últimos 20 anos no Centro de Pesquisa do Genoma Humano e Células Tronco (CPGH-CEL) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Atualmente, em razão do avanço das tecnologias de análise molecular do DNA, como o sequenciamento de nova geração (NGS - Next Generation Sequencing), o diagnóstico tem se tornado cada vez mais preciso. No presente trabalho, pacientes de 12 famílias estudadas no CEGH-CEL foram submetidos à triagem mutacional, utilizando técnica de NGS. Onze mutações foram identificadas (c.109 C>T; c.139_142 delAAAG; c.706 A>T; c.1010 G>A, c.1181 A>G, c.1262 G>A, c.1354 -1 G>C, c.1465_1465delC, c.1467 +1 G>A, c.1528 A>T; c.1528 A>T); entre elas 5 já descritas como patogênicas e 6 são novas. Em duas famílias, foram identificadas 4/8 e 2/4 mulheres portadoras apresentando algum nível de manifestação clínica. A análise de desvio de inativação do X revelou desvio aleatório em pelo menos 4 das heterozigotas manifestantes. Além disso, adicionando os casos deste trabalho aos relatados na literatura, a taxa de penetrância da doença foi estimada em 30% em mulheres heterozigotas, o que é compatível com um padrão de penetrância incompleta e poderia explicar a alta frequência de mulheres manifestantes. Uma análise de exomas foi realizada a fim de identificar possíveis genes modificadores que explicassem a variabilidade clínica observada. Foi identificada uma região de 4,2 Mb contendo genes contíguos no cromossomo 19 que pode estar relacionado à modulação do fenótipo / Myotubular myopathy is a rare congenital muscle genetic disease, caused by mutations in the MTM1 gene. With a X-linked recessive inheritance, the disease affects 1/50.000 living born males. The clinical picture is characteristic and very severe, with manifestation in the neonatal period, including generalized hypotonia and muscle weakness, feeding difficulty, palpebral ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, inguinal hernia, and cryptorchidism. Most affected die in the first few months or year of life, and those who survive often depend on care and assistance to perform activities of daily living, as well as require mechanical ventilation and enteral nutrition. Females carrying the mutations are generally asymptomatic, but several cases of symptomatic heterozygotes have been reported, compared to the low frequency of manifesting carriers in other X-recessive diseases. Patients with structural congenital myopathies have been studied in the last 20 years at the Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CELL) at the University of São Paulo (USP). The diagnosis of myotubular myopathy is usually made with muscle biopsy findings, with small fibers with central nuclei, the predominance of type I fibers, the concentration of myofibrils in the periphery of the fiber and central region occupied by accumulations of mitochondria and glycogen. More recently, with the advancement of DNA molecular analysis technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), the diagnosis has become increasingly accurate. In the present study, patients from 12 families studied in the HUG-CEL were submitted to mutation screening using NGS techniques. Eleven mutations were identified (c.109 C> T; c.139_142 delAAAG; c.706 A> T; c.1010 G> A, c.1181 A> G, c.1262 G> A, c.1354-1 G> C, c.1465_1465delC, c.1467 +1 G> A, c.1528 A> T; c.1528 A> T); among them 6 are novel. In two families, 4/8 and 2/4 female carriers were identified, presenting some level of clinical manifestation. Inactivation skewing analysis of the X chromosome revealed random inactivation in at least 4 of the manifesting carriers. In addition, joining the cases of this work to those reported in the literature, the disease penetrance rate was estimated to be 30% in heterozygous women, which is compatible with an incomplete penetrance pattern and could explain the high frequency of manifesting females. An exome analysis was performed to identify possible modifying genes that explain the observed clinical variability. A region of 4,2 Mb containing contiguous genes was identified on chromosome 19 that may be related to phenotype modulation

O manejo agrícola aplicado a um agrossistema pode determinar a qualidade e produtividade da área, além das interações biológicas que podem ser estabelecidas entre o cultivar e ecossistema local. A agricultura convencional é bastante reconhecida como um manejo eficiente e lucrativo. Por outro lado, a agroecologia tem ganhado visibilidade na agroindústria em reflexo do aumento na demanda por alternativas mais sustentáveis de produção. As diferenças entre ambos manejos podem refletir sobre a dinâmica microbiana, alterando a composição e estruturação das comunidades ali presentes. Os micro-organismos que habitam a superfície foliar da planta compõem o micro-ambiente denominado filosfera, descrito como um dos hábitats colonizáveis mais extensos. Devido a sua alta exposição a variáveis ambientais, diversos fatores podem interferir na comunidade bacteriana e definir a filosfera. Desta forma, o principal objetivo nesse estudo foi avaliar como o manejo agrícola interfere na composição bacteriana na filosfera, analisando ainda em escala temporal sua estrutura e abundância. A área experimental amostrada foi cedida pelo Centro de Pesquisa \"Mokiti Okada\", em Mogi Guaçu, São Paulo. As amostras foram coletadas de maneira representativa em diferentes linhas de tratamento, uma sob manejo convencional e outra sob manejo ecológico. Análises microbiológicas dependentes e independentes de cultivo permitiram identificar a comunidade bacteriana residente da filosfera de citros, a qual era compartilhada por ambos os manejos. Entretanto, análises de sequenciamento NGS (New Generation Sequencing) mostraram uma diferença significativa entre as comunidades bacterianas dos dois manejos, com o ecológico apresentando uma maior diversidade. Apesar do manejo ter se mostrado um importante fator na composição bacteriana, quando avaliado em função temporal, viu-se que as épocas de coleta interferem mais intensamente na estrutura das bactérias (p=0,0001), mostrando uma sobreposição dos diversos fatores ambientais que atuam sobre a filosfera. Os resultados ainda indicaram uma redução na abundância de bactérias, a qual pode estar relacionada com a aplicação extra de produtos cúpricos em ambas as áreas, em função do acometimento da \"pinta preta\" no pomar, o que instigou monitorar o cobre no tecido foliar. Quimicamente, micro-análises de XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) mostraram que há uma maior concentração de cobre nas folhas provenientes da área convencional, o que é resultado das maiores quantidades do produto que são aplicadas nesse tratamento. Além disso, foi possível o isolamento de bactérias do gênero Enterococcus na filosfera, as quais apresentam mecanismos de tolerância ao cobre, demonstrando que os produtos cúpricos podem ter selecionado esses organismos. Logo, esse estudo apresentou uma importante perspectiva do efeito do manejo agrícola sobre a filosfera, contribuindo para a compreensão da dinâmica microbiana na agricultura. / The agricultural management applied to a agrosystem is an important determinant for the quality and productivity of the crop yield, also for the biological interactions that can be stablished between the plants and the local ecosystem. Conventional agriculture has being well known as an efficient and lucrative crop management. On the other hand, agroecology has gaining visibility in the agroindustry due to increasing demand for a more sustainable production alternative. The differences between both approaches can reflect on the microbial dynamic, affecting the composition and structure of these communities. Microrganisms inhabitating the foliar surface correspond to a microenvironment called phyllosphere, which is described as one of the most extensive habitats. Due to its constant exposition to environmental variables, several factors can influence on the bacterial community and modulate the phyllosphere. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate how the agricultural management can impact on the phyllospheric bacteria, also considering a temporal effect on structure and abundance of these organisms. The experimental area was provided by \"Mokiti Okada\" Research Center, located at em Mogi-Guaçu, São Paulo. The samples were representativelly collected from two treatment lines, one under convencional management, and the other under ecological management. Afterwards, culture-dependent and independent microbiological analysis allowed to identify the resident bacterial community in citros phyllosphere, which was greatly shared bewteen both treatments. However, NSG (New Generation Sequencing) analysis demonstrated a significative difference between the bacterial community under conventional and ecological management, where the second one demonstrated a higher diversity, which can be related to the different approaches applied. Although the agricultural method have demonstrated an important factor on bacterial composition, when temporally evaluated, it was observed a more intense interferance on the bacterial structure by the time of sampling (p=0,0001), representing a possible overlap of environmental factors on the phyllosphere. The data also indicate a decrease in the abundance of bacteria that might be resulted from the extra use of cupric products, related to the impairment of \"black spot\" on the crop, what lead to a copper monitoring in the foliar tissue. Chemically, XRF micro-analysis (X-Ray Fluorescence) demonstrated that there is a higher concentration of copper on the leaves from the conventional area, which is resulted of the higher application of its products by this method. Moreover, a search for copper-tolerant microrganisms was conducted, and it was possible to isolate Enterococcus bacteria, which have copper tolerance mechanisms. This result implicate that the use of cupric products may have selected these microrganisms on citros phyllosphere. Therefore, this study presented an important perspective of how the agricultural management can influence the phyllosfere, which can contribute to undertand about the microbial dynamic and its roles on the agriculture.

A primeira reação nuclear em cadeia autosustentada controlada foi obtida em 2 de dezembro de 1942. Daí em diante, o crescimento da energia nuclear, inicialmente estimulado por fins militares, foi rápido. Ás aplicações civis no setor da geração de eletricidade foram adquirindo, ao longo do tempo, um papel sempre mais importante nas matrizes energéticas de muitos paises. Em 1987, 418 reatores nucleares no mundo estavam produzindo eletricidade em escala comercial. Dois terços destes reatores eram localizados em 7 países: Estados Unidos, União Soviética, França, Reino Unido, Alemanha, Canadá e Japão. Nos anos 90, o setor nuclear experimentou um grande retardo, devido principalmente ao acidente de Chernobyl e a uma revisão otimista das perspectivas de esgotamento das reservas de petróleo e dos outros combustíveis fosseis. Em 2005 o número de reatores para geração de eletricidade em operação no mundo era de 441, não muito diferente do numero de reatores em operação em 1987. Neste panorama o primeiro objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o estado da arte da geração núcleo elétrica e do ciclo do combustível nos países acima mencionados, partindo de uma revisão histórica. O caso do Brasil é abordado também por ser o país onde este trabalho é desenvolvido. Uma vez concluído o quadro da geração núcleo elétrica a nível internacional, são analisadas as novas tecnologias no setor da geração núcleo elétrica e as tendências e as iniciativas para o futuro da utilização da energia nuclear. São também abordadas as principais questões que sempre acompanharam o debate sobre a energia nuclear: a segurança, o meio ambiente, a proliferação e o mais moderno conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável. É importante antecipar que o objetivo deste trabalho não é de julgar os acontecimentos e de influenciar a opinião do leitor a favor da energia nuclear, mas de selecionar materiais e dados para informar e assim fornecendo um texto que seja uma coleção de informações e sugestões de aprofundamentos e não uma fonte de polêmicas. / On December 2, 1942, man first initiated a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction, and controlled it. Since then, nuclear energy development, firstly estimulated by military goals, was fast. But nuclear energy use for electricity production grew too, until becoming a very important energy source in the world energy mix. In 1987 there were in the world 418 nuclear reactors capable of producing commercially useful supplies of electricity. Over two thirds were in just seven countries: United States, Soviet Union, France, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada and Japan. In the 90s, nuclear energy development slowed down as a consequence of the Chernobyl accident and of the more optimistic evaluations of world oil resources. In 2005 the number of nuclear reactors commercially producing electricity amounted to 441, not much more than the 418 reactors operating in 1987. From this point of view, the primary scope of this work is to analyze the world pattern and the state of the art of nuclear power production focusing on the countries above mentioned. Brazil case is analyzed too, since this work has been developed there. Once this international outlook is concluded, the next step passes through the analyses of new technologies, tendencies and initiatives for the future development of nuclear energy. Since feelings run high in the debate about nuclear energy, some fundamental and fervent points are raised: security, environment, proliferation and sustainable development. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that effort has been made in this work not to take sides, but to be impartial in selecting materials and giving data. The scope is not to convert the reader to a pro-nuclear view but to inform and, in doing so, to provide a volume that is a textbook and not a piece of polemic.