A reutilização de resíduos orgânicos para alimentação animal é uma prática comum desde os tempos mais longínquos. Com a identificação das perdas e desperdícios de alimento como uma estratégia chave diante da crescente preocupação em relação à Segurança Alimentar Global, este mecanismo de reaproveitamento do resíduo gerado é posto como uma importante alternativa. No município de Porto Alegre (RS/ Brasil) é conduzido o Projeto de Reaproveitamento de Resíduos Orgânicos de Restaurante via Suinocultura, no qual o departamento de limpeza municipal intermedeia a transferência de resíduos alimentares para suinocultores da região (vinculados ao grupo Associação de Suinocultores da Zona Sul de Porto Alegre), produzindo produtos cárneos de origem e qualidade controladas. Para avaliar como está disposta a estrutura de governança desta cadeia produtiva, como ela se relaciona com o ambiente institucional que a delimita e se esta estrutura afeta a forma como o projeto é conduzido, foram utilizados conceitos da Nova Economia Institucional e da Economia de Custos de Transação. Foi possível identificar que o alto nível de especificidade de ativos e de incertezas nas transações são fontes significantes de custos de transações. Além disso, os estabelecimentos geradores de resíduo e os produtores agem de forma oportunista ao participar do Projeto e investimentos específicos demandados não são realizados devido à incerteza do ambiente. Em decorrência destes aspectos, emergem falhas organizacionais, identificadas nesta pesquisa como entraves na condução do projeto. Os principais entraves identificados para a condução do Projeto foram "alta de Licenciamento Ambiental", "Tratamento do Resíduo" e "Características da Associação", estando estes diretamente vinculados ao ambiente institucional. / The reuse of organic waste as animal diet is a common practice since the most ancient times. The identification of losses and food waste became a key strategy in the face of growing concern about the Global Food Security, and this mechanism that recycle of the waste generated is na important alternative. In Porto Alegre (RS State / Brazil) is leading the “Projeto de Reutilização de Resíduos Orgânicos de Restaurante via Suinocultura”, in which the municipal cleaning department mediates the transfer of food waste to pig farmers in the region (all of them linked to a Producers Association) to produce meat products with origin and quality controlled. To evaluate how is addressed the governance structure of this production chain, how is its relationship with the Institutional Environment and is this structure affects how the project is lead, were used concepts of the New Institutional Economics and the Economics of Transaction Costs. We observed that the high level of asset specificity and uncertainty in the transactions are significant sources of transaction costs. In addition, the waste generators establishments and producers act opportunistically to participate in the project and some demanded specific investments are not made due to environmental uncertainty. The main barriers identified (called in this study as organizational failures) for the well maintenance of the Project were ―Lack of Environmental Licensing‖, ―Treatment of Waste‖ and ―the Association Features‖, and these are directly linked to the institutional environment.

In my thesis I focus on the concept of the Swedish welfare state, which many economists consider as a conclusive evidence that an extensive welfare state is fully compatible with a growing and competitive economy. The main hypothesis is that institutions of the welfare state leads in time to a continual pressure on change of overall condition of all social structures, expansion of the public sector, its overuse and increasing inefficiency. I examine a period from about 1850, when Sweden began to rapidly develop until the turn of the 20th and 21st century, when the Swedish welfare state fell into crisis. The hypothesis is verified by using the methodological approach of induction and with theoretical framework of new institutional economics. Findings of my work shows that the success of Swedish welfare state is rather a result of specific institutional factors that were favorable to business environment for most of the modern Swedish history. On contrary, excessive social spending, high taxes and market regulation from the second half of the 20th century made the system unsustainable and pointed to the need of reformation.

Property developers and investors seek to understand the drivers of prices for office and retail space. Through literature, we learn that size and age, locational attributes, physical features of the properties, and economic variables are significant determinants of commercial property prices. However, previous work has narrowly focused on aspects akin to formal structures and ignored the role of institutions, especially conventions and social norms incredibly, and what influences the behaviour of the property developers and investors while making the pricing decision. Therefore, the goal of this study was to understand how prices for commercial properties are determined in Uganda. The objectives of the study were to understand the role of conventions and social norms found in the property market environment on price determination and to explore the behaviour tendencies/heuristics exhibited by the players during the pricing decision-making process. The study was qualitative in nature. The researcher interviewed property owners, developers, institutional investors, and key informants to understand the conventions and social norms that exist in the property market and how they ultimately influence the pricing decision of commercial buildings. This study reveals that conventions exist in the Ugandan property markets. The conventions signal a price to the players in the property environment. However, due to information asymmetry and irrationality, each player interprets the price signals differently, using heuristics to develop the final price. This study helps researchers understand the role of individual behaviour/heuristics in advancing our understanding of institutions and the effects of the two on commercial property pricing, the economy at large and its consequences on economic policy.

No description available.

This dissertation is a case study of Albania regarding the influence institutions have over the utilization of the EU financial aid, more specifically, the Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance II (IPA II) for the period of 2014-2020. Albania has been struggling with EU accession despite the allocation of numerous funds in the form of development programs for several years. The study attempts to identify the endogenous obstacles to development and the utilization of funds due to both formal and informal institutions. The reviewed literature shows a clear correlation between economic growth and good quality institutions. Besides, it indicates that informal institutions play a major role in the development process. Therefore the role of the Kanun in Albania is examined. As defined by mainly Douglas North, the New Institutional Economics theory is used to dive into Albania’s formal and informal institutions and discover how those determine the politico-economic and social structures. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine key participants who work in IPA II projects at the local level across the country. The country was divided into three regions in order to identify variations in the role of IPA II funds, institutions, and degree of development. Before the analysis is done and the results are presented, the historical background of the three key historical periods of the country, Ottoman, Communist and Democracy, is provided to set the base of the origin of present institutions. The results from the interviews and the macro-economic indicators of the three regions show a correlation between good defined formal institutions and economic growth and strong informal institutions and stagnation, as the theory suggested.

No description available.

É comum no Brasil, a afirmação de que existem leis que \"não pegam\". Nesse sentido, o presente estudo visa a analisar como os incentivos influenciam no cumprimento de normas positivadas em sistemas agroindustriais (SAG). Sendo assim, as leis escolhidas foram: a lei de uso e conservação do solo, com foco no combate e controle da erosão e a lei dos agrotóxicos, com ênfase no armazenamento na propriedade agrícola e retorno das embalagens. A base teórica adota a linha da Nova Economia Institucional, tratando assim do conceito e da importância do ambiente institucional, dos custos sociais, dos custos de transação e mensuração, da questão dos bens comuns e dos direitos de propriedade. Partindo-se desses conceitos foram fundamentadas cinco hipóteses de trabalho, os cinco tipos de incentivos ao cumprimento das normais formais, os quais são: alinhamento da norma formal às normas sociais; a influência do interesse privado; a influência do interesse do Estado; custos ao Estado e aos agentes econômicos. Para a parte empírica optou-se pelo método de estudo de casos, contemplados por análises de estatísticas descritivas. Foram utilizados, portanto, dados qualitativos e quantitativos. Destaca-se que foi feito um recorte com relação às culturas agrícolas e regiões para a coleta de dados. As culturas selecionadas foram a da cana-de-açúcar e a da pastagem (bovinocultura). Assim, as regiões nas quais foram feitas as entrevistas e questionários foram: Andradina, Araçatuba, Presidente Prudente, São José do Rio Preto e Ribeirão Preto. Como resultado verificou-se que quatro das cinco hipóteses de trabalho apresentaram evidências para sua não rejeição. A exceção ficou por conta da hipótese associada ao efeito do custo de adesão pelos agentes econômicos. Embora tal hipótese tenha sido rejeitada pelos números obtidos, observa-se que ela deve ser levada em consideração na análise de incentivos, mas não de forma isolada. Os custos a que se refere essa hipótese podem estar associados a outros incentivos, como, por exemplo, as outras hipóteses de estudo. Por meio de tais resultados, concluiu-se que normas que tratam dos bens comuns (em alguma medida) possuem um mecanismo de cumprimento mais complexo, já que não se trata de uma questão puramente econômica. Ações que promovam o conhecimento de tais normas e a conscientização da amplitude do tema são importantes para que as normas sociais, que não se modificam rapidamente, estejam alinhadas à norma formal promovendo o seu cumprimento voluntário. Além disso, as normas que tratam da temática ambiental devem envolver toda a cadeia (SAG), dado que, particularmente nesse tipo de cadeia, há uma dependência grande entre os atores. Assim, devem-se analisar conjuntamente os efeitos da norma formal em questão. / It is common in Brazil, the affirmation that there are laws that \"do not catch\". In this sense, this study aims to analyze how incentives influence the compliance of rules in agribusiness systems. Thus, the laws that were chosen are: the law of use and conservation ground, focusing on combating and controlling erosion, and the agrochemicals law, with an emphasis on storage on the farm and the return of packages. The theoretical basis adopts the line of the New Institutional Economics, thus treating the concept and the importance of the institutional environment, the social costs, the transaction and measurement costs, the question of the commons and property rights. Based on these concepts were developed five working hypotheses, the five types of incentives to comply formal rules which are: the alignment of the formal norms to social norms, the influence of private interest, the influence of the interest of the State, the costs to the State, and the costs to economic agents. For the empirical part it was chosen the method of cases study, contemplated by analysis of descriptive statistics. Therefore qualitative and quantitative data were employed. It is highlighted that a cut was made with respect to agricultural crops and regions for data collection. The cultures that were selected are the sugar cane and the pasture (cattle). Thus, the interviews and questionnaires were made in the following regions: Andradina Araçatuba, Presidente Prudente, São José do Rio Preto and Ribeirão Preto. As a result it was found that four of five working hypotheses showed no evidences for its rejection. The exception was the hypothesis associated with the effect of the adhesion costs by economic agents. Although this hypothesis has been rejected by data obtained, it is observed that this hypothesis must be taken into account in the analysis of incentives, but not in an isolated way. The costs that are treated on that hypothesis may be associated with other incentives, such as the incentives that are treated in the other hypotheses of this research. Through these results, it was concluded that formal rules that deal with commons (in some measure) have a compliance mechanism more complex, once it is not a purely economic question. Activities that promote knowledge of the formal norm and the awareness of the breadth of the subject are important for that the social norms (which do not change quickly) are aligned with the formal norm, promoting the voluntary compliance of this. Moreover, the formal rules that deal with environmental issues should involve the all chain (agribusiness system), inasmuch as, particularly in this type of chain there is a great dependency between actors. Thus one should make an analysis considering, in a set, the effects of the formal norm in question.

A grande maioria das organizações falha no processo de implementação de estratégias. A farta literatura de administração de empresas evidencia o fenômeno, e desafia os cientistas das organizações a buscarem aprimoramentos para o problema em questão. A presente tese identifica as principais variáveis críticas de sucesso para a implementação de estratégias, e desenvolve uma análise empírica do sistema de distribuição de defensivos agrícolas no Brasil. O referencial teórico empregado inova, ao trazer as abordagens da Economia das Organizações, na vertente da Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT), para a análise de um problema de governança corporativa, complementando as tradicionais abordagens de Management, adotadas nas disciplinas de Administração Geral. A análise por meio da Economia das Organizações traz o embasamento econômico e a descrição social do comportamento humano aos processos de geração e implementação de estratégias, preenchendo uma lacuna teórica. A ECT desenvolve uma visão contratual do processo de implementação de estratégias, que analisa a relação entre os proprietários e executivos, para o desenvolvimento de ações definidas pelas estratégias. Assim, a tese associa as estruturas de governança minimizadoras dos custos de transação para a implementação de estratégias com as características das diversas organizações. A tese identificou como variáveis críticas de sucesso no processo de implementação de estratégias: i) a presença de gestão contratada, com executivos (gestores contratados) iniciando as estratégias, estrategistas (proprietários) ratificando-as, executivos implementando-as e estrategistas monitorando-as, para organizações complexas; ii) a existência de mecanismos de adaptação do processo de implementação de estratégias; iii) a existência de salvaguardas contratuais em função da necessidade de investimentos em ativos específicos, gerados a partir das estratégias; e iv) a existência de salvaguardas contratuais em função das incertezas do ambiente de negócio. A pesquisa empírica desenvolveu-se por meio de um survey, que analisou o processo de implementação de estratégias em 32 canais de distribuição de defensivos agrícolas no Brasil. Assim, tornou-se possível o desenvolvimento de uma discussão empírica das hipóteses, que evidencia a relevância das variáveis críticas de sucesso identificadas na revisão teórica. Os resultados da pesquisa empírica apontaram, com exceção da restrição ao resíduo do tomador de decisão, para empresas não complexas, que todas as variáveis críticas de sucesso identificadas na revisão teórica apresentaram relação direta e positiva com a performance do processo de implementação de estratégias, variando entretanto, com relação à significância estatística. A variável gestão contratada não apresentou significância estatística, o que se justifica em parte, pela presença de poucas organizações que apresentam profissionais contratados para gerirem as empresas que compõem a amostra, fato que dificultou a análise. Os resultados da pesquisa empírica não podem ser extrapolados para a população, uma vez que a amostra não é aleatória nem representativa. A partir da revisão teórica e das evidências da pesquisa empírica, a tese elaborou uma proposta metodológica que promove o desenvolvimento de estruturas de governança a partir da análise das variáveis críticas de sucesso, que geram eficiência no processo de implementação de estratégias. Foram estruturadas três dinâmicas que exploram as variações do comportamento dos agentes nas organizações, a necessidade de investimentos em ativos específicos em função das estratégias definidas no processo, e o nível de exposição a incertezas do ambiente de negócios das organizações. A tese consolidou um modelo de gestão estratégica e as dinâmicas são focadas na fase de implementação, após a definição das estratégias. / The great majority of organizations fail when it comes to implement strategies. The great amount of literature in business administration shows such a fact, and challenges the scientists of organizations to find improvements to this issue. The following thesis identifies the main critical success variables to implement strategies and comes up with an empirical analysis of the distribution system of agricultural agrochemical in Brazil. The theoretical references employed are innovative, for they bring the approaches of the Economy of Organizations, under the lines of Transactional Costs Economics (TCE), to the analysis of an issue of corporate governance, in addition to the traditional approaches of Management adopted in the subject matters of Business. The analysis through Economy of Organizations has the economic foundation and the social description of human behavior in the processes of generation and implementation of strategies, thus fulfilling a theoretical gap. TCE develops a contractual approach of the strategies implementation process, one which analyzes the relationship between owners and executives to develop actions defined by strategies. Thus, the thesis associates governance structures which are diminishing factors of cost transactions to implement strategies with the characteristics of several organizations. The thesis identified as critical success variables in the process of implementing strategies: i) the presence of contracted management, with executives (contracted managers) initiating the strategies, strategists (owners) ratifying them, executives implementing them and strategists monitoring them in complex organizations; ii) the presence of mechanisms to adapt the process of strategies implementation; iii) the existence of contractual safeguards due to the need for investments in specific assets generated as result of strategies; and iv) the presence of contractual safeguards due to the uncertainties of the business environment. The empirical research was conducted through a survey, which analyzed the process of strategies implementation in 32 agricultural agrochemical distribution channels in Brazil. Thus it was possible to develop an empiric discussion of the hypothesis that demonstrates the relevance of the critical success variables identified in the theoretical review. The results of the empirical survey show, with the exception of the restriction to the remnant of the decision maker for non-complex enterprises, that all critical success variables identified in the theoretical review showed a direct and positive relation with the performance of the process of strategies implementation, but with variations in relation to their statistical significance. The variable contracted management showed no statistical significance, partially due to the existence of few organizations with contracted professionals to manage the companies, a factor which hindered the analysis. The results of the empirical survey cannot be extended to the population, since the sampling is neither aleatory nor representative. With the theoretical review and the evidence presented in the empirical survey the thesis established a methodological proposal that promotes the development of governance structures from the analysis of critical success variables that generate efficiency in the strategies implementation process. Three dynamics were structured which explore the behavioral variations of agents in organizations, the need of investments in specific assets according to the strategies defined in the process and the level of exposure to uncertainties in the business environment of organizations. The thesis consolidated a model of strategic management and the dynamics are focused in the implementation phase, after the definition of strategies.

A tese realiza uma discussão sobre o papel das instituições na formação e desenvolvimento da vitivinicultura da Serra Gaúcha, tendo por base os pressupostos teóricos da Nova Economia Institucional. Partindo de uma análise de base histórica, o estudo se centra nas transformações recentes ocorridas na vitivinicultura da Serra Gaúcha, desde o final da década de 1980. Após uma ampla revisão, se construiu um modelo analítico das principais transformações ocorridas, nos ambientes organizacionais, tecnológicos, competitivos e institucionais. A partir de tais análises, se propôs um conceito de desenvolvimento rural sob a ótica institucional. O que se pode perceber é que tanto as instituições formais quanto informais cumpriram um importante papel na consolidação de um desenvolvimento rural diferenciado na região, tendo na produção familiar de uvas e vinhos a raiz desse processo. Tais instituições, ao longo do tempo, não somente promoveram a melhora do desenvolvimento rural da região, como também afetaram a conformação do próprio Sistema Agroindustrial (SAG) da Vitivinicultura da Serra Gaúcha, responsável por mais de 90% de todo o vinho produzido no Brasil. Em síntese, as instituições criadas a partir do início dos anos 1990, e que continuam se desenvolvendo até a presente data, ajudaram, basicamente, na promoção da ação coletiva dos agentes econômicos do SAG; melhoraram as condições de produtividade, qualidade e de competição, em especial com os players internacionais; têm buscado desenvolver estratégias que privilegiem as economias de escopo, sobretudo entre os pequenos produtores; têm, a partir de programas e projetos específicos (por exemplo, FUNDOVITIS, MODERVITIS, Wines of Brasil etc.), buscado reduzir os custos de transação entre os agentes produtivos, principalmente porque têm auxiliado a melhorar a comunicação entre eles, bem como a qualidade da informação produzida. / The thesis makes a discussion on the role of institutions in training and development of the wine industry of Serra Gaucha, based on the theoretical assumptions of the New Institutional Economics. From a historical basis analysis, the study focuses on recent transformations in the wine industry of Serra Gaucha, since the late 1980s. After an extensive review, an analytical model was built of the major changes that have occurred in organizational, technological, competitive and institutional environments. From these analyzes, a concept of rural development in the institutional perspective was proposed. What can be seen is that both informal and formal institutions fulfilled an important role in the consolidation of a differentiated rural development in the region, and the family production of grapes and wines was the root of this process. Such institutions, over time, not only have promoted the improvement of rural development in the region, but also have affected the conformation of Agroindustrial System (SAG) of Viticulture in Serra Gaucha, responsible for over 90% of all wine produced in Brazil. In summary, the institutions that were created from the early 1990s and that continue being developed, helped basically in: promoting collective action of SAG economic agents; improved productivity conditions, quality and competition, especially with international players; they have sought to develop strategies that favor economies of scope, especially among small producers; they have sought to reduce transaction costs between productive agents as from specific programs and projects (eg FUNDOVITIS, MODERVITIS, Wines of Brazil etc.), mainly because they have helped to improve communication between producers and the quality the information produced.

Les gouvernements se sont récemment engagés à enrayer l’érosion de la biodiversité. Dans ce contexte, la compensation écologique est apparue comme une réponse politique en permettant, en principe, de répondre à l’exigence de conciliation de deux intérêts souvent antagonistes : le développement économique et la conservation de la biodiversité. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’analyser si la compensation écologique peut accomplir cette promesse. J’envisage cette problématique avec trois angles d’analyse complémentaires et de façon interdisciplinaire en mobilisant les apports de l'économie et de l'écologie. Premièrement, dans une approche théorique, je pose la question de la compatibilité du principe de la compensation avec son objectif de conservation de la biodiversité. Je pose ensuite la question de la possibilité d’atteindre l’objectif d’absence de perte nette de biodiversité dans la mise en œuvre de la compensation. Pour cela, j’étudie empiriquement deux mécanismes de compensation au travers de deux cas d’étude français : une banque de compensation, et la contractualisation agro-environnementale. J’utilise principalement les outils de l’économie néo-institutionnelle pour analyser l’efficacité de ces mécanismes pour la réalisation des objectifs écologiques de la compensation. Au travers d'une approche épistémologique, ma troisième interrogation porte sur le rôle des dynamiques politiques dans la diffusion et dans la promotion de la compensation écologique dans la communauté scientifique. L’analyse théorique met en évidence des limites intrinsèques au principe de la compensation pour atteindre ses objectifs de conservation de la biodiversité, notamment au regard de l’impossibilité d’adopter une approche écologique complexe de la biodiversité dans le processus de la compensation. L’étude empirique montre que les modes d’organisation de la compensation comportent également des limites qui obligent à des compromis susceptibles de remettre en cause l’atteinte des objectifs écologiques de la compensation. Ces résultats mettent en évidence le rôle et l’importance des institutions dans la mise en œuvre des compensations, notamment pour limiter l’apparition de comportements opportunistes, responsables des principaux problèmes d’efficacité identifiés. Enfin, l’analyse épistémologique révèle que le développement et la promotion de la compensation écologique répond à un agenda politique principalement porté par les politiques anglo-saxonnes et certains acteurs de conservation. Ainsi, la compensation écologique n’est pas un objet neutre car elle sert à la diffusion d’une certaine idéologie sur la pratique de la conservation de la biodiversité dans le sillage du développement durable et de l’économie verte. Pour conclure, ce travail permet de souligner que la conciliation des intérêts économiques et écologiques constitue une problématique complexe dont la voie du consensus ne semble pas permettre de répondre aux enjeux d’érosion de la biodiversité. La compensation offre en somme une occasion de penser les conditions de possibilités et d’impossibilités de la protection de la nature aujourd’hui. / Governments have recently pledged to halt the loss of biodiversity. In this context, biodiversity offsetting (BO) appeared as a political response by allowing, in principle, to reconcile two often conflicting interests: economic development and biodiversity conservation. The objective of this work is to analyse whether BO can fulfil that promise. I am considering this issue from an interdisciplinary perspective by mobilizing the contributions of economy and ecology and using three complementary approaches. First, in a theoretical perspective, I ask the question of the compatibility of the offsetting principle with its biodiversity conservation goal. Second, in an empirical approach, I investigate the strengths and limits of using BO mechanisms in conservation policies, particularly two specific mechanisms analysed through two French case-studies: habitat bank and agri-environmental contracts. I mainly use the new institutional economics framework to analyse the effectiveness of these mechanisms for achieving the environmental objectives of BO. Finally, I adopt an epistemological approach to question the role of political dynamics in the diffusion and the promotion of BO in the scientific community. The results of the theoretical analysis highlights the inherent limits to the BO principle to achieve its conservation goals, especially with regard to the impossibility to adopt a complex ecological approach to biodiversity in the process of BO. My empirical study shows that the mechanisms of BO also have limitations that force compromises likely to jeopardize the achievement of environmental objectives of BO. These outcomes highlight the role and the importance of institutions in the implementation of BO, especially to provide clear and precise rules in order to limit the emergence of opportunistic behaviours, responsible for the major problems identified. Finally, my epistemological analysis shows that the development and the promotion of BO actually respond to a political agenda driven by the Anglo-Saxon policies and some conservation stakeholders. Overall my work emphasizes that BO is not a neutral object as it serves to spread a certain ideology on the practice of biodiversity conservation through the lens of sustainable development and green economy. Finally, this work allows stressing that reconciling economic and conservation interests is a complex problem that cannot be solved by using idealized consensus. Rather, the concept of BO offers an opportunity to think about the conditions of possibilities and impossibilities of the protection of nature today.