The following thesis outlines the Chinese government's push for new-energy vehicles within their auto industry. By giving a history of the Chinese automotive industry and the central planning devices used to push the industry forward, we should develop a more refined understanding as to the direction of China' auto industry in the future.

No atual modelo do setor elétrico, conforme previsto na legislação vigente, o Ministério de Minas e Energia (MME) promove leilões de compra de energia elétrica, como mecanismo para o atendimento à demanda das distribuidoras de energia, proporcionando a busca pelo menor valor de compra possível, que será repassado ao consumidor final, por meio de tarifas. A negociação, resultante dos leilões, é firmada entre as empresas geradoras e distribuidoras de energia, por meio de contratos, em um ambiente conhecido por Ambiente de Contratação Regulada, o que caracteriza o reconhecimento por Contrato de Comercialização de Energia no Ambiente Regulado (CCEAR). Dentre estes leilões, estão previstos os chamados leilões de energia nova, que tem como objetivo não somente atender à demanda futura das distribuidoras de energia, mas também viabilizar a expansão do potencial de oferta na matriz energética brasileira, por meio da construção de novos empreendimentos de geração. Para isto, além de um planejamento de médio e longo prazo que assegure um suprimento sustentável ao mercado regulado de energia elétrica, é necessário que existam regras definidas para a negociação e entrega da energia e que sejam mitigados os riscos do não cumprimento das obrigações dos geradores, previstas nos contratos. Neste sentido, cláusulas contratuais são previstas para assegurar tais obrigações dos geradores durante o compromisso de suprimento, além de outras penalidades na legislação vigente para os agentes do setor elétrico brasileiro. Desta forma, a análise aqui apresentada retrata o estudo aprofundado de todos os mecanismos de penalidades utilizados até o final do suprimento do CCEAR de energia nova, para que se possa então verificar os impactos para o gerador, na ocorrência do descumprimento de cada uma de suas obrigações, além de observar os possíveis impactos para o consumidor final, na contabilização do mercado de energia como um todo e, até mesmo, na operação do sistema interligado nacional (SIN). / In the current institutional model of the Brazilian electricity sector, according to the legislation in force, the Ministry of Mines and Energy promotes auctions of electricity, as a mechanism to meet the demand power distribution, ensuring the lowest possible purchase price, that will be passed through to final consumers tariff. The negotiation associated to the auctions is consolidated between generating and distribution companies through contracts in a business environment known Regulated Contracting Environment, giving rise to the Contract Energy Trading in a Regulated Environment (CCEAR). Among these auctions, it is worthwhile to note the new energy auctions, which aims to not only meet the future demand of energy distribution, but also facilitate the expansion of the supply potential of the Brazilian energy matrix, through the construction of new generation plants. For this, in addition to a medium and long term planning to ensure a sustainable supply to the regulated market of electricity, it is necessary to define rules for the negotiation and delivery of energy and to mitigating the risks of non-compliance with the obligations of generators to these contracts. In this sense, contractual clauses are provided to enforce the generators to comply with such obligations during the commitment to supply, in addition to other penalties in the legislation for the agents of the Brazilian electricity sector. Thus, the analysis presented here synthesizes a study of all penalties mechanisms established in the new energy CCEAR and then verifies the impacts for the generator in the event of non-compliance with each of their obligations and the possible impact to the consumer, in accounting for the energy market as a whole and even in the operation of the national grid (SIN).

No atual modelo do setor elétrico, conforme previsto na legislação vigente, o Ministério de Minas e Energia (MME) promove leilões de compra de energia elétrica, como mecanismo para o atendimento à demanda das distribuidoras de energia, proporcionando a busca pelo menor valor de compra possível, que será repassado ao consumidor final, por meio de tarifas. A negociação, resultante dos leilões, é firmada entre as empresas geradoras e distribuidoras de energia, por meio de contratos, em um ambiente conhecido por Ambiente de Contratação Regulada, o que caracteriza o reconhecimento por Contrato de Comercialização de Energia no Ambiente Regulado (CCEAR). Dentre estes leilões, estão previstos os chamados leilões de energia nova, que tem como objetivo não somente atender à demanda futura das distribuidoras de energia, mas também viabilizar a expansão do potencial de oferta na matriz energética brasileira, por meio da construção de novos empreendimentos de geração. Para isto, além de um planejamento de médio e longo prazo que assegure um suprimento sustentável ao mercado regulado de energia elétrica, é necessário que existam regras definidas para a negociação e entrega da energia e que sejam mitigados os riscos do não cumprimento das obrigações dos geradores, previstas nos contratos. Neste sentido, cláusulas contratuais são previstas para assegurar tais obrigações dos geradores durante o compromisso de suprimento, além de outras penalidades na legislação vigente para os agentes do setor elétrico brasileiro. Desta forma, a análise aqui apresentada retrata o estudo aprofundado de todos os mecanismos de penalidades utilizados até o final do suprimento do CCEAR de energia nova, para que se possa então verificar os impactos para o gerador, na ocorrência do descumprimento de cada uma de suas obrigações, além de observar os possíveis impactos para o consumidor final, na contabilização do mercado de energia como um todo e, até mesmo, na operação do sistema interligado nacional (SIN). / In the current institutional model of the Brazilian electricity sector, according to the legislation in force, the Ministry of Mines and Energy promotes auctions of electricity, as a mechanism to meet the demand power distribution, ensuring the lowest possible purchase price, that will be passed through to final consumers tariff. The negotiation associated to the auctions is consolidated between generating and distribution companies through contracts in a business environment known Regulated Contracting Environment, giving rise to the Contract Energy Trading in a Regulated Environment (CCEAR). Among these auctions, it is worthwhile to note the new energy auctions, which aims to not only meet the future demand of energy distribution, but also facilitate the expansion of the supply potential of the Brazilian energy matrix, through the construction of new generation plants. For this, in addition to a medium and long term planning to ensure a sustainable supply to the regulated market of electricity, it is necessary to define rules for the negotiation and delivery of energy and to mitigating the risks of non-compliance with the obligations of generators to these contracts. In this sense, contractual clauses are provided to enforce the generators to comply with such obligations during the commitment to supply, in addition to other penalties in the legislation for the agents of the Brazilian electricity sector. Thus, the analysis presented here synthesizes a study of all penalties mechanisms established in the new energy CCEAR and then verifies the impacts for the generator in the event of non-compliance with each of their obligations and the possible impact to the consumer, in accounting for the energy market as a whole and even in the operation of the national grid (SIN).

Purpose/aim This study is about environmental protection and energy conservation in the China vehicle market. Based on that, we focus on and comparison of combustion vehicles with hybrid vehicles.Design/method/approach Data was collected through questionnaire. The analysis includes a description of the sample and chi-square tests. We analyze two different particular engines (combustion engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles) and our single environment. We compare these two engine vehicles, and analyze the trends of the market. We use scientific data and existing theories to analyze the vehicles, including “lifecycle costs” “CO2 emissions”, “Greenhouse gas”, “Consumers perception”, “Full Costing”, “PPC (Production Possibilities Curve)”, “Supply Demand Curve”, and “Green Taxes”.Findings We conclude that hybrid engine vehicles are environmentally friendly and energy conserving, but they have higher lifecycle costs. The analysis also shows that different ages, education levels and regions affect the customers’ preferences for these two kinds of vehicles.Originality/value Our original idea is the problems of hybrid vehicles and how to support and popularize hybrid vehicles depends on the exact national conditions and policies implemented. However, consumers might not be able to accept the “environmental protection and energy conservation” concept immediately, because it’s difficult to change the consumption concept of a generation or culture. Therefore, the government should carry out policies that are suitable for their local region to update the consumption concepts of the consumers and promote the new energy vehicles. Thus, the goal of environmental protection and energy conservation can be reached.

Humanity is more civilized more cannot live without energy, but along with its heavier depending on the tradition fossil energy, also facing the resources exhausting and the environmental protection subject, the enhancement development of¡§renewable energy resources¡¨and¡§green energy resources¡¨has become the trend of global pursued. From the global climate vicissitude conference, proposed especially reduces the greenhouse gas emissions, every countries racks one's brains all, pondered how to reduce degree of dependency of the fossil energy and diversify the energy resources. Since developing new energy for future is an inevitably tendency, then how to position and how to plan the new energy strategy turns into the most important topic for each international energy company. This study namely takes A-Company as an example, discusses new energy strategy of the main global international energy company. This study aims at each advanced countries and the main international energy company first the new energy strategy, carries on the preliminary comparison and the analysis, then from competitive advantage theories and SWOT analysis, five strength analyses, product life cycle, diamond model, discusses the new energy strategy for A-Company .In this study case, To improve energy efficency, To manage emissions and To diversify the energy resources are the best new energy strategy, so that it can be well competitive advantaged . This study also suggests A-Company with some feasible planning actions to cope with the future energy developing scenario .

This research analysis automobile industry of China and Germany, based on theory of the competitive advantage of nations. Currently China is the largest market of automobile production and sales of the world. The huge domestic market demand is sufficient to reflect the rapid growth of the automobile industry for the Chinese automotive industry, while Germany automobile industry has long been acknowledged by the average consumer due to its technology and quality assurance. Global warming and energy consumption has led to global environmental awareness, which influence the cooperation model of China and Germany on automobile industry. In this thesis the cooperation model will be analyzed, the conclusion of analyze could be as the positive advice for the development of Taiwan automobile industry in the future.

Não há como atender a crescente demanda por energia elétrica, sem enfrentarmos os problemas de ordem ambiental. Sabemos que não é possível gerar energia elétrica em larga escala sem poluir o meio ambiente. O Brasil não foge a esse princípio, e inevitavelmente enfrenta problemas ambientais em sua matriz elétrica. Assim, tornase cada vez mais importante a busca por geração de energia através de formas mais limpas, que poluam da menor maneira possível o nosso meio ambiente. Para tanto, é imprescindível que a legislação ambiental acompanhe essas mudanças, determinando um desenvolvimento que seja verdadeiramente sustentável. A legislação ambiental brasileira, através da política energética nacional prevê princípios e objetivos que visam preservar o interesse nacional, promover o desenvolvimento econômico do país e garantir o fornecimento de energia elétrica sem que o meio ambiente seja degradado. É certo que a matriz elétrica atual não irá suportar essa demanda; pois o Brasil se destaca pelo grande potencial de geração através de usinas hidrelétricas; no entanto, mesmo se tratando de uma forma relativamente limpa de geração de energia, a energia hidrelétrica, quando trabalhada em grande escala, acaba por apresentar grandes impactos ambientais. Assim o aproveitamento racional dos nossos recursos energéticos é, sem dúvida alguma, uma peça fundamental na busca desses objetivos. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-23T13:23:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Tiago Rafael de Carvalho.pdf: 1628453 bytes, checksum: cddf601ff20ab0b320326ba09326ad6c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-23T13:23:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Tiago Rafael de Carvalho.pdf: 1628453 bytes, checksum: cddf601ff20ab0b320326ba09326ad6c (MD5) / There is no way meet the growing demand for electricity without facing the problems of environmental. We know we can not generate electricity on a large scale without polluting the environment. Brazil is no exception to this principle, and inevitably faces environmental problems in its energy matrix. Thus, it becomes increasingly important to search for power generation via cleaner forms, which pollute the smallest possible way our environment. Therefore, it is essential that environmental legislation accompanying these changes, determining a development that is truly sustainable. Brazilian environmental legislation, through the national energy policy provides principles and objectives aimed at preserving the national interest, promote economic development of the country and ensure the supply of electricity without the environment is degraded. It is true that the current electrical grid will not support this demand, because Brazil is notable for the large potential for hydroelectric generation through, however, despite being a relatively clean energy generation, hydroelectric power, when worked large-scale turns out to have major environmental impacts. Thus the rational use of our energy resources is undoubtedly a fundamental part in the pursuit of these goals.

Não há como atender a crescente demanda por energia elétrica, sem enfrentarmos os problemas de ordem ambiental. Sabemos que não é possível gerar energia elétrica em larga escala sem poluir o meio ambiente. O Brasil não foge a esse princípio, e inevitavelmente enfrenta problemas ambientais em sua matriz elétrica. Assim, tornase cada vez mais importante a busca por geração de energia através de formas mais limpas, que poluam da menor maneira possível o nosso meio ambiente. Para tanto, é imprescindível que a legislação ambiental acompanhe essas mudanças, determinando um desenvolvimento que seja verdadeiramente sustentável. A legislação ambiental brasileira, através da política energética nacional prevê princípios e objetivos que visam preservar o interesse nacional, promover o desenvolvimento econômico do país e garantir o fornecimento de energia elétrica sem que o meio ambiente seja degradado. É certo que a matriz elétrica atual não irá suportar essa demanda; pois o Brasil se destaca pelo grande potencial de geração através de usinas hidrelétricas; no entanto, mesmo se tratando de uma forma relativamente limpa de geração de energia, a energia hidrelétrica, quando trabalhada em grande escala, acaba por apresentar grandes impactos ambientais. Assim o aproveitamento racional dos nossos recursos energéticos é, sem dúvida alguma, uma peça fundamental na busca desses objetivos. / There is no way meet the growing demand for electricity without facing the problems of environmental. We know we can not generate electricity on a large scale without polluting the environment. Brazil is no exception to this principle, and inevitably faces environmental problems in its energy matrix. Thus, it becomes increasingly important to search for power generation via cleaner forms, which pollute the smallest possible way our environment. Therefore, it is essential that environmental legislation accompanying these changes, determining a development that is truly sustainable. Brazilian environmental legislation, through the national energy policy provides principles and objectives aimed at preserving the national interest, promote economic development of the country and ensure the supply of electricity without the environment is degraded. It is true that the current electrical grid will not support this demand, because Brazil is notable for the large potential for hydroelectric generation through, however, despite being a relatively clean energy generation, hydroelectric power, when worked large-scale turns out to have major environmental impacts. Thus the rational use of our energy resources is undoubtedly a fundamental part in the pursuit of these goals.

This thesis gives an approach how to develop newperovskite and nanocomposite cathode material for low temperature solid oxidefuel cells on the basis of nanocomposite approach to lower the operatingtemperature of SOFC. BaxCa1-xCoyFe1-yO3-δ(BCCF) and BSCF perovskite or nanocomposite oxides have been synthesized andinvestigated as catalytically potential cathode materials for low temperaturesolid oxide fuel cells (LTSOFC). Some single component materials have been alsosynthesized for new energy conversion device or EFFC. These nanocomposite andperovskite electrical conductors were synthesized by wet chemical, sol gel,co-precipitation and solid state reaction methods. Comparison with that ofcommercial Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ(BSCF) cathode material, BCCF and locally prepared BSCF exhibit higher electricalconductivities as compared to that of commercial BSCF at same setup andconditions. In particular, novel Ba0.3Ca0.7Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δhas shown the maximum conductivity of 143 S/cm in air and local BSCF withconductivity of 313 S/cm in air at 550°C were measured by DC 4 probe method. Anadditional positive aspect of BCCF is that it is cost effective and works atroom temperature but with small output which will lead SOFC to operate atextremely low temperatures. XRD patterns of the samples reveal perovskite andnanocomposite structures of the said materials. Microstructure studies give thehomogeneous structure and morphology of the nanoparticles by using HighResolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Cell resistance has beendetermined by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Devised materialshave shown very good mechanical strength and stability proving their importancein advanced fuel cell technology. Power density of devices from 126 to 192 mWcm-2hasbeen achieved.

近年來，全球氣候暖化問題嚴重，造成地球環境的變遷，加上能源安全威脅與經濟、環境永續發展的考量，世界各國對於節能減碳的議題日漸重視。車輛電動化即在減少溫室氣體排放、改善生活環境、加強能源安全及掌握產業發展轉型契機等因素驅動下，成為全球車輛發展的重要趨勢，全球電動車產業結構與產業網絡正在逐漸成形中。 本研究係針對全球主要國家政府在面對電動車這個新興產業發展時，所採取的政策進行分析與探討，並且以日本、美國、中國、德國政府政策為探討目標，從文獻回顧及專業機構報告中整理分析各國政府的產業政策，試圖探討政府的角色與定位，進一步描繪出台灣政府應該扮演的角色，並且提出建議，作為政府於制定產業政策時之參考，期能對電動車產業做出貢獻，讓台灣電動車產業在此波革命浪潮中，創造出更高的價值及競爭力。 本研究發現，電動車新興產業在發展過程中充滿許多經濟面、市場面、環境面以及技術面的發展限制，本研究在羅列出的十六項發展限制中，有高達十一項限制與政府的政策息息相關。汽車百年產業革命成功與否，業界對於政府是否能創造具有競爭優勢的發展環境要求殷切，於是在電池研發技術未臻成熟、產業各項標準尚未建立之際，各國政府紛紛伸出<看得見的那隻手>，從產業研究發展獎勵、消費市場購車、用車以及充電基礎建設普及的促成與補助，配合業者在關鍵技術發展的努力、商業模式的發展、產業群聚的形成、充電基礎建設的普及、維修體系的建置、社會大眾對於環境品質的需求、用車習慣的改變、電動車節能形象的認同……等種種助力，形成產業能量面的推升力量以及市場需求的拉力，形塑出電動車未來發展的良性循環，試圖在此領域內創造出比較優勢，促使這一波新的汽車產業革命形成。 　　值此關鍵時期，台灣政府如何提供本國產業一臂之力，期於未來世界汽車產業佔有一席之地？這是許多業者關心的議題。目前，各國政府紛紛制訂獎勵政策協助業者以及消費者對於電動車發展與使用的認同；尤其德國政府作法積極，從保持人民生活品質、解決石油倚賴問題、強化經濟傳統命脈的汽車工業，從環境結構、基礎設施到社會大眾的消費習慣宣導著手，具體規劃國家新經濟遠景，將德國塑造成世界電動車大國，這是非常值得台灣政府參考的典範。 本研究建議，電動車產業處發展初階段，眾家車廠以及各國政府皆在摸索前行中，台灣政府應參考各國政府政策後，了解台灣產業的優勢與機會，從基礎設施到新能源政策、基本軟硬體投資環境的建置著手，協助業者發展創造出友善的投資環境並且積極發展國內電動車運行，累積出屬於台灣自己的<台灣EV經驗>，協助業者強化電動車相關技術，除藉由電動車的普及來降低國內對於石油的依賴外，倘若能成功推行電動車成為國際典範，讓世界看到台灣先進的科技與環保觀念，提升國際形象，在時機成熟時，提供關鍵零件技術，利用中國的潛在市場，參與國際標準制定，創造出台灣電動車產業的發展空間。 / The worsening problem of global warming in recent years has led to the environmental changes on Earth. This fact, along with the emerging threats to energy security and the call for sustainable economic and environmental development, has drawn increasing worldwide attention on the issues of energy saving and carbon reduction. As a result, the EV (Electric Vehicle) industry is gaining increasing importance in the global automobile market, driven by various motives including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving living environment, safeguarding energy security and seizing the opportunities of industrial transformation. The industrial structure and network of the global EV market is gradually taking shape. The purpose of this research is to explore and analyze the policies adopted by the governments of the world’s leading countries on the emerging EV industry, focusing on Japan, the USA, China and Germany. By reviewing historical documents and professional reports, the author has probed the industrial policies of these countries, endeavoring to identify the roles of the governments in this process and, furthermore, to depict the roles and positions of the government of Taiwan. The author has also provided recommendations to the government for developing industrial policies, with the hope that the research results will contribute to the growth of the EV industry in Taiwan and the creation of higher value and competitive advantages in this revolutionary process. It is discovered in this research that a great deal of development restrictions are involved in the growing process of the emerging EV industry, respectively in the economic, market, environmental and technological fields. Among the sixteen development restrictions outlined in this research, there are as many as eleven items which are closely bound up with government policies. The success of this unprecedented industrial revolution, therefore, relies on whether the government can create a development environment with sufficient competitive advantages, which is anxiously longed for by the EV industry. Given the facts that the R&D technologies for the battery industry are not fully mature and various industrial benchmarks are yet to be established, the “visible hands” are offered by governments, one after another, to support the industry. These government initiatives include: providing incentives for industrial R&D, stimulating the consumer market, as well as facilitating and subsidizing the EV car use and recharging infrastructure. Other supportive policies include assisting the EV industry in developing key technologies, building up business models, shaping industrial clusters, expanding recharging infrastructure, establishing the maintenance/repair systems, accommodating to the public demand on environmental quality and the changes in car-using habits, promoting the identification with the energy-saving image of EV’s, etc. All these measures have turned into a pushing force that gives momentum to the industry, as well as a pulling force that booms the market. They contribute to forming a virtuous development cycle for the EV industry in future; help to create comparative advantages in this specific field; and make impossible this new wave of industrial revolution for automobiles. At this critical stage, how would the Taiwan government lend a helping hand so that the local EV industry could gain a stake in the international automobile market in future? This is an issue widely concerned by the industry. Now, many countries are offering incentive policies to help with the development of the industry and build up consumer identification with the electric cars. The German government, particularly, has taken aggressive actions. Apart from the efforts in maintaining/improving the life quality of its people, the government also endeavors to reduce the dependency on imported oil and strengthen the competitiveness of its automobile industry, which is vital to the economic growth of the country. To realize the new economic vision of the country, the German government has developed specific plans, covering various initiatives including environmental structure, infrastructure construction and consumer education, etc. The purpose is to make Germany a leading country for the EV industry. These we believe are the “best practices” to be considered by the Taiwan government. The EV industry is yet at its preliminary stage of development. Governments, as well as EV manufacturers around the world, are all endeavoring to find the right path ahead. It is recommended, therefore, that the government of Taiwan should firstly study the policies of other countries and understand the strengths and weakness of local industries. The initial efforts should be focused on constructing infrastructures, setting up new energy policies and installing the fundamental software/hardware for a friendly investment environment, so as to support the growth of the industry. The government should, in the meantime, actively promote the electric vehicles in the domestic market, build up the unique “EV Experience of Taiwan” to help improving the relevant EV technology for the local industry. Apart from reducing the country’s dependency on imported oil, the successful popularization of EV in Taiwan will also become one of the best practices in the world and contribute to the elevation of Taiwan’s international image, having showcased its advanced technologies and strong environmental awareness. With increasing sophistication, Taiwan’s EV industry also has the capabilities to provide critical spare parts technologies and to play a role, through the potential China market, in the international standard-setting process, thereby creating further expanding possibilities for the industry.