能源的議題牽繫人類文明的發展，在開發與運用的同時，也伴隨相當的代價。當代所因應發展的新能源經濟，在全球範圍內希冀提供人類前進的方案。 在新能源經濟的浪潮中，三個主要支柱分別是可再生能源，智慧電網與智慧家庭，以及電動車。我們解構產業的組成與價值鏈，分析產業的發展現況，並探究可行的技術運用與商業模式。 最終希望結合我們所擅長的資訊科技，在經濟層面為這片土地作出貢獻。

環境惡化與經濟下行的壓力，讓中國各級政府必須尋求一條有別於過去的集約、創新、綠色的發展道路。在這種背景下，類似新能源汽車等兼具節能環保、產業轉型的一批戰略性新興產業開始興起；而地方在承接與發展這些產業時，則傾向於將產業的發展同地方的城市化相結合，採行「以產業為動力，以新城為依託，以生態為源泉」的產城融合模式。 本文通過實地田野調查對上海市嘉定區發展新能源汽車產業的案例進行研究並認為：地方政府為了應對外部發展環境的變化，選擇「把握發展主動權」引入新能源汽車產業，但其實質為把握地方不變的關鍵性資源，即土地開發權。憑藉新能源汽車所帶來的產業不確定性與「綠色共識」下發展正當性的橋接，地方政府獲得了更大的行為自主性與容錯空間，得以透過產業基地與國際示範區的建立帶動地方整體的空間轉型，進而謀取短期的土地開發利益；但產業發展的長期目標卻在這樣的過程中被推遲乃至消解。經由以上案例，本研究將揭示「產城融合」「城」大於「產」之本質，並深入討論綠色發展成為主流論述之下中國地方發展模式的轉變。 / Under the pressure of environmental deterioration and economic downturn, Chinese government have to seek to find a more intensified, innovative and environmental friendly (green) path to development, which differs from the inherent one. As a result, strategic emerging industries like New Energy Vehicles (NEVs) that bear the target of energy saving, environmental protection and industrial transformation start rising. For local governments who take main responsibility of acting, the way how they implement is to combine the industrial development with local urbanization process, which could be called as City-Industry Integration Model. This paper research the development of New Energy Vehicles in Jiading District, Shanghai Municipality and argues that in order to adapt to the changes of external conditions, local government chooses to “grasp the developmental initiative” to introduce the NEVs industry. However, the essence of the action is to grasp the changeless local key resources, which is the land development rights. Rely on the industrial uncertainty and the bridging of developmental legitimacy under Green Consensus, more autonomy and fault-tolerant space has been obtained by local government. Moreover, local officials could implement spatial transformation through the construction of industrial base and international demonstration area, and then gain short-term land development interests, which is in the cost of long-standing goal of industry booming. Overall, this research would reveal the fact that urbanization occupies a larger proportion than industrial development in the City-Industry Integration Model, and discuss the transformation of local developmental model in China under the new mainstream discourse of sustainable development.

In recent years, we have seen that global, national, and local governments have put sustainability goals on their agendas. Thus, at different levels and in different sectors, efforts are underway to promote a ‘green shift’, including the energy sector. As a result, landscapes of renewable energy sources are emerging in areas that have sufficient “empty landscapes” (LABLAB, 2023) – namely sparsely populated spaces that lie outside the administrative boundaries of cities. However, the discipline of spatial planning rarely discusses changing landscapes in the hinterlands and the resulting consequences for embedded communities. The city as an energy consumer is treated in isolation from its counterpart, the hinterland as an energy producer. In this context, it is unclear what interrelationships are present between the formation of ‘new energy landscapes’ (Pasqualetti and Stremke, 2018; LABLAB, 2023), the urban ‘hinterland’ (Brenner, 2016; Westlund, 2018; Brenner and Katsikis, 2020), and the realities of embedded communities there.The geographies in the Swedish province of Jämtland belonging to the territory of the indigenous Southern Sápmi offer a suitable basis for a study that could fill this research gap. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to raise awareness of potentially conflicting interests between cities - striving to become more ‘sustainable’ - and the emergence of ‘new energy landscapes’ in the ‘hinterlands’ by including two different perspectives: an urban economic lens on the hinterland and a non-urban lens taken from the lived everyday lives of Sápmi communities embedded in new energy landscapes. This thesis poses three research questions to which it aims to find answers by using qualitative semi-structured, problem-centred interviews. It thus follows an interpretative abductive research approach. Through the analysis of the empirical data, the thesis shows that a joint discussion of the two discourses (‘hinterland’ and ‘new energy landscapes’) can help to gain a new understanding of urbanisation processes by including the perspective of non-urban communities in questions of urban sustainability. Furthermore, the thesis serves as an eye-opener for spatial planners to incorporate indigenous knowledge and lived experiences into the field of urban studies.

Promoting the use of electric vehicles (EVs) has become an important measure to solve the environmental issue in China. In Beijing, the number of EVs has increased rapidly during recent years. In parallel, an extensive charging infrastructure has been deployed. However, most charging infrastructure operators find it difficult to make a profit by only providing charging services due to the lack of a sound business model. This thesis aims to investigate the current status of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in urban Beijing and the business models of Beijing’s main charging infrastructure operators. Furthermore, based on the empirical findings, the weaknesses in the business models are identified. Beijing was chosen as case study in which the three main operators were studied in order to identify their business models in terms of value proposition, value creation and value capture. Questionnaire and interview as data collection methods were used to collect qualitative data. The study has shown that owing to the market demand and governmental promotion, the charging infrastructure industry retains its rapid development in Beijing. Moreover, the study indicates that the EV users’ most important demands on the charging services are: safety, convenience, speed, and stability during charging. The services need to be delivered at a reasonable price, and this is the development orientation for the charging operators. The business models of the three main charging infrastructure operators are almost identical, as all of them both manufacture and deploy charging piles as well as deliver charging services. They create and capture value by providing charging piles and service as well as various services based on mobile apps. Furthermore, through the investigation and analysis of their business models, five weaknesses in the business model have been identified: the slow pace of technology adoption, high initial investment requirements, few revenue streams, high cost for both internal personnel and external contractors, and insufficient information from App/mobile platform. / Att främja användningen av elbilar har blivit en viktig åtgärd för att lösa miljöproblemet i Kina. I Peking har antalet elbilar ökat snabbt de senaste åren. Parallellt har en utbyggnad av laddningsinfrastruktur skett. De flesta laddningsinfrastrukturoperatörer har dock svårt att göra vinst genom att endast tillhandahålla laddningstjänster på grund av bristen på en sund affärsmodell. Denna avhandling syftar till att undersöka den nuvarande situationen för laddningsinfrastrukturen för elbilar i Peking samt affärsmodellerna hos Pekings främsta laddningsinfrastrukturoperatörer. Enligt de empiriska resultaten identifieras svagheterna i affärsmodellerna. Peking valdes som fallstudie där de tre huvudoperatörerna studerades för att identifiera deras affärsmodeller i fråga om värderbjudande, värdeskapande och värdefångst. Frågeformulär och intervju som datainsamlingsmetoder användes för att samla in kvalitativa data. Studien har visat att, på grund av efterfrågan på marknaden och statens främjande behåller laddningsinfrastrukturbranschen sin snabba utveckling i Peking. Dessutom visar studien att elbilanvändarnas viktigaste krav på laddningstjänsterna är: säkerhet, bekvämlighet, hastighet och stabilitet under laddning. Tjänsterna måste levereras till ett rimligt pris, och detta är utvecklingsorienteringen för laddningsoperatörerna. Affärsmodellerna för de tre huvudoperatörerna är nästan identiska, eftersom alla tillverkar och distribuerar laddstolpar samt levererar laddningstjänster. De skapar värde genom att tillhandahålla laddningspolar och service samt olika tjänster baserade på mobilapp. Vidare, har fem svagheter identifierats genom undersökningen och analysen av affärsmodellerna: den långsamma teknikspridningen, höga initiala investeringskrav, få inkomstströmmar och höga kostnader för både intern personal och externa entreprenörer samt otillräcklig information från app / mobil plattform.

Personliga eldrivna fordon (EV) är ett nytt teknikområde som är på väg att uppnå stort momentum på flera av världens marknader. Eftersom branschen fortfarande ligger i sin linda finns det i nuläget inga tydliga strukturer, som gäller för alla marknader världen över, gällande relationerna mellan aktörer, vilket leder till osäkerheter när det kommer till att ta strategiska beslut. Uppdragsgivaren för denna studie är Hong Kong EV Power Ltd. (EV Power), en Hongkong-baserad leverantör av laddningsstationer för elbilar och relaterade tjänster, som har ambitionen att inträda marknaden på det kinesiska fastlandet inom den närmaste framtiden. Emellertid har EV Power ännu inte bestämt sig vilken stad de vill rikta in sig på i det första skedet. Denna avhandling ämnar formulera en modell som kan användas för att utvärdera och jämföra geografiska marknader med avseende på lämpligheten för ett marknadsinträde av en leverantör av laddningsstationer för elbilar. Dessutom kommer modellen testas på tre städer på kinas fastland (Peking, Shanghai och Shenzhen), med syfte att komma fram till vilken stad som är mest attraktiv för EV Power, samt att utvärdera modellens funktionsduglighet. Sist kommer resultaten från utvärderingen av de tre städerna att tjäna som utgångspunkten för en analys som ämnar ta fram framgångsfaktorer för ett marknadsinträde på kinas fastland. För att uppnå detta har fyra olika datainsamlingsmetoder använts: Först studerades teori, med syfte att få bakgrundskunskap likväl som att få förståelse för specifika faktorer som påverkar ett marknadsinträde som detta. För det andra observerades EV Powers nuvarande verksamhet i Hong Kong, i avsikt att förstå vad som har lett till den framgång som företaget upplevt på sin hemmamarknad. För det tredje intervjuades branschexperter för att få ett perspektiv på branschen som helhet. Sist samlades sekundär data kring de tre städerna in, för att kunna utvärdera de olika faktorerna som ingår i den framtagna modellen. Den slutgiltiga modellen består av fem faktorer som påverkar en stads attraktivitet för ett marknadsinträde av en leverantör av laddningsstationer för elbilar. De identifierade faktorerna är: ’Marknadens tillgänglighet’, ’Kortsiktig efterfrågan’, ’Förväntad marknadsandel’, ’Vinstmarginal’ och ’Långsiktig produktpotential’. Dessa faktorer är i sin tur indelade i subfaktorer som har sina egna uppsättningar av drivare. Efter att ha använt modellen för att utvärdera de tre städerna konstaterades det att Shanghai är den lämpligaste staden för ett marknadsinträde av EV Power, främst på grund av stadens dominans på marknaden för privatanvända elbilar och ett gynnsamt regelverk. Slutligen hittades tre framgångsfaktorer för ett sådant inträde: ’Fokusera på tjänster’, ’Bibehåll partner-relationer’ och ’Inträd tidigt’. / Personal electric vehicles (EV) is an emerging technology that has gained much momentum in several markets during the past decade, and China is currently one of the markets where the growth in EV sales is the highest. Since the industry is still in its infancy, there are currently no clear structures regarding the relationships between different actors that apply to all markets globally, leading to great uncertainty in strategic decisions. The commissioner of this study is Hong Kong EV Power Ltd. (EV Power), a producer of EV supply equipment (EVSE) and related services in Hong Kong, which aspires to enter the Chinese mainland in the near future. However, EV Power has yet to decide which city they want to target first. This thesis aims to formulate a model that can be used to evaluate and compare geographic markets for a market entry by an EVSE company. Furthermore, the model is tested on three cities in Mainland China (Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen), in order to derive the most attractive city for EV Power and to evaluate the adequacy of the model. Lastly, with the results from the city evaluation, as a point of departure, success factors for an entry into Mainland China by the commissioning company will be summarized. In order to achieve this objective, four distinct data collection methods have been used: First, theory was studied, in order to gain background knowledge as well as to understand specific factors that impact a market entry decision such as this. Second, EV Power’s current business in Hong Kong was observed, with a view to achieve an understanding of what has led the company to experience success in its home market. Third, Interviews with industry experts were conducted, so as to get a perspective on the industry as a whole. Fourth and last, secondary data for the different cities was collected, for the sake of evaluating them according to the developed model. The final model consists of five main factors that encompass the elements that influence a cities level of attractiveness for entry by an EV charging station supplier. The identified factors are: ‘Market accessibility’, ‘Short-term demand’, ‘Expected market share’, ‘Profit margin’, and ‘Long-term product potential’. These factors are in turn divided into sub factors that have their own set of drivers. Using the model to evaluate the cities, it was found that Shanghai is the most suitable city for a market entry by EV Power, mainly due to its dominance in the market for private EVs and a favourable regulatory environment. Finally, three main success factors, for such a market entry, were found: ‘Focus on services’, ‘Maintain partner relationships’, and ‘Enter early’.