In 1639, a law prohibiting women any head covering; veil, mantilla, manto for example, is promulgated for the fifth time in the Iberian Peninsula under the penalty of losing the garment, and subsequently incurring more severe punishments. Regardless of these edicts this social practice continued. My dissertation investigates the cultural representation of these covered women (tapadas) in Spain and the New World in a vast array of early modern literary, historical and legal documents (plays, prose, and regal laws, etc.). Overall, critics associate the use of the veil in the Spanish territories with religious tendencies and overlook the social component of women using the veil to simply explain it as a mere fashion practice. In my dissertation, I argue that it is more than just a garment; the veil was used by women to make political statements, thereby challenging the restrictive gender and identity boundaries of their epoch. A critical analysis of early modern historical and legal peninsular texts and close-readings of Golden Age literary works, together with colonial cultural productions, allow me to identify patterns in how the tapadas were represented both artistically and culturally. Accordingly, my project attempts to reassess the significance of the tapadas in Hispanic culture for 350 years and demonstrate how their resilience to stop using the veil publicly is symptomatic of the absolutist monarchy inefficiencies in imposing social control. I move away from the tendency to investigate works including tapadas exclusively, and I conclude by reconstructing more accurately their cultural impact on the social dynamics in Spain as well as the New World.

This dissertation makes the argument that the Franklin Roosevelt administration (1933-1945) embarked upon a global hegemonic project to transform the United States into a world empire and bring about the "New World Order." In addition, the expansion of U.S. commercial and military air routes was seen as instrumental to the realization of this project.

Bombyliidae é uma das maiores famílias de Diptera com mais de 4822 espécies descritas ao redor do mundo, divididas em 16 subfamílias e 18 tribos. A tribo Exoprosopini dividem-se em 11 gêneros, dos quais Exoprosopa e Ligyra tem distribuição cosmopolita. O gênero Ligyra Newman s.l. objeto deste estudo, possui 109 espécies, das quais 20 têm sido descritas no Novo Mundo. Uma revisão taxonômica das espécies neárticas e neotropicais de Ligyra é feita no presente estudo, incluindo redescrições e registros fotográficos das mesmas. Após a revisão taxonômica, quatro espécies foram sinonimizadas (L. fenestella syn. nov. e L. maracaensis syn. nov. são consideradas sinônimos júnior de Gen. nov. harpyia; L. guerinii syn. nov. foi considerado sinônimo júnior de Gen. nov. latreilli; L. klugii syn. nov. foi considerado sinônimo júnior de Gen. nov. proserpina e a subespécie Ligyra cerberus trifigurata foi considerada sinônimo júnior de Gen. nov. cerberus). Uma chave para identificação destas espécies, baseada em caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos, de fácil observação, também é apresentada. Além da revisão taxonômica uma análise cladística de Ligyra no Novo Mundo foi feita a fim de testar se essas espécies, que atualmente estão incluídas no gênero, pertencem, de fato, a este grupo ou se precisam ser realocadas em algum outro gênero de Exoprosopini ou ainda em um novo gênero. Para tal, neste estudo foi utilizada uma matriz de caracteres morfológicos disponível em literatura, que já vem sendo utilizada para inferir a filogenia dos Exoprosopini. A análise cladística contou com 92 táxons terminais e 207 caracteres morfológicos obtendo-se como resultado, após análise com algoritmos de novas tecnologias a partir do software TNT, 12 árvores mais parcimoniosas cujo consenso estrito possui L=3089, CI: 15 e RI: 49. Os resultados apontam que Ligyra s.l. forma um grupo monofilético composto pelos gêneros: Ligyra s. str. (spp. Australianas), Euligyra (spp. Afrotropicais) e Gênero novo (spp. do Novo Mundo). As espécies de Ligyra s.l. no Novo Mundo foram realocadas em um gênero novo suportado por uma sinapomorfia e quatro homoplasias. / Bombyliidae is one of the largest families of Diptera with more than 4800 species, known worldwide, divided in 16 subfamilies and 18 tribes. The tribe Exoprosopini is divided into 11 genera, of which Exoprosopa Macquart and Ligyra Newman has cosmopolitan distribution. The genus Ligyra s.l., main subject of this study, has 109 species, of which 20 were described to the New World. A taxonomic review of the Nearctic and Neotropical species of Ligyra is implemented in this study, including redescription and photographic records of them. After the taxonomic review, four species were synonymized (L. fenestella syn. nov.and L. maracaensis syn. nov. are considered junior synonym of Gen. nov. harpyia; L. guerinii syn. nov. is considered junior synonym of Gen. nov. latreilli; L. klugii syn. nov .is considered junior synonym of Gen. nov. proserpina and the subspecies Ligyra Cerberus trifigurata is considered junior synonym of Gen. nov. cerberus). An identification key for these species, based on morphological diagnostic characters, easily seen, is also presented. Besides the taxonomic revision a cladistics analysis of the New Worlds Ligyra is implemented in order to test whether these species, which are currently included in the genus, belong, in fact, to this group or if they need to be relocated at some other genus of Exoprosopini or even to a new genus. For this purpose, we used a matrix of morphological characters available in the literature, which is already being used to infer the phylogeny of Exoprosopini. The cladistic analysis included 92 terminal taxa and 207 morphological characters. After analysis with algorithms of new technologies from the software TNT, 12 more parsimonious trees, whose strict consensus has L = 3089, CI 15 and RI: 49, are obtained. The results show that Ligyra s.l. constitutes a monophyletic group composed by the following genera: Ligyra s. str. (Australian spp.), Euligyra (Afrotropical spp.) and New Genus (New World spp.). The species of Ligyra s.l. in the New World are relocated into a new genus, which monophyly is supported by one synapomorphy and four homoplasies.

Este trabalho trata da revisão taxonômica das espécies de Morion do Continente Americano (M. arida, M. boliviensis, M. brasiliensis, M. cordata, M. costigera, M. cycloma, M. lafertii, M. monilicornis e M. simplex), sendo que apenas uma não ocorre na região Neotropical (M. monilicornis). Foi realizado um estudo morfológico detalhado de todas as espécies, visando encontrar novos caracteres diagnósticos para testar a hipótese taxonômica vigente e para facilitar a identificação das espécies. Não foram identificadas espécies novas e as nove spécies mostraram-se válidas. A análise de novas estruturas, além de revelar características antes não estudadas (como braquipteria em M. brasiliensis) deu mais robustez à hipótese existente. Também foram confeccionados mapas de distribuição geográfica de todas as espécies, o que revelou que algumas apresentam distribuição bastante restrita (principalmente as espécies braquípteras), enquanto outras têm uma distribuição bastante ampla. Uma chave dicotômica para a identificação das espécies foi preparada, visando facilitar a identificação das mesmas. / This study is a taxonomic revision of the New World Morion, which has nine valid species (M. arida, M. boliviensis, M. brasiliensis, M. cordata, M. costigera, M. ycloma, M. lafertii, M. monilicornis and M. simplex), of which, only one of them is not recorded in the Neotropical region (M. monilicornis). A detailed morphological study was done aiming for finding out new diagnostic characteristics in order to test the current taxonomic hypothesis and to make specific identification easier. These nine species were analyzed and remained valid; no new one was found. The analysis of new structures made it possible to find some characters never studied before (e.g., M. brasiliensis brachyptery) and strengthened the previous hypothesis. The maps representing the geographic distribution of all species revealed that some of them have a limited area of occurrence (mainly the flightless species), although others are widespread. A dichotomic identification key was also done to facilitate species identification.

Most nonhuman primates are distributed throughout tropical countries, most of all in Brazil. However, half of the Brazilian endemic species live in areas where deforestation rates are over 90%. The world currently faces severe biodiversity losses caused by anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, pollution, introduction of exotic species, habitat fragmentation, and climate changes all consequences of the rising of agriculture, livestock and urbanization; a great risk for wild animal species. The golden-headed lion tamarin (GHLT; Leontophitecus chrysomelas) is an endangered species that became invasive in an exotic forested area in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The initially few invasive GHLT individuals became hundreds, adapted to living in proximity to humans and domestic animals, frequently found inside houses, digging garbage, crossing streets and in open sewers. These GHLTs were captured as part of a conservation project; some animals were translocated to Bahia state, in southern Brazil, an area within the species original range, whiel the remaining individuals were kept in captivity. Disease ecology in altered environments is still poorly understood; however, these GHLTs likely had contact with many pathogens. Therefore, the present study aimed on surveying this population for possible pathogens: Leptospira spp., Rotavirus A, Norovirus GI and GII, and Hepatitis E virus 3 HEV 3. A total of 939 serum samples from 593 GHLTs were tested for 21 Leptospira serovars, resulting in three positive sera samples from two GHLTs: one for serovar Shermani and one for serovar Hebdomadis. Molecular methods (PCR) were employed on 100 kidney samples from animals that died in captivity due to other reasons: only one sample was positive for a saprophytic Leptospira. Fecal pools from 101 family groups were all negative for RNA RT-PCR (Rotavirus A, Norovirus GI and GII, and HEV 3). Our findings suggest that the epidemiological importance of such pathogens in this GHLT population is either low or non-existent. These results are unexpected and surprising considering the intensely altered environment and biology observed in this GHLT population. These data are important to understand the local disease ecology, as well as to evaluate the efficiency of the translocation project, with the final goal of performing future studies to compare our data with those obtained from the translocated animals. / A maioria dos primatas não humanos está distribuída em países tropicais e o Brasil é mais rico destes, com metade de suas espécies endêmicas em áreas onde mais de 90% do habitat natural já foram devastadas. Realmente, o mundo enfrenta uma perda global de biodiversidade por ações antrópicas. As ações antropogênicas, como o desmatamento, poluição, introdução de espécies exóticas, fragmentação do habitat e mudanças climáticas devido ao aumento da agricultura, pecuária e urbanização representam um grande risco para as espécies de animais selvagens. O Mico-leão-da-cara-dourada (MLCD - Leontophitecus chrysomelas) é uma espécie ameaçada que se tornou invasora em uma área fora de sua distribuição natural, em Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Esses animais se tornaram centenas a partir de poucos indivíduos, se adaptaram vivendo perto de humanos e animais domésticos, frequentemente vistos dentro de casas, remexendo em lixo, atravessando ruas e esgoto à céu aberto. Os MLCDs foram capturados como parte de um projeto de conservação, sendo que parcela dos animais foi translocada para uma área de ocorrência da espécie, no sul da Bahia (Brasil), e parte permaneceu em cativeiro. A ecologia de doenças em ambientes alterados como este não é bem conhecida, mas é factível supor que os MLCD tiveram contato com muitos agentes patogênicos. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar 4 patógenos (Leptospira spp., Rotavírus A, Norovírus GI e GII e vírus da Hepatite E 3 - VHE 3) nesta população de MLCD de Niterói. Um total de 939 amostras de soro de 593 L. chrysomelas foram testadas para 21 sorovares de Leptospira, resultando em apenas 3 amostras positivas de 2 animais: um para o sorovar Shermani e um para sorovar Hebdomadis. Métodos moleculares (PCR) foram empregados em 100 amostras de rim de animais que vieram a óbito em cativeiro por causas diversas, e apenas uma Leptospira saprófita foi detectada em uma amostra. Para a pesquisa dos RNA vírus (Rotavírus A, Norovirus GI e GII e VHE 3), pool de fezes de 101 grupos familiares foram analisados por RT-PCR, sendo que todas as amostras foram negativas. Os resultados sugerem que esses patógenos têm menor importância epidemiológica nesta população de MLCD de Niterói. Acreditamos que os presentes resultados são inesperados e surpreendentes, considerando todo o ambiente e a biologia alteradas dos MLCDs constituintes da população invasora presente em Niterói. Ainda, consideramos que esses dados são importantes para entender a ecologia das doenças na região, bem como para servir como dados testemunhos com fins de acompanhar o projeto de translocação, especialmente com vistas a estudos futuros com os animais translocados.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-12T11:15:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cleber Ten Caten - 2018.pdf: 2396519 bytes, checksum: f33219129581f393738906ad6922cecf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-12T11:30:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cleber Ten Caten - 2018.pdf: 2396519 bytes, checksum: f33219129581f393738906ad6922cecf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-12T11:30:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cleber Ten Caten - 2018.pdf: 2396519 bytes, checksum: f33219129581f393738906ad6922cecf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-14 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Traditionally, ecologists and biogeographers have been interested in ecogeographical patterns with increasing demand over the last years. Bergmann´s and Rapoport´s rules are two of the most debated ecogeographical patterns, which propose increasing in species body size and range size, respectively, with latitudes. However, whether such rules widely apply to reptiles remains unclear. Moreover, there might be uncertainty regarding the method used to obtain species geographical range that might change our perception of such patterns. Here we tested different hypotheses regarding Bergmann’s and Rapoport’s rules using the New World Pit vipers (Viperidae: Crotalinae) as biological model, as well as analyzed the robustness of different methods to obtain species geographical range and evaluated both ecogeographical patterns using different approaches. We gathered occurrence data for the 136 Crotalinae species and generated geographical ranges by building polygons from Alpha Hull method and Ecological Niche Modelling. We assessed both rules using a ‘cross-species’ and an ‘assemblage’ approach. The former considers each species as an independent data, whereas the latter consider each assemblage (i.e. a grid cell) to be an independent data. We used Phylogenetic Least Squares (PGLS) and Generalized Least Squares (GLS) to evaluate the cross-species and the assemblage pattern, respectively. The former considers the phylogenetic independence of the data as the latter the geographic autocorrelation and both provide unbiased coefficients and significance levels. Our results show that Bergmann’s rule did not occur in the cross-species level, whereas it was statistically significant in the assemblage level regardless of the method used to obtain range size. We found support for Rapoport’s rule in the cross-species level regardless of the method used to generate range size. Meanwhile, the assemblage analysis was not robust methodologically, revealing different ecogeographical patterns depending on the method used to generate species geographical range. Our findings point that there are inconsistences between the patterns observed in the cross-species and the assemblage analysis, which could indicate that different processes producing these patterns in the cross-species and assemblage levels. Finally, our results highlight that this sensibility is especially evident in Rapoport’s rule assemblage analysis and that when evaluating this pattern in assemblage level the method that will be used to obtain species geographical range should be carefully chosen. / Tradicionalmente, ecólogos e biogeógrafos tem demonstrado grande interesse por padrões ecogeográficos, especialmente durante as ultimas décadas. As regras de Bergmann e de Rapoport são dois dos padrões ecogeográficos mais debatidos, os quais propõe um aumento no tamanho corporal e na área de distribuição geográfica das espécies, respectivamente, com aumento na latitude. No entanto, ainda é incerto se repteis seguiriam essas regras. Além disso, ainda há duvida se o método utilizado para obter a área de distribuição geográfica das espécies pode afetar nossa percepção de tais padrões. No presente trabalho, testamos diferentes hipóteses em relação as regras de Bergmann e Rapoport usando os viperídeos do Novo Mundo (Viperidae: Crotalinae) como modelo biológico, além de analisarmos a robustez de diferentes métodos de obter a distribuição geográfica das espécies e avaliamos os dois padrões ecogeográficos usando diferentes abordagens. Nós reunimos dados de ocorrência para as 136 espécies de Crotalineos e geramos suas distribuições geográficas construindo polígonos utilizando o método Alpha Hull e através de modelos de nicho ecológico. Nós avaliamos ambas as regras utilizando uma abordagem interespecífica e uma de assembleia. A primeira considera cada espécie como um dado independente enquanto a segunda considera cada assembleia (i.e. célula de grid) como um dado independente. Nós utilizamos Quadrados mínimos generalizados filogenéticos (PGLS) e Quadrados mínimos generalizados (GLS) para avaliar os padrões interespecíficos e de assembleias, respectivamente. O primeiro considera a independência filogenética do dado enquanto o segundo a autocorrelação espacial e ambos fornecem coeficientes e níveis de significância não enviesados. Nossos resultados demonstram que a regra de Bergmann não ocorre a nível interespecífico, ao passo que é estatisticamente significativa em nível de assembleia e independente de como foi obtido a distribuição geográfica das espécies. Nós encontramos suporte para regra de Rapoport a nível interespecífico independente de como geramos a distribuição geográfica das espécies. Por outro lado, a analise de assembleia não foi robusta metodologicamente, revelando diferentes padrões ecogeográficos dependendo do método usado para gerar a distribuição geográfica das espécies. Nossos resultados demonstram inconsistência entre os padrões observados nas análises interespecíficas e de assembleia. Finalmente, nossos resultados ressaltam que essa sensibilidade é especialmente evidente na análise de assembleia da regra de Rapoport e que ao avaliar esse padrão em nível de assembleia o método que será usado para obter a distribuição geográfica das espécies deveria ser escolhido cuidadosamente.

Wer ordnet die Welt im 21. Jahrhundert? Ist das Zeitalter der Hegemonie beendet? Welche Spieler werden das Great Game der nahen Zukunft bestimmen? Dies sind drängende Fragen der internationalen Politik – und wir liefern Antworten in unserem Themenschwerpunkt: sachlich und pointiert, faktenorientiert und kontrovers. „Neue Weltordnung“ war der Titel der ersten WeltTrends-Ausgabe 1993; „Neue Weltordnung 2.0“ ist der Titel der nunmehr 86. Ausgabe. Auch im 20. Jahrgang bleibt die Zeitschrift ein kritischer, kompetenter Begleiter weltpolitischer Ereignisse – mit Sicherheit!

Neuweltkameliden, Trächtigkeitsdiagnose, Hormone, Speichel, Milch, Urin Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die trächtigkeitsassoziierten Hormone Progesteron (P4), Pregnanediol-Glucuronid (PdG), Östronsulfat (E1S) und Relaxin (RLN) in Spei-chel, Milch und Urin von tragenden und nicht tragenden Alpakas im Vergleich zur je-weiligen Blutkonzentration zu bestimmen, um ihre Eignung zur nicht invasiven Träch-tigkeitsdiagnostik zu untersuchen. Beprobt wurden, über einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren, 36 Alpakastuten von sechs pri-vaten Züchtern in Sachsen jeweils vor der Bedeckung und in verschiedenen Stadien der Trächtigkeit (verifiziert durch eine transabdominale Ultraschalluntersuchung). Es wurden jeweils Serum-, Plasma-, Speichel-, Urin- und Milchproben gewonnen und die Hormonkonzentrationen mittels Enzymimmunoassay (EIA) bestimmt. Weiterhin wurden einige Milchproben in einem semiquantitativen Progesteron-Schnelltest für Rinder ein-gesetzt. P4-Konzentrationen steigen signifikant von Basalwerten beim nicht tragenden Tier von 0,35 ± 0,04 ng/ml auf 2,94 ± 0,11 ng/ml Plasma (bzw. von 0,26 ± 0,03 auf 2,87 ± 0,10 ng/ml Serum) bei tragenden Tieren an. Auch in Milch und im Urin tragender Alpakas sind signifikant höhere P4-Konzentrationen messbar: Sie steigen von basal 0,83 ± 0,06 ng/ml auf 4,09 ± 0,38 ng/ml Milch bzw. von 0,29 ± 0,04 ng P4/mg Krea auf 0,60 ± 0,06 ng P4/mg Krea im Urin. Die Urin-Konzentrationen von PdG sind signifikant höher bei graviden (152,73 ± 17,37 ng PdG/mg Krea) als bei ingraviden Alpakas (26,70 ± 2,80 ng PdG/mg Krea). Im Speichel sind weder von P4 noch von PdG Konzentrationsunterschiede zwischen den beiden Gruppen nachweisbar. Der P4-Schnelltest erkannte 28 von 31 Milchproben tragender Tiere richtig als tragend, was einem Prozentsatz von 90 % entspricht. Dage-gen wurden 22 von 32 Proben nicht tragender Tiere als nicht tragend identifiziert (69 %), wobei von den falsch positiven Milchproben jedoch 70% auch mit dem labor-gebundenen EIA falsch positive Ergebnisse lieferten. Während Blutkonzentrationen von RLN signifikant nach dem zweiten Trächtigkeitsmo-nat von basal 1,65 ± 0,56 ng/ml auf 11,69 ± 2,31 ng/ml (Plasma) bzw. von 0,95 ± 0,30 ng/ml auf 16,23 ± 3,05 ng/ml (Serum) ansteigen, sind keine Unterschiede in Milch, Speichel und Urin zwischen tragenden und nicht tragenden Tieren nachweisbar. Konzentrationen von E1S steigen erst im letzten Trächtigkeitsmonat signifikant an: Blutwerte steigen von basal 0,59 ± 0,07 ng/ml auf 3,43 ±0,55 ng/ml (Plasma) bzw. 0,32 ± 0,02 ng/ml auf 2,16 ± 0,43 ng/ml (Serum) und Urinwerte von basal 6,14 ± 0,53 ng E1S/mg Krea auf 104,03 ± 24,09 ng E1S/mg Krea. Speichel und Milchkonzentrationen unterscheiden sich nicht signifikant zwischen den beiden Gruppen. Die gemessenen Konzentrationen von P4, E1S und RLN im Blut bzw. PdG und E1S im Urin stimmen mit den Ergebnissen früherer Untersuchungen überein und können somit als Trächtigkeitsmarker bestätigt werden. Dies ist die erste Arbeit, die trächtigkeitsassoziierte Hormone in Speichel und Milch von Alpakas untersucht. Während die P4 Bestimmung in Milch sowie die Bestimmung von PdG und E1S in Urin geeignete Alternativen darstellen, ist Speichel für eine Trächtig-keitsdiagnostik beim Alpaka ungeeignet. Die Nutzung von Milch und Urin zur Trächtigkeitsdiagnose stellt insofern eine Vereinfa-chung der derzeitig gängigen Methoden (u. a. Blutprogesteron) dar, als dass der Besit-zer das Probenmaterial selbst gewinnen kann und dies mit erheblich weniger Stress für die Stuten verbunden ist. Die Bestimmung von P4 in Milch und PdG in Urin stellen so-mit geeignete Alternativen zur Frühdiagnostik im ersten Trächtigkeitsmonat dar, da zu diesem Zeitpunkt eine transabdominale Ultraschalluntersuchung noch nicht aussage-kräftig ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag, um die noch vergleichsweise kleine vor-handene Datenbank zur Endokrinologie der Reproduktion bei NWK zu erweitern. / Aims of the present study were the measurement of pregnancy-associated hormones progesterone (P4), pregnanediol-glucuronide (PdG), relaxin (RLN) and oestrone sul-phate (E1S) in saliva, milk and urine of pregnant and non-pregnant alpacas, to compare to their respective blood concentrations and to assess their potential use for pregnancy diagnosis. Samples were obtained over a course of two years from 36 female alpacas of 6 private alpaca breeders in Saxony (Germany) before mating and at different stages throughout pregnancy (confirmed by ultrasonography). Hormone concentrations in serum, plasma, saliva, urine and milk samples were determined using enzyme immunoassays (EIA). Some milk samples were also tested using a commercial on-farm P4 kit which is de-signed for dairy cattle. Concentrations of P4 increased significantly from basal values in non-pregnant alpacas of 0.35 ± 0.04 ng/ml to 2.94 ± 0.11 ng/ml in plasma (and from 0.26 ± 0.03 to 2.87 ± 0.10 ng/ml in serum) in pregnant animals. Milk and urine concentrations of P4 were sig-nificantly higher in pregnant alpacas: Values increased from basal 0.83 ± 0.06 ng/ml to 4.09 ± 0.38 ng/ml in milk and from 0.29 ± 0.04 ng P4/mg Cr to 0.60 ± 0.06 ng P4/mg Cr in urine. While PdG concentrations in urine were significantly higher in pregnant (152.73 ± 17.37 ng PdG/mg Cr) than in non-pregnant animals (26.70 ± 2.80 ng PdG/mg Cr), there were no differences in concentrations of P4 or PdG in saliva. The on-farm milk P4 test kit showed a sensitivity of 90% for diagnosis of pregnancy and a specificity of 69% for non-pregnancy. RLN concentrations in blood increased significantly after the 2nd month from basal 1.65 ± 0.56 ng/ml to 11.69 ± 2.31 ng/ml in plasma and from 0.95 ± 0.30 ng/ml to 16.23 ± 3.05 ng/ml in serum, whereas there were no differences in milk, saliva and urine between pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Hormone concentrations of E1S increase during the last month of pregnancy: Blood concentrations rise from basal values of 0.59 ± 0.07 ng/ml to 3.43 ± 0.55 ng/ml in plasma and from 0.32 ± 0.02 ng/ml to 2.16 ± 0.43 ng/ml in serum; urine concentrations from 6.14 ± 0.53 ng E1S/mg Cr to 104.03 ± 24.09 ng E1S/mg Cr. There were no sig-nificant differences in E1S concentrations in saliva and milk between pregnant and non-pregnant alpacas. Values of P4, E1S and RLN in blood as well as PdG and E1S in urine are comparable to previous reports in alpacas and therefore can be confirmed as an indicator for preg-nancy. This is the first study to include determination of pregnancy associated hormones in saliva and milk of alpacas. However, saliva seems to be unsuitable for pregnancy di-agnosis in alpacas, whereas P4 in milk, as well as PdG and E1S in urine seem to be adequate tools. The use of milk and urine would simplify pregnancy diagnosis in alpacas since, in con-trast to the current methods (e.g. blood P4 concentration and ultrasonography), the owners themselves can take the samples. The avoidance of blood sampling results in a considerable stress reduction for the animals and therefore reduces the risk for potential loss of pregnancies. The measurements of P4 in milk and PdG in urine are useful alternatives to pregnancy diagnosis, especially during the first month of pregnancy, when transcutaneous ultrasonography is not yet reliable. This work adds information to the comparatively small database for camelid reproduc-tive endocrinology.

This dissertation makes the argument that the Franklin Roosevelt administration (1933-1945) embarked upon a global hegemonic project to transform the United States into a world empire and bring about the "New World Order." In addition, the expansion of U.S. commercial and military air routes was seen as instrumental to the realization of this project.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse two novels written by Aldous Huxley an anti-utopian novel Brave New World (1932) and a utopian novel Island (1963). The examination of both Huxley´ s works is based on the analysis of literary genres. The thesis outlines difficulties concerning a precise definition of the terms "utopia," "anti-utopia," and "dystopia." The genesis of the genres is also briefly mentioned. The thesis also deals with both common and distinct features of the genres. Because of the purpose of the analysis regarding Brave New World and Island, the thesis includes Huxley´ s other works (essays and novels), dystopian novels Nineteen Eighty Four by George Orwell and We by Yevgeny Zamyatin and a utopian novel Men Like Gods by H. G. Wells.