Either tropical niche divergence or tropical niche conservatism could drive the latitudinal diversity gradient. Greater niche divergence in the tropics could accelerate reproductive isolation leading to more rapid species formation. Alternatively, latitudinal asymmetry in niche conservatism, whereby tropical species are more conserved than high latitude species, could promote more dispersal in to than out of the tropics, leading to greater tropical richness. Here I test whether rates of climatic niche evolution vary across the latitudinal gradient for 164 closely related pairs of species. Using the evolutionary ages at which sister species diverge, and the niche divergence between them, I applied Brownian motion models to test whether rates of climatic niche evolution varied with latitude. My results indicate that climatic niche conservatism is strongest in the tropics. This suggests that the latitudinal diversity gradient is driven by the inability of tropical to adapt to temperate climates and colonize non-tropical latitudes.

No description available.

In this thesis I address the topic Islam and democracy. I argue that rather than asking whether Islam and democracy are compatible, Western theorists should be seeking out how Muslims practice democracy. The ultimate aim of this thesis is to present a groundwork for meaningful and inclusive cross-cultural democratic dialogue to use as a basis for a global discourse on democracy. My main argument is that the Islam and the West paradigm has occluded dialogue by miring the topic Islam and democracy in debate over whether the two are compatible. Accordingly, the contents of this work are dedicated to (1) deconstructing the Islam and the West paradigm and demonstrating its inadequacy as a viable approach to the topic Islam and democracy, and (2) presenting arguments for, and exploring sites of, Muslim democracy and post-Islamism as starting points for cross-cultural dialogue between Muslim and Western societies and theorists.

Submitted by Bruno Rossitto de Marchi (bruno_dmarchi@hotmail.com) on 2018-08-08T18:14:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno De Marchi Tese Definitivo.pdf: 5408910 bytes, checksum: 6c7b13538e592fdcfc85ae1e3eb12212 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-08-08T18:50:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 de marchi_ br_dr_botfca.pdf: 5386545 bytes, checksum: 8a0580cd031695c504bc6270ee8317c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T18:50:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 de marchi_ br_dr_botfca.pdf: 5386545 bytes, checksum: 8a0580cd031695c504bc6270ee8317c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A mosca-branca, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) é uma praga de distribuição global que afeta centenas de diferentes plantas hospedeiras incluindo grandes culturas, olerícolas e ornamentais. B. tabaci causa danos principalmente através da transmissão de vírus de plantas como os begomovirus, crinivirus, ipomovirus, torradovirus e carlavirus. Atualmente, B. tabaci é considerada um complexo de pelo menos 40 espécies crípticas que apresentam diversidade genética, biológica e diferentes composições de bactérias endossimbiontes facultativas. No Brasil, tanto espécies nativas quanto exóticas de mosca-branca são encontradas e ainda há uma escassez de dados genômicos destas populações e das bactérias endossimbiontes. Na África Oriental, altas populações de moscas-brancas estão disseminando diferentes vírus de plantas que causam epidemias na cultura da mandioca (Manihot esculenta) e com perdas na produtividade. A principal forma de manejo desses vírus na África é através da utilização de variedades tolerantes. Portanto, é essencial a identificação de novos genes de resistência para o desenvolvimento de variedades e um manejo eficiente das doenças. O sequenciamento de transcriptomas é uma ferramenta que possibilita uma análise genômica da mosca-branca, dos vírus transmitidos por ela, das bactérias endossimbiontes e das plantas hospedeiras dessa praga. Portanto, os dados genômicos obtidos dão suporte para o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas que podem se tornar futuras alternativas de controle de mosca-branca e dos vírus associados. No Capítulo 1, dados de transcriptomas foram obtidos das diferentes espécies de B. tabaci encontradas no Brasil, tendo sido possível a obtenção de genomas mitocondriais completos de espécies exóticas e nativas de mosca-branca, além de genomas parciais do endossimbionte facultativo Hamiltonella. A análise filogenética revelou que as diferenças genéticas presentes no gene mtCOI entre as espécies nativas e as espécies exóticas se estendem ao genoma mitocondrial e ao endossimbionte facultativo Hamiltonella. Além disso, foi possível verificar uma deleção de aminoácidos somente no gene GroEL de Hamiltonella que está presente em populações de moscas-brancas nativas. Esse gene é conhecido por estar associado a transmissão de vírus de plantas. No Capítulo 2, foram sequenciados transcriptomas de plantas de mandioca naturalmente infectadas com vírus coletadas no campo em diferentes países da África. A partir desses dados, foi avaliada a diversidade de genes do cloroplasto e a relação com diferentes espécies de vírus. Há uma baixa diversidade dentre as cultivares de mandioca atualmente plantadas na África e não foi possível verificar nenhuma relação entre os genes de cloroplastos avaliados e as espécies de vírus detectadas ocorrendo naturalmente no campo. Os dados obtidos reforçam a necessidade da introdução de novos materiais genéticos para aumentar a diversidade genética das cultivares de mandioca plantadas nesses países, a fim de melhorar as alternativas de manejo das epidemias de vírus. / The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a global pest that affects hundreds of different plant hosts including vegetable, fiber and ornamental crops. B. tabaci causes damage mainly by the transmission of plant viruses such as begomoviruses, criniviruses, ipomoviruses, torradoviruses, and carlaviruses. Currently, B. tabaci is known as a complex of at least 40 putative cryptic species that shows genetic and biological diversity and a different composition of bacterial facultative endosymbionts. In Brazil, both exotic and indigenous species of whiteflies are found and there is still a lack of genomic data available among these populations and also their bacterial endosymbionts. In East Africa, high populations of whiteflies are transmitting different plant viruses that are causing epidemics in cassava crops (Manihot esculenta) and leading to great yield losses. Currently, the management of these viral diseases in Africa is carried out mainly by growing cassava tolerant varieties. Therefore, is essential to identify new target genes for the development of new varieties for an efficient management of viral diseases. Transcriptome sequencing is a tool that allows a genomic analysis of the whitefly, whitefly-transmitted viruses, bacterial endosymbionts and plant hosts. Therefore, the genomic data obtained gives support for the development of new technics that might aid for future management alternatives of whiteflies and their associated viruses. In Chapter 1, transcriptome data were obtained from different B. tabaci species found in Brazil which allowed to obtain complete mitochondrial genomes from different whitefly species and draft genomes of the facultative endosymbiont Hamiltonella. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genetic differences among exotic and native populations present in the mtCOI gene extends to the mitochondrial genome and to the facultative endosymbiont Hamiltonella. In addition, it was verified an amino acid deletion in the GroEL gene from Hamiltonella present only in native populations of whiteflies. This gene is known to be associated with the transmission of plant viruses. In Chapter 2, transcriptome data were obtained from virus-infected cassava plants collected in the field in different African countries. The data allowed to evaluate the diversity of chloroplast genes and their relationship with different virus species. The data revealed a low genetic diversity among cassava currently grow in East Africa. In addition, there was no direct relationship between the evaluated chloroplast genes and the virus species detected. The obtained data reinforce the need of introduction of new genetic accession to increase the genetic diversity of the currently grown cassava in Africa in order to improve the alternatives of management of viral diseases. / CNPq 131324/2015-5 / CNPq 200826/2015-8

L’irruption du Nouveau Monde dans l’esprit occidental constitue un événement de grande amplitude dans la mesure où il était absent de tout registre historique. Les hommes de lettres, voyageurs et chroniqueurs occidentaux vont interpréter, appréhender et définir cette altérité géographique et humaine en fonction de codes culturels propres du monde occidental aux XVe et XVIe siècles, ce qui leur permettra une appropriation symbolique de l’espace et de la culture de l’autre. La chronique en vers Elegías de varones ilustres, écrite à la fin du XVIe siècle par le curé de la ville de Tunja dans le Nouveau Royaume de Grenade, témoigne de cet effort de mise en écriture d’un monde nouveau dans une époque charnière qui voit naître l’homme et l’État modernes. Le texte de Juan de Castellanos transcrit les enjeux historiques liés à la constitution des nations modernes et du système colonial et au surgissement de l’homme moderne et d’une individualité qui différencie l’homme présent de l’homme passé afin de placer le premier au sommet de la connaissance. Écrire l’histoire est également souligner la place du passé et du présent et prendre conscience du pouvoir que l’homme moderne a pour définir son avenir. La représentation du Nouveau Monde chez Juan de Castellanos reflète également une double appropriation symbolique de l’espace à partir des codes d’écriture propres à son contexte. Son texte transcrit le débat critique qui veut définir et conceptualiser l’écriture historique comme un genre à part entière face à la fiction des novelas. Le texte historico-poétique du curé est le théâtre de cette confrontation qui finira par privilégier la poétisation d’un passé récent, lié aux premières années de la découverte et de la conquête. La représentation des origines et de la découverte du Nouveau Monde devient mythique dans la mesure où elle inaugure une nouvelle étape pour la chrétienté. Quant à l’histoire, elle constituera le cadre idéal pour inscrire les nouveaux peuples et les nouvelles terres dans une démarche colonisatrice en adéquation avec les besoins intégrants de l’Empire Espagnol moderne. / The emergence of the New World into the Western mindset is a major event, principally due to the absence of any historic record. Western intellectuals, travellers and chroniclers have come to interpret, apprehend and define a new geographical and human alterity based in western 15th and 16th century cultural codes, allowing a symbolic appropriation of the space and culture of the “other”. The poetic chronicle Elegías de varones ilustres, written in the late 16th century by a benefice priest from Tunja in the New Kingdom of Granada, is testament to the effort to write about a new world, in a time of transition—at the birth of modern mankind and State. Juan de Castellanos’s text sets out the stakes for the establishment of modern nations and the colonial system, and reflects the surge of modern man and sense of individuality that differentiates modern man from his predecessors. The modern man surpasses the man of the past, by taking on new knowledge of the world as it was. To write history, we need to consider past and present to be aware of modern man’s power to shape his future. The representation of the New World in Juan de Castellanos's work equally reflects a dual symbolic appropriation of space based on cultural codes embedded in their context. Castellano’s book embodies the critical debate that will define and conceptualise historic writing as its own genre, a world away from poetic fiction. Juan de Castellanos’s historic poetry is a battleground that lays the foundations for the poetisation of recent past: the early years of discovering and conquering the New World. The mythification of the New World origins cleared the way for a new stage in Christendom. As history goes, this would constitute the ideal framework to envelop the newly-discovered indigenous people and new lands into a colonisation process that would match the socio-political needs of the modern Spanish empire.

International relations are heralding a new era with the expectation of a new world order. However, the international community is facing a crisis of perception. They are trying to apply the concepts of outdated perspectives, such as realism, idealism, and Marxism, to an international political reality that can no longer be understood in terms of these concepts. The emergence of non-state nations, which are threatening the existence of the state system, are not integrated into the international system by the perspectives. The problem is "perspective effect" - one uses perspectives to perceive, understand, judge, and manipulate, the world order. Any international political issue that does not match conditional perception, is ignored and distorted. The result is "perspective paralysis" - the perspectives are unable to adjust to changed circumstances in the world order. "Perspective paralysis" can be overcome if there is a "perspective shift" - perspectives employ alternative criteria for evaluating world order. / World order / New world order / M.A (International Politics)

Esta dissertação propõe uma leitura do romance Admirável Mundo Novo (1932) de Aldous Huxley sob a luz dos conceitos de Zygmunt Bauman da Modernidade Líquida. A narrativa ocorre em uma Londres futurística no século 26, no ano 2540 de nossa Era Comum, ou – na narrativa no ano 632 AF (Após Ford). Subjacente ao cenário distópico de avanço tecnológico e organização altamente desenvolvida, porém, os temas discutidos no romance remetem à circunstância do tempo e lugar de sua produção, o início dos anos 1930, em um contexto de desenvolvimento industrial, tensão política e crise econômica. Nesta pesquisa, eu busco a resposta para a seguinte pergunta: “De quais maneiras a ficção de Huxley antecipa o tipo de sociedade seus leitores vivem no tempo presente, três-quartos de século após sua publicação? Com ajuda das teorias do Professor Zygmunt Bauman, eu construo minha interpretação das metáforas encontradas no romance, que prognosticam as atuais condições de capitalismo de mercado livre, consumismo, obsolescência programada que determinam a ética, a estética e a forma de pensar de nosso tempo presente. As hipóteses de Bauman concernem a liquidez do mundo atual, no qual nada deve durar muito. Esta premissa gera um grande número de consequências, tais como: fragilidade dos laços humanos, pensamento crítico superficial e supremacia dos contatos virtuais sobre ocontato de fato entre as pessoas. A dissertação está dividida em quatro capítulos. No primeiro, eu contextualizo o conceito de distopia. No segundo, eu trago a contextualização necessária sobre o tempo, a obra e o autor. No terceiro, eu introduzo os conceitos de Bauman sobre modernidade sólida e líquida e os conecto com o estudo de Admirável Mundo Novo. No capítulo IV, apresento minha leitura da obra. Ao final da pesquisa, espero encontrar respostas para a questão proposta estabelecendo inter-relações entre os aspectos ficcionais do romance e os traços sociais de nosso tempo atual. / The present thesis proposes a reading of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932) in the light of Zygmunt Bauman’s concept of Liquid Modernity. The plot of the novel unfolds in the futuristic London of the 26th century, in the year 2540 of our Common Era, or – in the narrative – in the year 632 AF (After Ford). Underlying the dystopian scenario of technological advancement and highly developed organization, however, the themes discussed in the novel actually address the circumstances of the time and place of its own production, the beginning of the 1930’s, in a context of developing industrialization, political tension, and economic crises. In this research, I pursue the answer to the following question: “In what ways does Huxley’s fiction anticipate the kind of society its readers would be living in at our present time, three quarters of a century after its publication?” With the help of Professor Zygmunt Bauman’s theories, I build my interpretation of the metaphors found in the novel, that prognosticate the current conditions of free-market capitalism, consumerism, programmed obsolescence, that determine the ethics, the aesthetics and the ways of thinking of our present times. Bauman’s assumptions concern the liquidity of the contemporary world, where nothing is meant to last long. This premise generates a number of consequences such as overconsumption, frail human bonds, superficial critical thought, and supremacy of online over factual contacts among people. The thesis is devised in three chapters. In the first, I contextualize the concept of dystopia. In the second, I bring the necessary contextualization about the time, the work and the author. In the third, I introduce Bauman’s concepts of solid modernity and liquid modernity and connect them with the study of Brave New World. Finally. In Chapter IV, I present my reading of the novel. At the end of the research, I expect to find the answers to the posed question by establishing critical interrelations between the fictional aspects of the novel and the social features ongoing in our present time.

Aldous Huxley´s Brave New World describes how a totalitarian power has taken control over both body and mind of the whole population. A hierarchical caste system, where a person´s role in society is predetermined long before birth, maintains stability together with brain-washing methods and propaganda. Huxley expressed his fears of what might happen if science was used for the wrong purposes, and wrote his futuristic novel Brave New World in the beginning of the 1930s, inspired by the turbulent world around him. It was a time preoccupied with race and classification of populations, which ended in the disastrous Holocaust. Huxley´s novel is equally important today when eugenics is on the comeback and democracy is challenged by nationalist and populist movements. This essay will consist of a close reading of Brave New World, analyzed from the perspective of the theories of French philosopher Foucault. He launched his concept of biopower in the 1970s, where he linked a negative use of controlling citizens with state racism. The focus of this essay will be to explore how biopower and racism are used by the totalitarian state in the novel to maintain control of the population. The argument will be made that racism, internal division and exclusion are vital tools to achieve that purpose.

Esta dissertação propõe uma leitura do romance Admirável Mundo Novo (1932) de Aldous Huxley sob a luz dos conceitos de Zygmunt Bauman da Modernidade Líquida. A narrativa ocorre em uma Londres futurística no século 26, no ano 2540 de nossa Era Comum, ou – na narrativa no ano 632 AF (Após Ford). Subjacente ao cenário distópico de avanço tecnológico e organização altamente desenvolvida, porém, os temas discutidos no romance remetem à circunstância do tempo e lugar de sua produção, o início dos anos 1930, em um contexto de desenvolvimento industrial, tensão política e crise econômica. Nesta pesquisa, eu busco a resposta para a seguinte pergunta: “De quais maneiras a ficção de Huxley antecipa o tipo de sociedade seus leitores vivem no tempo presente, três-quartos de século após sua publicação? Com ajuda das teorias do Professor Zygmunt Bauman, eu construo minha interpretação das metáforas encontradas no romance, que prognosticam as atuais condições de capitalismo de mercado livre, consumismo, obsolescência programada que determinam a ética, a estética e a forma de pensar de nosso tempo presente. As hipóteses de Bauman concernem a liquidez do mundo atual, no qual nada deve durar muito. Esta premissa gera um grande número de consequências, tais como: fragilidade dos laços humanos, pensamento crítico superficial e supremacia dos contatos virtuais sobre ocontato de fato entre as pessoas. A dissertação está dividida em quatro capítulos. No primeiro, eu contextualizo o conceito de distopia. No segundo, eu trago a contextualização necessária sobre o tempo, a obra e o autor. No terceiro, eu introduzo os conceitos de Bauman sobre modernidade sólida e líquida e os conecto com o estudo de Admirável Mundo Novo. No capítulo IV, apresento minha leitura da obra. Ao final da pesquisa, espero encontrar respostas para a questão proposta estabelecendo inter-relações entre os aspectos ficcionais do romance e os traços sociais de nosso tempo atual. / The present thesis proposes a reading of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932) in the light of Zygmunt Bauman’s concept of Liquid Modernity. The plot of the novel unfolds in the futuristic London of the 26th century, in the year 2540 of our Common Era, or – in the narrative – in the year 632 AF (After Ford). Underlying the dystopian scenario of technological advancement and highly developed organization, however, the themes discussed in the novel actually address the circumstances of the time and place of its own production, the beginning of the 1930’s, in a context of developing industrialization, political tension, and economic crises. In this research, I pursue the answer to the following question: “In what ways does Huxley’s fiction anticipate the kind of society its readers would be living in at our present time, three quarters of a century after its publication?” With the help of Professor Zygmunt Bauman’s theories, I build my interpretation of the metaphors found in the novel, that prognosticate the current conditions of free-market capitalism, consumerism, programmed obsolescence, that determine the ethics, the aesthetics and the ways of thinking of our present times. Bauman’s assumptions concern the liquidity of the contemporary world, where nothing is meant to last long. This premise generates a number of consequences such as overconsumption, frail human bonds, superficial critical thought, and supremacy of online over factual contacts among people. The thesis is devised in three chapters. In the first, I contextualize the concept of dystopia. In the second, I bring the necessary contextualization about the time, the work and the author. In the third, I introduce Bauman’s concepts of solid modernity and liquid modernity and connect them with the study of Brave New World. Finally. In Chapter IV, I present my reading of the novel. At the end of the research, I expect to find the answers to the posed question by establishing critical interrelations between the fictional aspects of the novel and the social features ongoing in our present time.

Esta investigação é dedicada ao tema da alimentação e procura abordá-lo em perspectiva cultural. Detida principalmente na dinâmica dos contatos culturais que resultaram do processo de colonização da América pelas nações ibéricas, a pesquisa tem como foco, principalmente, fontes e outros registros de caráter \"etnográfico\", tais como cartas e crônicas escritas no decorrer do século XVI que, de algum modo, registraram a \"cultura alimentar\" nativa dos povos americanos. Tendo em vista a possibilidade de considerar a alimentação como importante elemento na constituição do sistema de vida nos mais diversos grupos sociais - principalmente no âmbito das práticas cotidianas e dos valores culturais -, o que se procura apresentar nesta dissertação é o modo como os elementos simbólicos ligados aos alimentos emergem como instrumento mediador na construção de igualdades e diferenças culturais que, em última instância, permitem ao europeu presente no Novo Mundo, incorporar, intelectualmente, sua experiência no continente americano. / Considering that food can be a constituint element in the life system of several different social groups mainly in what concerns every day life and cultural values. We try here to deal with the way symbolic issues mediate cultural differences and similarities. We try to show that these constructions eventually allow the Europeans to intellectualy incorporate their New World experiences.