Esta tese tem por objetivo o estudo do pensamento geográfico de Giovanni Botero. Sua melhor síntese é dada pelas Relationi Universali, que oferecem um exemplo interessante da reflexão de um pensador católico sobre o mundo e o homem no mundo. Tratado que compendia o saber geográfico de final do Quinhentos, foi também obra que, por estilo e metodologia, se distanciou das cosmografias coevas, tendo uma especificidade política e religiosa reconhecível nas intenções do autor. Com seu olhar sobre as culturas outras, as Relationi forneceram um instrumento intelectual que permitiu pensar as populações do Novo Mundo e seu encontro com a sociedade europeia. / This thesis aims to study Giovanni Botero\'s geographical thought. The Relationi Universali are its best synthesis and offer an interesting example of the reflections of a catholic thinker over the world and man in the world. The treatise compiles the geographical knowledge at the end of XVI century, although, for its style and methodology, keeps distance from other cosmographies of that time. Botero\'s work has a political and religious peculiarity that can be found in the author\'s ends. With its look over other cultures, the Relationi were an intellectual tool that allowed to think to people of the New World and their relations with the European civilization.

Esta dissertação propõe uma leitura do romance Admirável Mundo Novo (1932) de Aldous Huxley sob a luz dos conceitos de Zygmunt Bauman da Modernidade Líquida. A narrativa ocorre em uma Londres futurística no século 26, no ano 2540 de nossa Era Comum, ou – na narrativa no ano 632 AF (Após Ford). Subjacente ao cenário distópico de avanço tecnológico e organização altamente desenvolvida, porém, os temas discutidos no romance remetem à circunstância do tempo e lugar de sua produção, o início dos anos 1930, em um contexto de desenvolvimento industrial, tensão política e crise econômica. Nesta pesquisa, eu busco a resposta para a seguinte pergunta: “De quais maneiras a ficção de Huxley antecipa o tipo de sociedade seus leitores vivem no tempo presente, três-quartos de século após sua publicação? Com ajuda das teorias do Professor Zygmunt Bauman, eu construo minha interpretação das metáforas encontradas no romance, que prognosticam as atuais condições de capitalismo de mercado livre, consumismo, obsolescência programada que determinam a ética, a estética e a forma de pensar de nosso tempo presente. As hipóteses de Bauman concernem a liquidez do mundo atual, no qual nada deve durar muito. Esta premissa gera um grande número de consequências, tais como: fragilidade dos laços humanos, pensamento crítico superficial e supremacia dos contatos virtuais sobre ocontato de fato entre as pessoas. A dissertação está dividida em quatro capítulos. No primeiro, eu contextualizo o conceito de distopia. No segundo, eu trago a contextualização necessária sobre o tempo, a obra e o autor. No terceiro, eu introduzo os conceitos de Bauman sobre modernidade sólida e líquida e os conecto com o estudo de Admirável Mundo Novo. No capítulo IV, apresento minha leitura da obra. Ao final da pesquisa, espero encontrar respostas para a questão proposta estabelecendo inter-relações entre os aspectos ficcionais do romance e os traços sociais de nosso tempo atual. / The present thesis proposes a reading of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932) in the light of Zygmunt Bauman’s concept of Liquid Modernity. The plot of the novel unfolds in the futuristic London of the 26th century, in the year 2540 of our Common Era, or – in the narrative – in the year 632 AF (After Ford). Underlying the dystopian scenario of technological advancement and highly developed organization, however, the themes discussed in the novel actually address the circumstances of the time and place of its own production, the beginning of the 1930’s, in a context of developing industrialization, political tension, and economic crises. In this research, I pursue the answer to the following question: “In what ways does Huxley’s fiction anticipate the kind of society its readers would be living in at our present time, three quarters of a century after its publication?” With the help of Professor Zygmunt Bauman’s theories, I build my interpretation of the metaphors found in the novel, that prognosticate the current conditions of free-market capitalism, consumerism, programmed obsolescence, that determine the ethics, the aesthetics and the ways of thinking of our present times. Bauman’s assumptions concern the liquidity of the contemporary world, where nothing is meant to last long. This premise generates a number of consequences such as overconsumption, frail human bonds, superficial critical thought, and supremacy of online over factual contacts among people. The thesis is devised in three chapters. In the first, I contextualize the concept of dystopia. In the second, I bring the necessary contextualization about the time, the work and the author. In the third, I introduce Bauman’s concepts of solid modernity and liquid modernity and connect them with the study of Brave New World. Finally. In Chapter IV, I present my reading of the novel. At the end of the research, I expect to find the answers to the posed question by establishing critical interrelations between the fictional aspects of the novel and the social features ongoing in our present time.

A visão de cores em vertebrados necessita de pelo menos duas classes de cones, (fotorreceptores presentes na retina) e a existência de um substrato neural para que os fótons de luz sejam comparados, processados e posteriormente resultar na sensação da cor. Primatas do Velho Mundo, incluindo humanos, apresentam visão de cor tricromata, enquanto que primatas do Novo Mundo apresentam um polimorfismo nos genes dos pigmentos visuais e, entre os primatas, são os únicos que podem apresentar indivíduos com visão dicromata ou tricromata. O polimorfismo encontrado em primatas do Novo Mundo ocorre devido à variabilidade dos genes que expressam as opsinas responsáveis por absorver comprimentos de onda médios ou longos. Os estudos genéticos das opsinas são essenciais para compreensão do processamento e da sensação de cores nesses animais, e podem ajudar a entender a evolução da visão de cores nos Primatas. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a diversidade dos pigmentos visuais (LWS/MWS e SWS1) das espécies de primatas do Novo Mundo através de análises genéticas e descrever a sequência de aminoácidos observados para estimar o pico de sensibilidade espectral das opsinas. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue, fezes e/ou pelo de seis gêneros de primatas provenientes de diferentes regiões do Brasil (Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte e São Paulo) e pertencentes às espécies Cebus apella, Callithrix jacchus, Alouatta clamitans, Alouatta caraya, Lagothrix lagothricha, Ateles belzebuth e Brachyteles arachnoides e posteriormente foram analisados os genes que expressam as opsinas nesses indivíduos. As sequências de aminoácidos encontradas nas posições importantes do gene SWS1 (52, 86, 93, 114 e 118) foram diferentes para algumas espécies. No gene SWS1 as espécies C. apella, L. lagotricha, A. belzebuth e B. arachnoides apresentam a sequência de aminoácidos LLPAT e as espécies C. jacchus, A. caraya e A. clamitans apresentaram a sequência de aminoácidos LLPGT. Foi descoberto que variações de aminoácidos na posição 50 do gene SWS1 em primatas do Novo Mundo podem ser importantes na determinação do pico de absorção espectral dos pigmentos expressos por este gene. Os genes LWS e MWS de indivíduos da espécie C. jacchus foram estudados e os aminoácidos localizados nas posições 180, 277 e 285 das opsinas foram identificados. Os resultados dos alelos encontrados nesses grupos tiveram cinco combinações diferentes (SFT, SYA, SYT, AYA e AYT), os alelos AYA e SYA foram descritos pela primeira vez neste grupo e a partir do resultado genético foi inferido o pico de absorção espectral da opsina. Este trabalho preencheu algumas lacunas da bibliografia e trouxe novas informações a respeito da diversidade genética dos pigmentos visuais em primatas do Novo Mundo / Color vision in vertebrates requires the presence of at least two different classes of cones in the retina, and a neural substrate capable to compare the activation of the different photoreceptors, which ultimately leads to color perception. Old World Monkeys (OWM), including humans, have trichromatic color vision, whereas New World Monkeys (NWM) have visual pigment genes polymorphism and among primates, are the only group with dichromatic or trichromatic individuals in the same species. This polymorphism in NWM occurs due to the variability of genes that express the opsins responsible for absorbing medium or long wavelengths. The genetic studies of color vision are fundamental for the comprehension of color perception in these animals and it could help to understand the color vision evolution in Primates. The aim of this work is to characterize the visual pigment diversity (LWS/MWS and SWS1) in NWM species by genetic analysis and estimate the opsin spectral absorption peak, based on the amino acid sequence. Blood, feces and hair were collected from six primate genres from different regions of Brazil (Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte and São Paulo): Cebus apella, Callithrix jacchus, Alouatta clamitans, Alouatta caraya, Lagothrix lagothricha, Ateles belzebuth and Brachyteles arachnoides. The amino acid sequences found in important positions of the SWS1 gene (52, 86, 93, 114 and 118) were different among some species. In C. apella, L. lagotricha, A. belzebuth and B. arachnoides was found the amino acid sequence LLPAT. In C. jacchus, A. caraya and A. clamitans the amino acid sequence was LLPGT. It was observed in previous studies that residue 50 of the SWS1 gene in the New World primates is important to determining the spectral absorption peak of the visual pigments expressed by this gene. The LWS and MWS genes of C. jacchus have been studied and the amino acids located at positions 180, 277 and 285 have been identified. Five different combinations were found among the individuals analyzed: SFT, SYA, SYT, AYA and AYT. Two alleles, AYA and SYA, were described for the first time in this species. The present study filled some gaps in the literature and brought new information on the genetic diversity of visual pigments in New World primates

This research presents a deconstructive analysis of Aldous Huxley’s 1932 novel Brave New World. As a literary work, it is most commonly considered a dystopian visualisation of the future of modern civilisation. This essay reveals a more ambiguous reading of Brave New World by deconstructing and presenting the aspects of the novel which pertain to the classification of the novel as both dystopian and utopian simultaneously. This conclusion of ambiguity is presented to negate any notion that the novel can be classified as a definitive representation of either a utopian or a dystopian portrayal of the future.

Esta tese tem por objetivo o estudo do pensamento geográfico de Giovanni Botero. Sua melhor síntese é dada pelas Relationi Universali, que oferecem um exemplo interessante da reflexão de um pensador católico sobre o mundo e o homem no mundo. Tratado que compendia o saber geográfico de final do Quinhentos, foi também obra que, por estilo e metodologia, se distanciou das cosmografias coevas, tendo uma especificidade política e religiosa reconhecível nas intenções do autor. Com seu olhar sobre as culturas outras, as Relationi forneceram um instrumento intelectual que permitiu pensar as populações do Novo Mundo e seu encontro com a sociedade europeia. / This thesis aims to study Giovanni Botero\'s geographical thought. The Relationi Universali are its best synthesis and offer an interesting example of the reflections of a catholic thinker over the world and man in the world. The treatise compiles the geographical knowledge at the end of XVI century, although, for its style and methodology, keeps distance from other cosmographies of that time. Botero\'s work has a political and religious peculiarity that can be found in the author\'s ends. With its look over other cultures, the Relationi were an intellectual tool that allowed to think to people of the New World and their relations with the European civilization.

The international community criticises the unilateral actions of the US in Iraq. As a reaction, the United States tries to extend their sphere of influence in other regions. The Brazilian author warns that Brazil in particular could be exposed to this increasing pressure. Therefore Brazil has to take the following five measures: strengthening of Mercosur, a Free Trade Area between the Andean Community and Mercosur, a cooperation agreement with the EU, cooperation with other NICs, and lobbying inside the US.

Mit dem Ende des Kalten Krieges und der Auflösung der bipolaren Konfrontation trat die Diskussion um eine neue internationale Ordnung auf die politische Agenda. Staaten haben verschiedene Szenarien eingebracht, um für Akzeptanz in der neu geordneten Weltgemeinschaft zu werben. Zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts, insbesondere nach den Anschlägen vom 11. September 2001, hat sich die internationale Lage sehr verändert. Die Etablierung einer neuen Weltordnung ist dringlicher denn je geworden. Aber wie soll diese neue Ordnung aussehen, und wie kann sie Frieden und Entwicklung wirksam voranbringen? / Although the international community proclaimed peace and development as its priorities, developing countries are excluded from the benefits produced by globalisation. To improve this situation, the Chinese author proposes a new world order based on democratic principles, dialogue and peaceful coexistence. Any involvement in domestic matters of sovereign states is unacceptable; every country has its own path to development within this new world order. That conception reflects the Chinese interests as well as those of all other sovereign countries.

This comparative analysis of four different German-language versions of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932) shows the correlation between political and socio-cultural circumstances, as well as ideological differences, and translations of the novel. The first German translation was created by Herberth E. Herlitschka in 1932, entitled Welt – Wohin? Two further versions of it were released in 1950 and 1981. In 1978, the East German publisher Das Neue Berlin published a new translation created by Eva Walch, entitled Schöne neue Welt. My thesis focuses on the first translations by both Herlitschka and Walch, but takes into account the others as well. The methodological basis is Heidemarie Salevsky’s tripartite model. With its focus on author and work, commissioning institution and translator, it was developed as a tool to determine the factors influencing the process of literary translation. Within this framework, the translations are contextualized within the cultural and political circumstances of the Weimar and German Democratic Republics, including an historical overview of the two main publishers, Insel and Das Neue Berlin. With reference to letters between Herlitschka and his publisher Anton Kippenberg at the Insel Verlag, secured from the Goethe und Schiller Archiv (Stiftung Weimarer Klassik), titles and subtitles as paratextual elements of the Herlitschka versions are examined. An overview of Lawrence Venuti’s and Hans Vermeer’s approaches to the notions of domesticating and foreignizing provides further theoretical tools to assess the translations. Venuti rejects the technique of domesticating translation as, in his opinion, it constitutes an act of violence against the source language, which is contrast with Vermeer’s perspective, according to which the alternatives are equivalent. In Vermeer’s opinion, both the domesticating as well as the foreignizing translation do not destroy the source culture. Another fundamental theoretical principle is Otto Kade’s claim that the affiliation of a translator to a certain social system and identification with a certain ideology are evident in his or her work. The thesis includes a study of the afterwords in the East German versions, which display an intent to create distance between the society of the novel and that of the translator. These paratexts function as a tool for censorship and at the same time as a means to circumvent it. Chapters 1-4 and 16 is selected for intensive analysis. It becomes obvious that the different socio-political situations influence the outcome of the translations. One of the most striking differences between them, Herlitschka’s translocation of the original setting, is identified as a parodistic device. An analysis of the themes of gender, race and sexuality further answers what kinds of factors influenced the process of literary translation, what kinds of modifications appear and what causes them. Herlitschka’s work displays a tendency to intensify traces of misogyny and racism, and to tone down descriptions of sexuality, phenomena which could not be found in Walch’s text. The conclusion links to Margaret Atwood’s introduction to the most recent Canadian edition of Brave New World and identifies the examination of the two key German translations of the novel as an extension of her argument, pointing to the novel’s relevance for contemporary times, transcending geographical and linguistic borders to include readers in all modern societies and cultures.

This comparative analysis of four different German-language versions of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932) shows the correlation between political and socio-cultural circumstances, as well as ideological differences, and translations of the novel. The first German translation was created by Herberth E. Herlitschka in 1932, entitled Welt – Wohin? Two further versions of it were released in 1950 and 1981. In 1978, the East German publisher Das Neue Berlin published a new translation created by Eva Walch, entitled Schöne neue Welt. My thesis focuses on the first translations by both Herlitschka and Walch, but takes into account the others as well. The methodological basis is Heidemarie Salevsky’s tripartite model. With its focus on author and work, commissioning institution and translator, it was developed as a tool to determine the factors influencing the process of literary translation. Within this framework, the translations are contextualized within the cultural and political circumstances of the Weimar and German Democratic Republics, including an historical overview of the two main publishers, Insel and Das Neue Berlin. With reference to letters between Herlitschka and his publisher Anton Kippenberg at the Insel Verlag, secured from the Goethe und Schiller Archiv (Stiftung Weimarer Klassik), titles and subtitles as paratextual elements of the Herlitschka versions are examined. An overview of Lawrence Venuti’s and Hans Vermeer’s approaches to the notions of domesticating and foreignizing provides further theoretical tools to assess the translations. Venuti rejects the technique of domesticating translation as, in his opinion, it constitutes an act of violence against the source language, which is contrast with Vermeer’s perspective, according to which the alternatives are equivalent. In Vermeer’s opinion, both the domesticating as well as the foreignizing translation do not destroy the source culture. Another fundamental theoretical principle is Otto Kade’s claim that the affiliation of a translator to a certain social system and identification with a certain ideology are evident in his or her work. The thesis includes a study of the afterwords in the East German versions, which display an intent to create distance between the society of the novel and that of the translator. These paratexts function as a tool for censorship and at the same time as a means to circumvent it. Chapters 1-4 and 16 is selected for intensive analysis. It becomes obvious that the different socio-political situations influence the outcome of the translations. One of the most striking differences between them, Herlitschka’s translocation of the original setting, is identified as a parodistic device. An analysis of the themes of gender, race and sexuality further answers what kinds of factors influenced the process of literary translation, what kinds of modifications appear and what causes them. Herlitschka’s work displays a tendency to intensify traces of misogyny and racism, and to tone down descriptions of sexuality, phenomena which could not be found in Walch’s text. The conclusion links to Margaret Atwood’s introduction to the most recent Canadian edition of Brave New World and identifies the examination of the two key German translations of the novel as an extension of her argument, pointing to the novel’s relevance for contemporary times, transcending geographical and linguistic borders to include readers in all modern societies and cultures.

Either tropical niche divergence or tropical niche conservatism could drive the latitudinal diversity gradient. Greater niche divergence in the tropics could accelerate reproductive isolation leading to more rapid species formation. Alternatively, latitudinal asymmetry in niche conservatism, whereby tropical species are more conserved than high latitude species, could promote more dispersal in to than out of the tropics, leading to greater tropical richness. Here I test whether rates of climatic niche evolution vary across the latitudinal gradient for 164 closely related pairs of species. Using the evolutionary ages at which sister species diverge, and the niche divergence between them, I applied Brownian motion models to test whether rates of climatic niche evolution varied with latitude. My results indicate that climatic niche conservatism is strongest in the tropics. This suggests that the latitudinal diversity gradient is driven by the inability of tropical to adapt to temperate climates and colonize non-tropical latitudes.