A sustainable supply of fresh water for the human population is a global concern. Intriguingly, about 70% of the total fresh water consumed in the world annually is claimed by agriculture alone; this fraction is even higher in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, where natural regeneration of groundwater is the slowest. Thus, there is a serious need for innovative materials and technologies to enhance the efficiency water usage in agriculture. To this end, plastic mulches have been employed across the developed world to minimize evaporative loss of water from top-soils. While plastic mulches are inexpensive, they do require specialized farm machinery for installation and long processing times. On one hand, plastic mulches have proven to increase crop yields, but on the other their non-biodegradability poses serious environmental concerns. In response, development of low-cost bio-/photo-degradable artificial mulches remains an area of intense research. In this thesis, we report on a novel superhydrophobic material exploiting inexpensive simple components to reduce the amount of water required for irrigation in agriculture by suppressing evaporative losses from the top-soil. Our material consists of ordinary beach sand coated with < 20 nm thick layer of paraffin wax. We synthesized and extensively characterized our material and applied them as mulches for tomato and barley plants at the KAUST greenhouse. We found that when a ~5 mm thick layer of superhydrophobic sand was placed onto the top-soil in pots, it dramatically suppressed evaporative losses and significantly enhanced the yields. Our preliminary field-scale experiments with tomatoes and barley crops at the Hada Al Sham site corroborate these results. Our approach might find applications in desert agriculture and other fields and alleviate water stress in the MENA region.

abstract: To improve the resilience of complex, interdependent infrastructures, we need to better understand the institutions that manage infrastructures and the work that they do. This research demonstrates that a key aspect of infrastructure resilience is the adequate institutional management of infrastructures. This research analyzes the institutional dimension of infrastructure resilience using sociotechnical systems theory and, further, investigates the critical role of institutions for infrastructure resilience using a thorough analysis of water and energy systems in Arizona. Infrastructure is not static, but dynamic. Institutions play a significant role in designing, building, maintaining, and upgrading dynamic infrastructures. Institutions create the appearance of infrastructure stability while dynamically changing infrastructures over time, which is resilience work. The resilience work of different institutions and organizations sustains, recovers, adapts, reconfigures, and transforms the physical structure on short, medium, and long temporal scales. To better understand and analyze the dynamics of sociotechnical infrastructure resilience, this research examines several case studies. The first is the social and institutional arrangements for the allocation of resources from Hoover Dam. This research uses an institutional analysis framework and draws on the institutional landscape of water and energy systems in Arizona. In particular, this research illustrates how institutions contribute to differing resilience work at temporal scales while fabricating three types of institutional threads: lateral, vertical, and longitudinal threads. This research also highlights the importance of institutional interdependence as a critical challenge for improving infrastructure resilience. Institutional changes in one system can disrupt other systems’ performance. The research examines this through case studies that explore how changes to water governance impact the energy system in Arizona. Groundwater regulations affect the operation of thermoelectric power plants which withdraw groundwater for cooling. Generation turbines, droughts, and water governance are all intertwined via institutions in Arizona. This research, finally, expands and applies the interdependence perspective to a case study of forest management in Arizona. In a nutshell, the perilous combination of chronic droughts and the engineering resilience perspective jeopardizes urban water and energy systems. Wildfires caused by dense forests have legitimized an institutional transition, from thickening forests to thinning trees in Arizona. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Environmental Social Science 2019

Countries that are committed to official development assistance are also interested in how to increase aid effectiveness. One important measure to do so has been the introduction of the triple nexus approach. The triple nexus refers to the cooperation in the fields of humanitarian, development, and peace and how conscious collaboration between the different actors may lead to better outcomes. For this purpose special guidelines were adopted by DAC in 2019, in which the triple nexus approach was recommended to be applied in all humanitarian-, development- and peace work. These guidelines apply to many donor organizations and this thesis aims to understand the prevailing triple nexus environment within in particular the Finnish NGOs. The hope is to contribute to the research of the triple nexus approach by gaining knowledge of its organisational implementation. Abductive logic of inquiry is applied to this research and qualitative methods are chosen to explore the research questions. Semi-structured interviews are carried out to form an understanding of the triple nexus environment in Finland. The empirical data collected for this thesis hopes to bring new knowledge to the parties involved in the triple nexus work. The topic is relevant for development studies and has a strong linkage to the current situation of development cooperation. The scope of this study does not make it possible to draw generalization from the findings and therefore the results of this research are only valid for the specific Finnish context. Collaboration entails shared interest and finding a common ground to reach shared goals, change in thinking and ways of working is needed. Change and collaboration are at the heart of the triple nexus approach and therefore collaboration and change management frameworks serve this research. Kotter’s 8-step change management model and five dimensions of collaboration are used to guide the data collection and findings are analyzed using the most relevant steps of change management and collaborative dimensions. The results show how the triple nexus is understood within the NGOs. Different viewpoints came to the fore which can indicate that better communication and more coherence are needed. Concerning the collaboration NGOs have a good foundation to deepen the collaborative relationships which creates positive prospects. The collaborative arrangement benefits all parties and especially at the end the beneficiaries since they are at the core of all the work and the reason why better procedures are sought for.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第19087号 / エネ博第311号 / 新制||エネ||64(附属図書館) / 32038 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 手塚 哲央, 教授 宇根﨑 博信, 准教授 MCLELLAN Benjamin / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

This present habilitation thesis in wastewater systems explores the theoretical and practical implications of achieving sustainability through and in wastewater treatment. It herby uses the discussions on circularity, sustainability and nexus thinking while investigating their relationship amongst each other and in their relation to wastewater treatment. This thesis consists of seven main chapters. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the approach in which the present manuscript delves into the aspects of circularity, sustainability and nexus concepts and wastewater treatment. Chapter 2 to 5 contain the manuscripts that relate to (a) conceptual considerations, (b) examples of circularity, (c) sustainability assessments and (d) nexus applications. Chapter 6 provides a series of lessons learned from the collated findings. Chapter 7 holds the appendix with supplemental information from the respective manuscripts. The work is based on a variety of publications that the author and her team members produced primarily between January 2016 and October 2019 (and in part until the submission of this thesis). While they include 5 published first-author peer-reviewed publications some sections also contain further relevant co-authored publications. Water security is key for a sustainable world. Wastewater can play a critical role towards provisioning water sustainably to address water scarcity and water stress. However, wastewater treatment is currently itself not sustainable. For wastewater treatment to be put on a sustainable footing, systemic change of the sector and the way wastewater is viewed needs to occur. Wastewater treatment can provide a series of resources for circular use – with nature-based solutions offering co-benefits over grey infrastructure that extend to other nexus sectors such as food and energy. However, circularity does not necessarily equate with sustainability. Environmental components are just one of the three dimensions of sustainability, but data for indicators for social and economic aspects of wastewater treatment are scarce. Moving towards sustainable solutions may only be possible by employing tools that step away from an ever-better understanding of current systems and shifting towards modes of analysis that help generate target and transformation knowledge in inter- and transdisciplinary research and project settings. These views mandate a radical revision of current curricula of engineers and other disciplines to include courses on social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability. Training in designing, conducting and evaluating participatory processes that include a variety of stakeholders may significantly improve future generations’ capacities to design, construct, and operate sustainable wastewater treatment systems that provide treated wastewater as a sustainable source of water in a water secure world.:ABSTRACT vii ZUSAMMENFASSUNG (ABSTRACT in German) ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Scope 2 1.2 The structure of this work 8 1.3 References 10 2 Conceptual explorations 14 2.1 Learning from Integrated Management Approaches to Implement the Nexus 15 2.1.1 Introduction 16 2.1.2 Methods 19 2.1.3 Results 21 2.1.4 Discussion 26 2.1.5 Conclusion 27 2.1.6 References 29 2.2 Making the Water–Soil–Waste Nexus Work: Framing the Boundaries of Resource Flows 33 2.2.1 Introduction 34 2.2.2 An Overview of Integrated Approaches Related to the WSW Nexus 36 2.2.3 The System Boundaries of Integrated Environmental Management Approaches 38 2.2.4 What Is Different This Time?—The Boundary of the Water–Soil–Waste Nexus System 41 2.2.5 Illustrating the Boundaries of the WSW Nexus System—Case Studies 43 2.2.6 Conclusions 48 2.2.7 References and Notes 50 3 Examples of circularity 56 3.1 The Role of Constructed Wetlands for Biomass Production within the Water-Soil-Waste Nexus 59 3.1.1 Introduction 60 3.1.2 Methods 63 3.1.3 Results and discussion 63 3.1.4 Conclusions 68 3.1.5 References 70 3.2 Constructed Wetlands for Resource Recovery in Developing Countries 73 3.2.1 Introduction 74 3.2.2 Methods 76 3.2.3 Results 80 3.2.4 Discussion 91 3.2.5 Conclusions 99 3.2.6 References 102 4 Assessing sustainability of wastewater systems 110 4.1 Assessing Sustainability of Wastewater Management Systems in a Multi-Scalar, Transdisciplinary Manner in Latin America 113 4.1.1 Introduction 114 4.1.2 Materials and Methods 116 4.1.3 Results 124 4.1.4 Discussion 129 4.1.5 Conclusion 132 4.1.6 References 134 4.2 Selecting Sustainable Sewage Sludge Reuse Options through a Systematic Assessment Framework: Methodology and Case Study in Latin America 137 4.2.1 Introduction 138 4.2.2 Methods 139 4.2.3 Results and discussion 141 4.2.4 Conclusion 154 4.2.5 References 156 5 Applying the Nexus 160 5.1 Considering Resources Beyond Water: Irrigation and Drainage Management in the Context of the Water–Energy–Food Nexus 161 5.1.1 Introduction 163 5.1.2 Integrating resource management through Nexus thinking 165 5.1.3 Assessing the negative and positive environmental effects of irrigation, and the provision of ecosystem services 169 5.1.4 The role of stakeholders in governing irrigation 171 5.1.5 Conclusion 173 5.1.6 References 175 5.2 Co-generating knowledge in nexus research for sustainable wastewater management 177 5.2.1 Introduction 178 5.2.2 Material and Methods 180 5.2.3 Results 184 5.2.4 Discussion 202 5.2.5 Conclusions 204 5.2.6 References 206 6 Lessons learned and outlook 210 6.1 Increased circularity does not equate in increased sustainability. 212 6.2 Data scarcity hampers quantitative knowledge generation. 214 6.3 Moving from systems’ understanding to comprehensive knowledge generation for systemic change. 217 6.4 Participation and inclusion of stakeholders is important and should not be an afterthought. 218 6.5 References 221 7 Supplemental Information (SI)/Supplemental Material (SM) 226 7.1 SI for 4.1 ‘Assessing Sustainability of Wastewater Management Systems in a Multi-Scalar, Transdisciplinary Manner in Latin America’ 226 Appendix A 226 Appendix B 233 Appendix C 240 Appendix D 241 Appendix E 243 Appendix F 251 7.2 SI for 4.2 ‘Selecting Sustainable Sewage Sludge Reuse Options through a Systematic Assessment Framework: Methodology and Case Study in Latin America’ 256 7.3 SI for 5.1 ‘Co-generating knowledge in nexus research for sustainable wastewater management’ 261 7.3.1 SM1: Expert interview questionnaire assessing information on stakeholder’s perspectives. 261 7.3.2 SM2: Wickedness Analysis questions 264 7.3.3 SM3: Detailed results of the stakeholder perspective of wastewater treatment in each case 265 7.3.4 SM4: Detailed responses to the workshop/training evaluations 272 8 Contribution of the author in collaborative publications 283 9 Eidesstattliche Versicherung 285 / Diese Habilitationsschrift untersucht die theoretischen und praktischen Implikationen der Erreichung von Nachhaltigkeit durch und in der Abwasserbehandlung. Sie nutzt die Diskussionen über Kreislaufwirtschaft, Nachhaltigkeit und Nexus-Denken und untersucht deren Beziehung untereinander und in ihrem Verhältnis zur Abwasserbehandlung. Dieses Manuskript besteht aus sieben Hauptkapiteln. Kapitel 1 gibt einen Überblick über den Ansatz, in dem das vorliegende Manuskript die Aspekte der Kreislaufwirtschaft, Nachhaltigkeit und Nexus-Konzepte und Abwasserbehandlung untersucht. Kapitel 2 bis 5 enthält die Manuskripte, die sich auf (a) konzeptionelle Überlegungen, (b) Beispiele für Kreislaufwirtschaft, c) Nachhaltigkeitsbewertungen und (d) Nexusanwendungen beziehen. Kapitel 6 enthält eine Reihe von Einsichten, die aus den gesammelten Erkenntnissen gezogen wurden. Das letzte Kapitel enthält die Zusatzdaten und -informationen einiger der Artikel. Die Arbeit basiert auf einer Vielzahl von Publikationen, die die Autorin und ihre Teammitglieder hauptsächlich zwischen Januar 2016 und Oktober 2019 (und teilweise bis zur Einreichung dieser Arbeit) erstellt haben. Während sie 5 veröffentlichte Erstautoren-Peer-Review-Publikationen umfassen, enthalten manche Abschnitte auch weitere relevante, mitverfasste Veröffentlichungen. Wassersicherheit ist unumgänglich für eine nachhaltige Welt. Abwasser kann eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Bereitstellung einer nachhaltigen Wasserquelle spielen, um Wasserknappheit und Wasserstress zu bewältigen. Die Abwasserbehandlung selbst ist jedoch derzeit nicht nachhaltig. Damit die Abwasserbehandlung auf eine nachhaltige Grundlage gestellt werden kann, müssen die Sektoren und die Art und Weise, wie Abwasser betrachtet wird, verändert werden. Die Abwasserbehandlung kann eine Reihe von Ressourcen für die Kreislaufwirtschaft bereitstellen – naturbasierte Lösungen bieten weitere Vorteile gegenüber grauer Infrastruktur, die sich auf andere Nexus-Sektoren wie Nahrung und Energie erstrecken. Kreislaufwirtschaft ist jedoch nicht unbedingt gleichbedeutend mit Nachhaltigkeit. Umweltkomponenten sind nur eine der drei Dimensionen der Nachhaltigkeit, aber Daten für Indikatoren für soziale und wirtschaftliche Aspekte der Abwasserbehandlung sind rar. Der Übergang zu nachhaltigen Lösungen ist möglicherweise nur möglich, wenn Instrumente eingesetzt werden, die sich von einem immer besseren Verständnis aktueller Systeme entfernen und sich in Richtung Analysemodi bewegen, die dazu beitragen, Ziel- und Transformationswissen in inter- und transdisziplinären Forschungs- und Projektumgebungen zu generieren. Diese Ergebnisse schreiben eine radikale Überarbeitung der aktuellen Lehrpläne von Ingenieuren und anderen Disziplinen vor, um Kurse über soziale, wirtschaftliche und ökologische Dimensionen der Nachhaltigkeit aufzunehmen. Schulungen in der Konzeption, Durchführung und Bewertung partizipatorischer Prozesse, die eine Vielzahl von Akteuren einbeziehen, können die Kapazitäten der zukünftigen Generation zur Planung, Konstruktion und zum Betrieb nachhaltiger Abwasserbehandlungssysteme, die behandeltes Abwasser als nachhaltige Wasserquelle in einer wassersicheren Welt bereitstellen, erheblich verbessern.:ABSTRACT vii ZUSAMMENFASSUNG (ABSTRACT in German) ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Scope 2 1.2 The structure of this work 8 1.3 References 10 2 Conceptual explorations 14 2.1 Learning from Integrated Management Approaches to Implement the Nexus 15 2.1.1 Introduction 16 2.1.2 Methods 19 2.1.3 Results 21 2.1.4 Discussion 26 2.1.5 Conclusion 27 2.1.6 References 29 2.2 Making the Water–Soil–Waste Nexus Work: Framing the Boundaries of Resource Flows 33 2.2.1 Introduction 34 2.2.2 An Overview of Integrated Approaches Related to the WSW Nexus 36 2.2.3 The System Boundaries of Integrated Environmental Management Approaches 38 2.2.4 What Is Different This Time?—The Boundary of the Water–Soil–Waste Nexus System 41 2.2.5 Illustrating the Boundaries of the WSW Nexus System—Case Studies 43 2.2.6 Conclusions 48 2.2.7 References and Notes 50 3 Examples of circularity 56 3.1 The Role of Constructed Wetlands for Biomass Production within the Water-Soil-Waste Nexus 59 3.1.1 Introduction 60 3.1.2 Methods 63 3.1.3 Results and discussion 63 3.1.4 Conclusions 68 3.1.5 References 70 3.2 Constructed Wetlands for Resource Recovery in Developing Countries 73 3.2.1 Introduction 74 3.2.2 Methods 76 3.2.3 Results 80 3.2.4 Discussion 91 3.2.5 Conclusions 99 3.2.6 References 102 4 Assessing sustainability of wastewater systems 110 4.1 Assessing Sustainability of Wastewater Management Systems in a Multi-Scalar, Transdisciplinary Manner in Latin America 113 4.1.1 Introduction 114 4.1.2 Materials and Methods 116 4.1.3 Results 124 4.1.4 Discussion 129 4.1.5 Conclusion 132 4.1.6 References 134 4.2 Selecting Sustainable Sewage Sludge Reuse Options through a Systematic Assessment Framework: Methodology and Case Study in Latin America 137 4.2.1 Introduction 138 4.2.2 Methods 139 4.2.3 Results and discussion 141 4.2.4 Conclusion 154 4.2.5 References 156 5 Applying the Nexus 160 5.1 Considering Resources Beyond Water: Irrigation and Drainage Management in the Context of the Water–Energy–Food Nexus 161 5.1.1 Introduction 163 5.1.2 Integrating resource management through Nexus thinking 165 5.1.3 Assessing the negative and positive environmental effects of irrigation, and the provision of ecosystem services 169 5.1.4 The role of stakeholders in governing irrigation 171 5.1.5 Conclusion 173 5.1.6 References 175 5.2 Co-generating knowledge in nexus research for sustainable wastewater management 177 5.2.1 Introduction 178 5.2.2 Material and Methods 180 5.2.3 Results 184 5.2.4 Discussion 202 5.2.5 Conclusions 204 5.2.6 References 206 6 Lessons learned and outlook 210 6.1 Increased circularity does not equate in increased sustainability. 212 6.2 Data scarcity hampers quantitative knowledge generation. 214 6.3 Moving from systems’ understanding to comprehensive knowledge generation for systemic change. 217 6.4 Participation and inclusion of stakeholders is important and should not be an afterthought. 218 6.5 References 221 7 Supplemental Information (SI)/Supplemental Material (SM) 226 7.1 SI for 4.1 ‘Assessing Sustainability of Wastewater Management Systems in a Multi-Scalar, Transdisciplinary Manner in Latin America’ 226 Appendix A 226 Appendix B 233 Appendix C 240 Appendix D 241 Appendix E 243 Appendix F 251 7.2 SI for 4.2 ‘Selecting Sustainable Sewage Sludge Reuse Options through a Systematic Assessment Framework: Methodology and Case Study in Latin America’ 256 7.3 SI for 5.1 ‘Co-generating knowledge in nexus research for sustainable wastewater management’ 261 7.3.1 SM1: Expert interview questionnaire assessing information on stakeholder’s perspectives. 261 7.3.2 SM2: Wickedness Analysis questions 264 7.3.3 SM3: Detailed results of the stakeholder perspective of wastewater treatment in each case 265 7.3.4 SM4: Detailed responses to the workshop/training evaluations 272 8 Contribution of the author in collaborative publications 283 9 Eidesstattliche Versicherung 285

An increased global attention has been placed on the effects of migration on development, particularly in Africa, due to the increase in remittances to the continent. The African Union (AU) has negotiated multiple migration frameworks and conventions to promote development in this arena. The increased attention has also made researchers within the Migration-Development Nexus (MDN) question the uncritical use of the concept development. This study aims to answer the question of: “How does the AU’s representation of development affect its migration policy?”. The “What's the Problem Represented to be?” model was used to analyse the colonial discourse in the representation of development in the Migration Policy Framework for Africa 2018-2030. The results showed that development is discursively represented as economic growth, migrants are seen as agents of development and North-South hierarchies are evident in the representation of developed/underdeveloped. It was concluded that focus should lie on state-by-state definitions of what development is and is not

The issues of conflicts between water, energy and food (often referred to as WEFnexus) has become a problem in countries where the energy system is rapidly expanding; one of those countries is Ethiopia. Ethiopia has a large potential of hydropower, which is what most of the electricity production currently comes from. However, this has proven to cause problems on other practices around or close to the power plants. An example is the Omo River basin where the development of the Gibe hydropower cascading scheme, with currently the three power plants Gibe I, I and III operating, have brought up the discussion of the downstream impact. For instance, indigenous people living in the lower parts of Omo river, practice flood recession agriculture, meaning they are depending on the seasonal floods. Further, Omo river has its outflow into Lake Turkana, Kenya, and the lake is highly dependent on the flow regime of the Omo river. Studies on the Omo river have been many, an example is the ones using Topkapi-ETH, a physically based rain-fall runoff model, that models the hydrological aspects of the river and considers, among others, water abstraction for irrigation and diversions to reservoirs for hydropower. However, the hydropower modelled worked on the basis of an averaged power demand; not necessarily reflect the actual demand. Hence, OSeMOSYS, the long-term energy optimization tool, was proposed to complement this study by modelling the energy system in Ethiopia. This current thesis had the aim to do so with the attempt to explore the possibility of a coupling between the models Topkapi-ETH and OSeMOSYS. The aim was to feed OSeMOSYS with varying water availability from Topkapi-ETH; in return, OSeMOSYS would feed Topkapi-ETH with a more realistic required energy production demand. An OSeMOSYS model was set up for Ethiopia, with national data extracted from the study The Electricity Model Base for Africa (TEMBA), disaggregating the hydropower to be able to model each of the hydropower plants in the Gibe cascading scheme individually. To couple the two models, two approaches were developed: Storage module and Reservoir module. The Storage module used the storage feature within OSeMOSYS and used the varying volume in the reservoir from Topkapi-ETH and converted it into an energy potential, as input to OSeMOSYS. The Reservoir module, on the other hand, used the external inflow (sum of all flows except upstream release), obtained from Topkapi-ETH, to the reservoir. An experimental set-up was performed to test how the OSeMOSYS model, with the two modules, would react to the input and which inputs were the driving forces affecting the electricity production. The results showed that OSeMOSYS can respond to the varying water availability received from Topkapi-ETH with the electricity production from the Gibe cascading scheme showed results reflecting this. However, there was a mismatch in the hydrological response in which OSeMOSYS did not seem to fully reflect the volume in the reservoir. For certain cases, the volume would be zero, indicating it would not store any water but instead use all incoming water directly for energy production. Hence, with respect to the results presented in this study, one can conclude that OSeMOSYS is prone to respond to changes in water availability. However, due to the incompatibility in the hydrological perspective in regard to the volume, the coupling is not complete. Before such a complete coupling can be achieved one needs to understand why OSeMOSYS does not reflect the hydrological characteristics. If this can be solved, then a feedback of the required energy production in the Gibe hydropower plants ought to be sent back to Topkapi-ETH. / Konflikten mellan vatten, energi och mat (ofta benämnt WEF-nexus) har blivit ett problem i länder där energisystemet snabbt utvecklas; ett av dessa länder är Etiopien. Etiopien har stor potential i vattenkraft, från vilket den största delen av elektriciteten kommer ifrån idag. Däremot har detta visat skapa problem kring andra verksamheter runtomkring eller i närheten av kraftverken. Ett exempel är Omo RIVER BASIN, beläget i sydvästra Etiopien. Exploateringen av Gibe vattenkraftverk i en kaskad schema, idag med de tre kraftverket Gibe I, IO och III i bruk, har skapat diskussion kring påverkan nedströms. Till exempel så bot Urbefolkningen i den nedre delen av Omo floden, där de utövar så kallad flood recession jordbruk, vilket innebär att de är beroende av säsonger av översvämningar för att bevattna marken. Vidare, Omo floden har sitt utflöde in i Lake Turkana, Kenya, och skön är starkt beroende av flödesregimen i Omo floden. Studier kring Omo floden har varit manga, ett exempel är de som har använt sig av Topkapi-ETH, en fysikaliskt baserad nederbörd yt-avrinnings modell, som modellerat de hydrologiska aspekterna I floden och tar hänsyn till, bland annat, extrahering av vatten i bevattningssyfte och diversion till vattenkraftsdam. Dock modellerade vattenkraftverken med utgångspunkt från ett uppskattat energibehov; nödvändigtvis inte det faktiska behovet. Således föreslogs att OSeMOSYS, en LONGTERM energi optimerings modell, skulle komplimentera denna studie genom att modellera energisystemet i Etiopien. Den här uppsatsen hade som avsikt att testa de föregående med en ansats att undersöka möjligheten att sammankoppla de två modellerna Topkapi-ETH and OSeMOSYS. Målet var att förse OSeMOSYS med en varierad vatten tillgänglighet från Topkapi-ETH; i retur skulle OSeMOSYS förse Topkapi-ETH med ett mer realistiskt energiproduktions behov. En modell i OSeMOSYS skapades för Etiopien, med nationella data extraherad från studien The Electricity Model Base for Africa (TEMBA), där vattenkraftverk disaggregerades för att kunna modellera varje kraftverk I Gibe kaskad schema enskilt. För att sammankoppla de två modeller skapades två tillvägagångssätt: Lagrings modul och Reservoar modul. Magasin modulen använde en lagrings funktion i OSeMOSYS med en funktion av den varierande volym i en reservoar från Topkapi-ETH som omvandlades till en potentiell energi. Reservoar modulen däremot använde externt inflöde (summan av alla flöden förutom upströms utflöde), taget från Topkapi-ETH till reservoaren. Ett försök sattes upp för att testa hur OSeMOSYS modellen, med de två modulerna, skulle reagera till indata och vilken indata som är drivande och påverkar produktionen av elektricitet. Resultaten visade att OSeMOSYS kan besvara ett varierade vatten tillgänglighet kommen från Topkapi-ETH där produktionen av elektricitet från Gibe kaskad schema återspeglade detta. Däremot fanns en missanpassning i den hydrologiska responsen där OSeMOSYS inte fullt ut avspeglade volymen i reservoaren. I vissa fall var volymen noll, vilket tyder på att inget vatten kan lagras utan allt inkommande vatten går direkt till turbiner för produktion av energi. Således, med avseende på resultaten presenterade i den här studien, kan en dra slutsatsen att OSeMOSYS kan svara på variationer i vatten tillgängligheten. Däremot, på grund av missanpassning i hydrologiska perspektivet med avseende på volmen, så är inte sammankopplingen mellan modellerna fullständig. Före en sådan fullständig sammankoppling kan uppnås måste en förstår varför OSeMOSYS inte återspeglar denna hydrologiska karaktär. Om detta kan förstås, så kan en feedback av den fordrade energiproduktionen i Gibe vattenkraftverken återsändas tillbaka till Topkapi-ETH.

While once almost indistinguishable, the systems of higher education in the United States and the United Kingdom have diverged during the past 200 years to the point where today there are few similarities. However, due to increasing globalization and the growing ubiquity of the internet, many contemporary issues in higher education are often faced by institutions across the globe. After detailing the historical role of scholarship and teaching in the two countries, this study concentrates on two aspects that have been extensively researched in recent years, namely the role of technology in the classroom and the balance that many modern day faculty must seek with regard to teaching and research. A new perspective on these issues is then explored by considering the perceptions of current and former exchange students from the United States and the United Kingdom. Data were collected by interviewing 12 students representing eight universities in the two countries, and an analysis was conducted according to established phenomenological principles. Four primary themes emerged as a result, which allowed me to seek commonalities and differences with the existing literature, and make suggestions for the direction of future research. The conclusions made center around how students want technology to be used by faculty in a moderated fashion, and a distinction is formed between the way in which faculty and institutions in the two countries use web-based technology. With regard to the teaching-research nexus, this study largely refutes the notion that contemporary faculty prioritize research to the detriment of undergraduate students, and posits that the two disciplines are integrated in the sense that they can positively affect each other.

As the Twin Towers fell on September 11th of 2001, so fell the U.S. domestic citizenry’s Fourth Amendment right to search, seizure, and general privacy. Beyond the Fourth Amendment, various legal barriers put up to protect citizens’ rights through the advancement of surveillance technology throughout the twentieth century would also fall, succumbing to just one piece of legislation and its subsequent restructuring of government powers: the USA PATRIOT Act. This expansion was explained through the lens of state-of-emergency during war time. The precedence of states-of-emergency as a period when legal and bureaucratic boundaries can be crossed to serve the greater good allowed for the execution of drastic surveillance measures which would previously be confined by the boundaries of law, and to a grieving public and a government scrambling for some sense of national security, this seemed to be the appropriate course of action. But simple state-of-emergency or war-time operations cannot serve to explain the existing capacity for conducting surveillance that the U.S. government seemed to already have within their arsenal, ready to employ on a wide scale. The analysis of domestic surveillance history to follow raises a particular kind of state-of-emergency, a racial state-of-emergency. This notion involves domestic, racial groups and organizations, disenfranchised from legality through perceptions of race, that may serve as playgrounds for surveillance development outside of public scrutiny. It is through these instances, when the existence of racial hierarchies allows for the framing of the political nonconformity of certain racial groups as a valid threat to national safety, that surveillance capacity may be expanded; it is the culmination of instances which allow for surveillance institutions to possess the capability to enact a full-force surveillance state without delay or barrier.

According to South Korea, there is no North Korea. In fact, the government considers itself the only legitimate state on the peninsula, much alike North Korea’s view. Officially, the two countries on the Korean peninsula are at war, having been in a ceasefire for 70 years. For many reasons, the countries have failed to reconcile and build peace, and a 4km wide demilitarised buffer zone remains as a closed border between the nations, separating families and making cross-border passage impossible. North Korea infamously perpetuates serious human rights violations and nuclear weapon development, further emphasising the urgency in finding ways of building peace on the Korean peninsula. This study aimed to investigate how tourism at the Korean border could aid the Korean reconciliation and reunification process. Tourism has been recognized as a central force shaping our world through its ability to build intercultural understanding and connection in an increasingly globalised world. The study applied a method of qualitative content analysis, and an analytical framework was created drawing on previous work on conditions for a positive peace-tourism nexus. When gathering data on what tourism projects have been in effect at the Korean border and applying conditions for tourism to have a positive influence on the peace process, results differed. While earlier projects did not show signs of having a positive effect, current projects provided more reason to believe they could provide an important alternative approach to peace building which would be less reliant on intergovernmental relations and therefore more able to work as a contributor to peace.