No description available.

No description available.

The HIV protein, Vpr, is a multifunctional accessory protein critical for efficient viral infection of target CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Vpr is incorporated into virus particles and functions to transport the preintegration complex into the nucleus where the process of viral integration into the host genome is completed. This action is particularly important in macrophages, which as a result of their terminal differentiation and non-proliferative status, would be otherwise more refractory to HIV infection. Vpr has several other critical functions including activation of HIV-1 LTR transcription, cell-cycle arrest due to DCAF-1 binding, and both direct and indirect contributions to T-cell dysfunction. The interactions of Vpr with molecular pathways in the context of macrophages, on the other hand, support accumulation of a persistent reservoir of HIV infection in cells of the myeloid lineage. The role of Vpr in the virus life cycle, as well as its effects on immune cells, appears to play an important role in the immune pathogenesis of AIDS and the development of HIV induced end-organ disease. In view of the pivotal functions of Vpr in virus infection, replication, and persistence of infection, this protein represents an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Numerous studies have reported that Vpr alters NF-kappa B signaling in various cells, however, the findings have so far been largely conflicting with reports both stimulatory and inhibitory effects of Vpr. Our aim was to investigate the role of Vpr signaling in myeloid cells and address discrepancies that have been reported in the field. Our results show that Vpr expressed intracellularly is inhibitory to NF-kappa B, while extracelluar Vpr may have some stimulatory effects. Consistent with this notion, we report that Vpr has inhibitory effects that are specific to the TNF-alpha pathway, but not the LPS pathway, suggesting that multiple targets of Vpr may exist for NF-kappa B regulation. Further, we identify VprBP as one possible cellular component of Vpr's regulation of I-kappa B-alpha in response to TNF-alpha stimulation. We did not identify such a role for HSP27, which instead seems to inhibit Vpr functions. Finally, our findings suggest that NF-kappa B regulation by Vpr is further changed by the presence of other HIV-1 components within the cells, as U1 cells lacking Vpr were unexpectedly less responsive to TNF-alpha than those cells that had normal Vpr expression levels. This data suggests that Vpr may serve an important role in vivo by selectively inhibiting immune activation while stimulating NF-kappa B mediated viral production in HIV-1 infected T-cells and myeloid cells. M-CSF is a cytokine that promotes monocyte differentiation and survival. When over-expressed, M-CSF contributes to pathology in a wide variety of diseases including osteoporosis, obesity, certain human cancers, and in HIV-1 infection, particularly with respect to monocyte/macrophage infection and the development of HIV-1. In this study, our aim is to expand on the current knowledge of M-CSF regulation by NF-kappa B, a prominent transcription factor during inflammation and HIV-1 infection. Our results suggest that TNF-alpha promotes M-CSF secretion in macrophages and activates the -1310/+48 bp M-CSF promoter in Mono-Mac 1 cells. Inhibitors of the NF-kappa B pathway, diminish this response. We identified four putative NF-kappa B and four C/EBP-beta binding sites within the M-CSF promoter. Our findings using M-CSF promoter constructs mutated at individual NF-kappa B locations suggest these sites are redundant with respect to M-CSF promoter regulation. TNF-alpha treatment promoted NF-kappa B p65 binding to the M-CSF promoter in PMA treated U937 cells chronically infected with HIV-1 (U1 cells), but not in PMA treated uninfected U937 cells, suggesting that the presence of HIV-1 increases the NF-kappa B response. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that NF-kappa B induces M-CSF expression on a promoter level via multiple functional NF-kappa B binding sites and that this pathway is likely relevant in HIV-1 infection of macrophages. The oncogenic potential of M-CSF receptor has been has been suggested over thirty years ago, however, few current studies have focused on the role of the receptor in AML. In a clinical trial for AML, Sunitinib was found to hold some efficacy for treating the disease. The authors hypothesized that the primary therapeutic target of Sunitinib in AML is FLT3 kinase. However, FLT3 inhibition alone has not been shown to recapitulate all the effects of Sunitinib in vitro and, furthermore, the drug is also known to have cross reactivity to other potential oncogenic receptors. In this study, we treated three myeloid cell lines, Mono-Mac 1, THP-1 and U937 with Sunitinib and a proprietary cFMS inhibitor from Johnson and Johnson to test the anti-cancer effect in of such treatment. We observed that only Mono-Mac 1 cells had diminished proliferation in vitro. Mono-Mac 1 cells had inhibited ERK as a result of cFMS inhibition and showed a dose dependent increase in cFMS expression with both Sunitinib and J&J cFMS-1 treatment. Our results suggest potential for cFMS as an important target of Sunitinib or other similar drugs AML, either independently or in combination with other targets. Alternatively, cFMS may be a marker for differentiation of AML and may be linked with responsiveness to certain therapeutics. In both cases, the future study of cFMS may produce more targeted therapeutic approaches and may be a suitable tool for the development of personalized medicine for AML. / Biomedical Neuroscience

La polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PAR) est une maladie auto-immune dont le processus inflammatoire chronique aboutit à la formation d’érosions osseuses. Dans PAR, les neutrophiles peuvent exprimer le récepteur activateur NF-κB (RANK), facteur de régulation des réponses immunes et osseuses. Afin d’étudier le rôle de RANK exprimé par les neutrophiles inflammatoires dans la perte osseuse locale de la PAR, une arthrite expérimentale mimant la PAR est induite chez des souris dont le gène RANK est conditionnellement délété dans les neutrophiles (CKO-RANK). Les neutrophiles purifiés du liquide synovial des souris sauvages sont capables d’exprimer RANK et de former des cellules multinucléées résorbant une matrice calcifiée in vitro. La tomographie micro-informatisée des lésions articulaires montre la perte osseuse locale chez les souris sauvages avec arthrite alors que les souris CKO-RANK avec arthrite n’ont pas cette perte osseuse. Ces travaux montrent donc que ces neutrophiles inflammatoires exprimant RANK sont associés à la perte osseuse pathologique. / Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease whose chronic inflammation process results in the bone erosion formation. In RA, the neutrophils can express the receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), a factor regulator of immune and bone responses. To study the role of RANK expressed by inflammatory neutrophils in pathological local bone resorption in RA, an experimental arthritis imitating RA is induced in mice with gene RANK conditional knock-out in neutrophils (CKO-RANK). Neutrophils purified from synovial fluid of wild-type mice are capable to express RANK and are capable to form the multinucleated cells resorbing bone matrix in vitro. Microcomputed tomography of the articular lesions shows the bone loss in wild-type mice with arthritis, while mice with CKO-RANK neutrophils with arthritis do not have this bone loss. Thus, these results show that inflammatory neutrophils expressing RANK can resorb bone of inflamed joints during arthritis.

La mauvaise localisation cytoplasmique et l'agrégation de la TDP-43, communément appelée pathologie TDP-43, est une caractéristique de nombreuses maladies neurodégénératives, notamment la SLA (sclérose latérale amyotrophique), la démence frontotemporale (FTD). La TDP-43 est une protéine de liaison ADN / ARN située principalement dans le noyau des cellules et contribue au métabolisme de l'ARN, à la condensation de la chromatine et à la régulation de la traduction. Il a été démontré que l'augmentation de la TDP-43 cytoplasmique dans la SLA / FTD supprime la traduction globale en se liant avec RACK1 sur le polyribosome. Cependant, l'impact de la pathologie du TDP-43 sur le profil de traduction neuronal cérébral in vivo reste inconnu. De nombreux groupes ont généré diverses souris transgéniques exprimant des mutations TDP-43 et ont montré des changements pathologiques rappelant la SLA humaine et la FTD chez ces souris. Auparavant, il a été rapporté que dans les cas de SLA, le TDP-43 se lie à la sous-unité p65 NF-κB et améliore son activité de signalisation dans le système nerveux central (SNC). En outre, un extrait de racine de plante médicinale appelée Withania somnifera et son actif withanolide Withaferin-A (WFA), un puissant inhibiteur de NF-ĸB, a réduit l'inflammation et montré des effets bénéfiques lorsqu'il est administré dans des modèles de souris ALS/FTD. Une étude a montré que le traitement WFA protégeait les neurones dopaminergiques et la fonction motrice chez les rats vieillissants. Il a été rapporté que WFA perturbe la réorganisation du modulateur essentiel NF-ĸB (NEMO) en modifiant de manière covalente la cystéine-397, et par conséquent endommage la signalisation IKKß. Dans la présente étude, nous avons testé le potentiel thérapeutique de deux inhibiteurs de NF-ĸB WFA et un nouvel analogue semi-synthétique de WFA nommé IMS-088 en utilisant des modèles de souris transgéniques pour FTD / ALS exprimant hTDP-43 mutants. En outre, nous avons également cherché à identifier le profil de traduction de l'ARN neuronal sous-jacent aux changements associés à la maladie dans la FTD / SLA. Le traitement de ces inhibiteurs de NF-ĸB à des souris mutantes exprimant hTDP-43 a amélioré les déficits cognitifs, réduit l'activité de NF-ĸB, réduit les agrégats cytoplasmiques de TDP-43 et augmenté les niveaux de marqueurs d'autophagie. En utilisant la spectrométrie de masse de peptides nouvellement synthétisés de ribosomes, nous avons également étudié l'impact du traitement IMS-088 sur le profil de traduction neuronal à l'aide d'un double RiboTag transgénique; souris hTDP-43A315T. Nous avons identifié et rapporté pour la première fois que la protéinopathie TDP-43 provoque une désorganisation neuronale du cytosquelette, y compris la répression traductionnelle des ARNm des neurofilaments. En outre, notre étude a révélé que l'induction de l'autophagie réduit la pathologie TDP-43 et améliore le défaut de traduction observé chez les souris modèles de la SLA / FTD. En se basant sur ces résultats, nous suggérons que ces inhibiteurs de NF-ĸB sont considérés comme des traitements potentiels pour les troubles neurodégénératifs avec protéinopathies TDP-43. / Cytoplasmic mis localisation and aggregation of TDP-43, commonly known as TDP-43 pathology is a characteristic hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD). TDP-43 is a DNA/RNA binding protein majorly located in the nucleus of the cells and plays a crucial role in RNA metabolism, chromatin condensation and translational regulation. Increased cytoplasmic TDP-43 in ALS/FTD has been shown to suppress global translation by binding with RACK1 on polyribosome. However, the impact of TDP-43 pathology on brain neuronal translational profile in vivo remains unknown. Many groups have generated various transgenic mice expressing TDP-43 mutations and showed pathological changes reminiscent of human ALS and FTD in these mice. Previously, it was reported that in ALS cases, TDP-43 binds with p65 NF-κB subunit and enhance its signalling activity in the central nervous system (CNS). Further, a root extract of herbal medicinal plant named Withania somnifera and its active withanolide Withaferin-A (WFA), a potent NF-ĸB inhibitors has reduced inflammation and shown beneficial effects when administered in ALS/FTD mouse models. A study has shown that WFA treatment protected the dopaminergic neurons and motor function in aging rats. WFA has been reported to disrupt the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) reorganization by covalently modifying Cysteine-397, and as a result damages IKKβ signalling. In the present thesis, we have tested the therapeutic potential of two NF-ĸB inhibitors WFA and a novel semisynthetic analog of WFA named IMS-088 using transgenic mouse models of FTD/ALS expressing hTDP-43 mutants. In addition, we also aimed to identify neuronal RNA translational profile underlying disease associated changes in FTD/ALS. Treatment of mutant hTDP-43 expressing mice with these NF-ĸB inhibitors ameliorated cognitive deficits, reduced NF-ĸB activity, reduced cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates and enhanced levels of autophagy markers. Using mass spectrometry of newly synthesized peptides of ribosomes, we also studied the impact of IMS-088 treatment on neuronal translational profile using a double transgenic RiboTag;hTDP-43ᴬ³¹⁵ᵀ mice. We identified and report for the first time that TDP-43 proteinopathy causes neuronal cytoskeletal disorganization including translational repression of neurofilament mRNAs. Further, our study revealed that induction of autophagy reduces TDP-43 pathology and improves the translational defect seen in mice models of ALS/FTD. Based on these finding, we suggest that these NF-ĸB inhibitors should be considered as potential therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders with TDP-43 proteinopathies.

No description available.

Heat shock protein (HSP)27 is traditionally described as an intracellular chaperone and signaling molecule, but growing evidence suggests it is released from immune cells where it plays an anti-inflammatory role during atherogenesis. Previously, the O’Brien lab found that overexpression of HSP27 led to augmented HSP27 serum levels in female apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice, attenuated atherogenesis, and inhibited macrophage foam cell formation via physical binding with scavenger receptor (SR)-A. However, the precise mechanism of atheroprotection remained elusive. This thesis sought to ascertain the mechanism(s) by which HSP27 prevents foam cell formation, and determine if SR-A, a key receptor involved in the uptake of lipid into macrophages, plays an important role in HSP27-mediated atheroprotection. Pre-treatment of human macrophages with recombinant HSP27 (rHSP27) inhibited acytelated low density lipoprotein (acLDL) binding and uptake independent from receptor competition effect. Reduction in uptake was associated with attenuation of expression of SR-A mRNA, total protein, and cell surface expression. To explore the signaling mechanism by which HSP27 modulated SR-A expression it was hypothesized that nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), a major regulator of many atherosclerosis gene programs, is altered by extracellular HSP27. Indeed, rHSP27 markedly activated NF-kB signaling in macrophages. Using an inhibitor of NF-kBsignaling there was an attenuation of rHSP27-induced inhibition of SR-A gene and protein expression, as well as lipid uptake, suggesting that SR-A expression is regulated by NF-kB activation. Lastly, to investigate if SR-A is required for HSP27-mediated atheroprotection in vivo, ApoE-/- and ApoE-/-SR-A-/- mice fed a high fat diet were treated with rHSP25, the mouse orthologue of HSP27, or PBS for 3 weeks. While rHSP25 therapy equally reduced serum cholesterol levels in the mouse cohorts, aortic atherogenesis, assessed using en face and sinus cross-sectional analyses, was attenuated in ApoE-/- mice but not ApoE-/-SR-A-/- mice. In conclusion, rHSP27 inhibits foam cell formation by downregulating SR-A expression. This effect may be associated with NF-kB activation. Reductions in atherosclerotic burden by rHSP27 require SR-A, and are independent of changes in serum cholesterol levels, highlighting the importance of macrophage lipid uptake in atherogenesis. Results presented in this thesis demonstrate that SR-A is a major target for HSP27 atheroprotection in the vessel wall, and provide an impetus for further studies that investigate the potential therapeutic value of HSP27.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-113).

published_or_final_version / Anaesthesiology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Biochemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy