One major aspect of environmental pollution affecting human life and climate is air pollution. The harmful pollutants in the air include mostly hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides as well as soot and other particulate matter. These pollutants result in several damaging effects on environment and living beings which include acid rain, photochemical smog, global warming and various health hazards in human beings even cancer. Major contribution of these pollutants is from man-made sources such as industrial and automotive emissions that employ fossil fuels. In our country, diesel constitutes more than 40% of the fossil fuel consumption. Studies show that diesel engine emissions contribute to 80% of nitrogen oxides amongst other air pollutants. In the context of stringent emission regulations being implemented all over the world, exhaust emission control, in general and nitrogen oxide emission in particular, is gaining significant importance. A review of recent literature indicates the significance and popularity of electrical discharge based non thermal plasma for exhaust cleaning applications in general, and NOx cleaning in particular. While the existing pre-combustion and catalyst based post-combustion nitrogen oxides (NOx) abatement techniques have inherent disadvantages owing to short shelf life, saturated engine modifications, cost concerns etc., the electrical discharge based non- thermal plasma techniques offer certain advantages in terms of cost and life factors. Several non-thermal plasma techniques viz., pulsed plasma, surface plasma, dielectric barrier discharge plasma etc., have been studied under different laboratory conditions. Interestingly, due to the high oxidizing environment that prevails in the discharge plasma zone, complete reduction of NOx by the plasma alone is becoming a challenging task. This has led the researchers to utilize additional processing techniques in cascade with discharge plasma. This additional gas cleaning technique may involve the use of adsorbents, catalysts or some other secondary treatment for eliminating the nitrogen oxides produced due to oxidizing reactions in the plasma chamber. One such additive can be an adsorbent, which can be commercially obtained or prepared from industrial wastes. In this thesis the adsorption properties of two industrial wastes were explored for the first time in conjunction with discharge plasma. The synergistic effect of plasma combined with an adsorbent shows promising results in NOx removal thus offering an effective solution to two environmental issues namely air pollution and open waste dumping. While the plasma, generally, refers to direct plasma treatment of exhaust, it can also be used for generation of ozone in a separate reactor which can subsequently be injected into the exhaust stream resulting in indirect plasma treatment. The current work focuses on both direct and indirect dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment for NOx reduction in diesel engine exhaust cascaded with either oyster shells, a mariculture waste or lignite ash from lignite coal fired plant. Instead of conventional petro-diesel, biodiesel produced from the seeds of pongamia pinnata is used as the fuel. This biofuel, on one hand, causes considerable reduction in volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, soot, oil mist etc., but on the other hand may have higher concentrations of nitrogen oxides, an aspect that has motivated us to take up the research work envisaged in this thesis. It was observed in the laboratory environment that for a given power, both direct and indirect plasma treatments have resulted in NOx removal to the tune of 85 to 95% when cascaded with the adsorbents studied.

Abstract The decrement of Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emission can slow down the impaction to the natural environment as well as avoiding the global warming become worse continuously. The three coal fired boilers in CSC were designed as capable of multi-fuel burning but its primary fuel is coal. The original designed coal is PCI coal from Australia. The NOx emission generating while using PCI coal is around 320 ppm and can,t meet the local EPA emission requirement set for year 2001, which is 300ppm. To cope with more stringent environmental requirement, the first stage strategy is to evaluate the NOx removal technologies and selecting the optimum one of them to fight against NOx emission. By means of MCDM (Multi-Criteria Decision-Making) methodologies, SNCR is chosen due to its simplicity and acceptable NOx-out ability. The 45% NOx reduction rate can be achieved and the control NOx final output will be lower than 200ppm, which is the promised level to the local EPA. In compromising the NOx reduction requirement and the practical running cost factor, the 240ppm NOx level has been determined for operating the SNCR system. The second stage of NOx reduction evaluation is focused on the coal brands selection. It¡As believed that through the right choose of suitable coal can offer the contribution to both environment and economic. After surveying the different coal composition analysis and carrying out real trial burn, the ADARO coal from Indonesia was picked up from competition and deem as the most environment friendly coal in terms of owning the optimum coal compositions and the lowest pollutants generation including NOx, SO2, as well as ash. As a result, the ADARO coal application is highly successful in the aspects of less pollutant generation and saving cost expenditure caused by the related environment equipment systems operation and maintenance. Obviously, the positive and close relationship between environment and economic has been proved. Base on the real evidence, this paper proves that by choosing the suitable methodologies, the NOx reduction can be accomplished to some extent. The whole environment can be benefited by this action and meanwhile the air pollution tax plus operation and maintenance cost can be reduced further. It¡As hoped that by announcing this paper, the outstanding performance of remarkable NOX reduction outcome and its coat saving advantage can be applied to the whole industrial field. Let¡As work together for the purpose of decreasing the pollutants emission, lightening the harms to the natural environment and fulfilling the duties of protection the all eco system. Key words: Nitrogen Oxide, Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction(SNCR), environmental coal, Multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)

141 f. / Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-03-22T16:05:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese final Ednaldo Sousa.pdf: 2728911 bytes, checksum: ab82406a11153fd2c6032629dc6be132 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-06-04T14:33:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese final Ednaldo Sousa.pdf: 2728911 bytes, checksum: ab82406a11153fd2c6032629dc6be132 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-04T14:33:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese final Ednaldo Sousa.pdf: 2728911 bytes, checksum: ab82406a11153fd2c6032629dc6be132 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CNPq / A emissão de poluentes atmosféricos, tais como, monóxido de carbono (CO), óxidos de enxofre (SOX) e óxidos de nitrogênio (NOX) é, atualmente, um dos maiores problemas encontrados em processos industriais. O óxido nítrico (NO) representa cerca de 95% de toda emissão de NOX para a atmosfera. Uma das principais fontes de emissão de NOX são as unidades de regeneração de catalisadores de craqueamento catalítico em leito fluidizado (FCC). Nesse trabalho, foram utilizados catalisadores de irídio suportados em aluminas (0,1-1,0%/Al2O3) e em aluminas modificadas com índio (0,1%Ir/InxAl2-xO3). Os catalisadores foram preparados pelo método de impregnação úmida, sendo que para os suportes foi utilizado o método da combustão. Os materiais obtidos foram avaliados cataliticamente na redução de NO com CO na presença de O2, H2O e SO2. Todos os catalisadores mostraram-se ativos e hidrotermicamente estáveis em toda região de temperatura investigada (250 – 600°C) operando sobre alta velocidade espacial. O s catalisadores que não continham In em suas formulações apresentaram uma pequena desativação na presença de SO2, enquanto que, para os que possuíam In a presença de SO2 no meio reacional aumentou a atividade dos catalisadores, comprovando o efeito promotor deste metal. Catalisadores com baixo teor de Ir mostraram-se mais ativos do que os com altos teores. A influência do O2 no meio reacional também foi investigada, onde foi verificada uma forte dependência da presença do mesmo para a atividade do catalisador. Na ausência de O2, os catalisadores investigados tiveram uma significativa redução da atividade tanto na redução de NO quanto na conversão de CO. Avaliando o efeito do pré-tratamento, verificou-se que as amostra préreduzidas tiveram um maior desempenho no teste catalítico do que as pré-oxidadas. Sugerindo assim, que o sítio ativo para a redução de NO com CO sobre catalisadores de irídio é o Ir0. Todos os catalisadores demonstraram alta conversão de CO e seletividade a CO2. / Salvador

Orientadores: Marcelo Ganzarolli de Oliveira, Lício Augusto Velloso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T04:20:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_GabrielaFreitasPereirade_D.pdf: 2358320 bytes, checksum: 5cf57adeef1d3cfe0789e7a9320c4569 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: No presente estudo foram investigadas as ações fisiológicas associadas ao óxido nítrico (NO), obtidas topicamente na mucosa gástrica e sistemicamente nas administrações orais de dois S-nitrosotióis (RSNOs) doadores de NO, S-nitrosoglutationa (GSNO) e S-nitroso-N-acetilcisteína (SNAC) em modelos animais. A aplicação tópica ex-vivo de soluções de RSNOs na mucosa gástrica de ratos Sprague-Dawley levou ao aumento dose-dependente do fluxo sanguíneo gástrico (FSG), medido por fluxometria por laser-Doppler, com FSG máximo c.a. 5 x maior do que os obtidos pela aplicação de soluções equimolares de nitrito ou nitrato. A administração oral de soluções de GSNO e SNAC se refletiu em aumentos tempo e dose-dependentes do nível plasmático de nitrito+nitrato em camundongos Swiss. A administração de SNAC na doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) induzida em camundongos ob/ob ou Swiss não levou a alterações significativas na histologia hepática ou no padrão de aumento de massa dos animais. O acompanhamento cinético da estabilidade de soluções aquosas de GSNO e SNAC em função do pH e a identificação de seus produtos de decomposição, permitiram demonstrar que esses RSNOs se decompõem predominantemente através de mecanismos de hidrólise catalisada por ácido ou base com meias vidas máximas em torno do pH fisiológico. Observou-se que camundongos Swiss submetidos à dieta hiperlipídica apresentam um perfil heterogêneo de ganho de massa, que permite estabelecer uma correlação tempo-dependente da propensão e da resistência à obesidade com alterações nas expressões de neuropeptídios hipotalâmicos e na resistência à insulina e intolerância à glicose / Abstract: In the present study, the nitric oxide (NO)-associated physiological actions obtained topically on the gastric mucosa and systemically in oral administrations of two NO donors-S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC) were investigated in animal models. The topical ex vivo administration of RSNOs solutions on the gastric mucosa of Sprague-Dawley rats led to a dose-dependent increase in the gastric blood flow (GBF), measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry, with maximum GBF value c.a. 5 x higher than those obtained by equimolar applications of nitrite and nitrate solutions. The oral administration of GSNO and SNAC solutions was reflected in a time and dose-dependent increases in the plasma nitrite+nitrate level in Swiss mice. SNAC administration on non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced in ob/ob or Swiss mice did not lead to significant changes in liver histology or in the mass gain pattern of the animals. The kinetic monitoring of the stability of aqueous GSNO and SNAC solutions as a function of pH and the identification of their decomposition products allowed to demonstrate that these RSNOs decay predominantly through mechanisms of acid or base-catalyzed hydrolysis, with maximum half-lives around the physiological pH. It was observed that Swiss mice fed a high-fat diet show an heterogeneous mass gain profile, which allows establishing a time-dependent correlation of obesity propensity and resistance with changes in the expressions of hypothalamic neuropeptides and in insulin resistance and glucose tolerance / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências

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Die ab dem 1.1.2010 geltenden erweiterten Luftqualitätsgrenzwerte stellen die Kom-munen vor allem in verkehrlich belasteten Gebieten vor Probleme. Zum einen haben die Kommunen sicherzustellen, dass die Immissionsgrenzwerte eingehalten werden, zum anderen stehen ihnen aber nur eine Reihe beschränkt wirkungsvoller Maßnahmen zur Verfügung. Wie können die (Groß-) Städte darauf reagieren? Zunächst kann festgehalten werden, dass der Verkehrsbereich zukünftig den Schwerpunkt von Maßnahmen zu Klimaschutz und Luftreinhaltung bilden muss. Die wesentlichen urbanen Problemfelder werden durch den Verkehr bestimmt; bei den relevanten Luftschadstoffen stellen Fahrzeuge mit Dieselmotoren die Hauptemittenten dar und zur Reduktion der CO2-Emissionen müssen alle Fahrzeuge deutlich mehr beitragen als bisher. In der Vergangenheit war die Reduktion von Verkehrsemissionen vorrangig als Frage der Weiterentwicklung der Fahrzeugtechnik interpretiert worden. Da die technischen Weiterentwicklungen allein für die Problemlösung nicht ausreichen, sind grundsätzliche Änderungen von Verkehrsverhalten und Verkehrssystemen unumgänglich. Eine Verbesserung der Raumordnung, weniger Zersiedelung, eine multifunktionale Stadt der kurzen Wege und ein anderes Mobilitätsverhalten der Bevölkerung weisen die höchsten Reduktionspotentiale auf, wirken aber vor allem langfristig. Eine Übersicht mit denkbaren Maßnahmengruppen zur Erreichung der Luftqualitäts- und Klimaschutzziele wurde erarbeitet, die zur Entwicklung spezifischer Pakete von Kommunen genutzt werden kann.

Die ab dem 1.1.2010 geltenden erweiterten Luftqualitätsgrenzwerte stellen die Kom-munen vor allem in verkehrlich belasteten Gebieten vor Probleme. Zum einen haben die Kommunen sicherzustellen, dass die Immissionsgrenzwerte eingehalten werden, zum anderen stehen ihnen aber nur eine Reihe beschränkt wirkungsvoller Maßnahmen zur Verfügung. Wie können die (Groß-) Städte darauf reagieren? Zunächst kann festgehalten werden, dass der Verkehrsbereich zukünftig den Schwerpunkt von Maßnahmen zu Klimaschutz und Luftreinhaltung bilden muss. Die wesentlichen urbanen Problemfelder werden durch den Verkehr bestimmt; bei den relevanten Luftschadstoffen stellen Fahrzeuge mit Dieselmotoren die Hauptemittenten dar und zur Reduktion der CO2-Emissionen müssen alle Fahrzeuge deutlich mehr beitragen als bisher. In der Vergangenheit war die Reduktion von Verkehrsemissionen vorrangig als Frage der Weiterentwicklung der Fahrzeugtechnik interpretiert worden. Da die technischen Weiterentwicklungen allein für die Problemlösung nicht ausreichen, sind grundsätzliche Änderungen von Verkehrsverhalten und Verkehrssystemen unumgänglich. Eine Verbesserung der Raumordnung, weniger Zersiedelung, eine multifunktionale Stadt der kurzen Wege und ein anderes Mobilitätsverhalten der Bevölkerung weisen die höchsten Reduktionspotentiale auf, wirken aber vor allem langfristig. Eine Übersicht mit denkbaren Maßnahmengruppen zur Erreichung der Luftqualitäts- und Klimaschutzziele wurde erarbeitet, die zur Entwicklung spezifischer Pakete von Kommunen genutzt werden kann.

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The Dieselgate has changed the public view of diesel powertrains and local authorities have issued first driving bans on diesel cars in Germany. Nevertheless, a systematic calculation of the external costs of the Dieselgate considering different car models and a variety of emissions has not yet been conducted. We compare the results, which reflect emissions under test bench conditions, with those of diesel cars under the assumption that NOX emissions reflect realistic driving behavior. We find that diesel cars with idealized emissions are superior to petrol cars with regard to external costs and that electric cars have only partially lower external costs than diesel cars. However, when realistic driving behaviors are considered, diesel engines constitute the worst powertrain in all cases. Our results show that the Dieselgate has led to substantially higher external costs than cars which would comply with environmental regulations under realistic driving conditions.