Das Ziel der Arbeit war es, Skalenverhalten und Lösungseigenschaften von flexiblen Dendrimeren als Modell für hochverzweigte Polymere zu untersuchen. Als Untersuchungsmethode wurde die gepulste Feldgradienten NMR (PFG-NMR) eingesetzt, um das hydrodynamische Verhalten der Dendrimere in Lösung zu erforschen. Aus der Konzentrationsabhängigkeit des Diffusionskoeffizienten konnte abgeleitet werden, dass das Verhalten der PAMAM-Dendrimere dem von Proteinen ähnelt, die Dendrimere also starr und globulär sind. Um die Abhängigkeit des hydrodynamischen Radius von der Molmasse zu untersuchen, kamen Lösungen von mehreren Generationen PAMAM-Dendrimeren mit verschiedenen Endgruppen zum Einsatz. Mit PFG-NMR wurden die Diffusionskoeffizienten bestimmt, aus denen die hydrodynamischen Radien nach der Stokes-Einstein-Beziehung berechnet wurden. Ein Skalenansatz lieferte die beste Beschreibung der Daten für alle drei untersuchten Systeme. Die ermittelten Skalenexponenten waren u = 3,7 für alle untersuchten PAMAM-Dendrimere. Dies bedeutet, dass deren Wachstum im dreidimensionalen Raum begrenzt ist, da der Skalenexponent einen Wert größer drei annimmt. Die Art der Endgruppen hatte in diesem Fall keinen erkennbaren Einfluss auf das Skalenverhalten. An Lysin-Dendrimeren wurde der Einfluss der Kernfunktionalität auf den Skalenexponenten untersucht. Die Lysin-Dendrimere standen als Monodendren (Kernfunktionalität, KF=1) und als Dendrimere mit einem Thiacalixaren-Kern (Thia1: KF=2, Thia2: KF=4) zur Verfügung. Die Skalenexponenten waren folgende: Für das Monodendron war u = 2,0, für Thia1 war u = 2,3 und Thia2 hatte einen Skalenexponent von u = 3,9. Da die Dendren in allen drei Fällen identisch waren, muss dieser Unterschied durch den Kern begründet sein. Weiter wurde die effektive Ladung von PAMAM-COONa G1,5 Dendrimeren in verdünnter D2O-Lösung als Funktion des pH-Werts mit Hilfe von Elektrophorese-NMR untersucht. Dabei änderte diese sich von Zeff = -5 e bei pH 12,6 zu Zeff = +5 e bei pH 1,8.

The functional oxides are performing materials showing interestant properties. The study of the local environment respect to the average struvture is essential for the deep understanding of the correlations between structure and properties ; this investigation of short and medium range can be performed with the use of solid state NMR techniques. In particular in this thesis three different classes of materials for applications in fields of optic and energy are considered : perovskite structure LaSrAlO4, the melilite system LaSr(Ga/Al)3O7 and the family of orthosylicates Li2(Fe/Mn)SiO4.

Recently, acremolin (4), a novel modified base, was isolated from a marine-derived fungus and claimed to possess a structure with a 1H-azirine moiety. It is shown now that the reported NMR data are not compatible with this antiaromatic heterocycle, which should be an extremely unstable compound. An isomeric, substituted N2,3-ethenoguanine is presented as a plausible alternative structure of acremolin that is consistent with all spectroscopic data. Thus, 1H-azirines keep their classification as very short-lived intermediates.

Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., DFiss., 2009

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O presente trabalho relata o estudo quÃmico do caule de Cestrum laevigatum Schlecht (Solanaceae), coletado no municÃpio de Pacoti-CE. A partir da investigaÃÃo do extrato etanÃlico utilizando tÃcnicas clÃssicas de cromatografia de adsorÃÃo (gel de sÃlica e sÃlica flash) e exclusÃo (Sephadex LH-20) foi possÃvel o isolamento de esterÃides e um triterpeno. Os esterÃides de esqueleto espirostano foram caracterizados como uma mistura de sapogeninas 25(S)-5-espirostano-2,3-diol e 25(R)-5-espirostano-2,3-diol (gitogenina) (CL-1), a mistura de epÃmeros (25R)-5-espirostano-2,3-diol-3-O--D-galactopiranosÃdeo e (25S)-5-espirostano-2,3-diol-3-O--D-galactopiranosÃdeo (CL-2), e a mistura epimÃrica da saponina de carÃter inÃdito na literatura (25R,S)-5-espirostan-2,3-diol-3-O--D-galactopiranosil(1→4)- -D-galactopiranosil(1→4)--D-glicopiranosil (CL-3). AlÃm destes compostos, foram isolados ainda a mistura dos esterÃides -sitosterol e estigmasterol (CL-5) e seus derivados glicosilados (CL-6), alÃm do triterpeno pentacÃclico de esqueleto do tipo lupano β-lup-20(29)-en-3-ol (lupeol) (CL-4). A caracterizaÃÃo estrutural dos compostos isolados foi possÃvel atravÃs do uso de tÃcnicas espectroscÃpicas, principalmente RMN, incluindo seqÃÃncias de pulso uni e bidimensionais, e comparaÃÃo com dados relatados na literatura. Das saponinas investigadas quanto ao potencial antimicrobiano, apenas CL-3 mostrou-se ativa contra Bacillos subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Enterobacter aerogenes. A atividade leishmanicida foi realizada com CL-1, CL-2 e CL-3, porÃm, apenas CL-3 mostrou-se ativa contra Leishmania amazonensis. Em relaÃÃo à atividade antifÃngica, CL-1 mostrou-se ativa apenas contra Microsporum canis. CL-2 apresentou excelentes resultados contra Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum e Trichophyton mentagrophytes, e uma atividade relativamente boa contra Microsporum canis. Jà CL-3 aparece revelou uma excelente atividade antifÃngica contra todas as cepas testadas. Os resultados promissores obtidos atà o momento a partir do extrato etanÃlico do caule de C. laevigatum confirmam o grande potencial quÃmico/farmacolÃgico das espÃcies deste gÃnero, e justificam a importÃncia do trabalho realizado / This work reports the chemical study of the stem of Cestrum laevigatum Schlecht (Solanaceae), collected at the Pacoti-CE. The investigation of the ethanol extract using conventional techniques of adsorption chromatography (silica gel and silica flash) and exclusion (Sephadex LH-20) was possible the isolation of steroids and triterpene. The spirostan steroids have been characterized as the mixture at the sapogenins 25(S)-5-espirostan-2,3-diol and 25(R)-5-espirostan-2,3-diol (gitogenin) (CL-1), a mixture of epimers (25R)-5-espirostan-2,3-diol-3-O--Dgalactopyranoside and (25S)-5-espirostan-2,3-diol-3-O--D-galactoyiranoside (CL-2), and the mixture of new epimer (25R,S)-5-espirostan-2,3-diol-3-O--Dgalactopyranosil(1→4)--D-galactopyranosil(1→4)--D-glicopyranosil (CL-3). Besides these compounds, were also isolated the mixture of steroids β-sitosterol and stigmasterol (CL-5) and its glycosides (CL-6), and the pentacyclic triterpene β-lup-20(29)-en-3-ol (lupeol) (CL-4). The structural characterization of the isolated compounds was possible through the use of spectroscopic techniques, mainly NMR, including sequences of uni and bidimensional pulse, and comparison with literature data. CL-3 was shown to be active against Bacille subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter aerogenes. The leishmanicide activity was performed with CL-1, CL-2 and CL-3, however, only CL-3 was shown to be active against Leishmania amazonensis. For the antifungical activity, CL-1 was shown to be active only against Microsporum canis. CL-2 showed excellent results against Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and a relatively good activity against Microsporum canis. CL-3 appears with excellent activity antifungical against all strains tested. The promising results obtained so far from the ethanol extract of the stem of C. laevigatum confirm the great potential chemical / pharmacological species of this genus, and justify the importance of work

The research work reported in this thesis is focused on the chiral analysis, quantification of enantiomeric composition, assignment of absolute configuration of molecules with chosen functional groups. The weak intra-molecular hydrogen bonding interactions are detected by exploiting several multinuclear and multi-dimensional techniques. Pulse sequences have been designed to manipulate the spin dynamics to derive specific information from the complex NMR spectra encountered in diverse situations. Broadly, the thesis can be classified in to three sections. The section I containing two chapters reports the introduction of new chiral auxiliaries and protocols developed for enantiomeric discrimination, measurement of enantiomeric contents, assignment of absolute configuration for molecules possessing specific functional groups using chiral solvating and derivatizing agents. The section II, reports NMR experimental evidence for the observation of the rare type of intramolecular hydrogen bonds involving organic fluorine in biologically important organic molecules, that are corroborated by extensive DFT based theoretical calculations. The section II also discusses the H/D exchange mechanism as a tool for quantification of HB strengths in organic building blocks. The section III reports the two different novel NMR methodologies designed for deriving information on the scalar interaction strengths in an orchestrated manner. The designed sequences are able to completely eradicate the axial peaks, prevents the evolution of unwanted couplings and also yields ultrahigh resolution in the direct dimension, permitting the accurate measurement of scalar couplings for a particular spin. The brief summary about each chapter is given below. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to one and two dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The pedagogical approach has been followed to discuss the conceptual understanding of spin physics and the NMR spectral parameters. The basic introduction to chirality, existing approaches in the literature for discrimination of enantiomers and the assignment of absolute configuration of molecules with chosen functional groups and their limitations are briefly discussed. The brief introduction to hydrogen bond, experimental methods to obtain the qualitative information about the strengths of hydrogen bonds, and the theoretical approaches employed in the thesis to corroborate the NMR experimental findings have been provided. The mechanism of H/D exchange, the utilization of exchange rates to derive strengths of intra-molecular hydrogen bond in small molecules have also been discussed. This chapter builds the bridge for the rest of the chapters. Each of these topics are discussed at length in the corresponding chapters. Part I: NMR Chiral Analysis: Novel Protocols Chapter 2 discusses a simple mix and shake method for testing the enantiopurity of primary, secondary and tertiary chiral amines and their derivatives, amino alcohols. The protocol involves the in-situ formation of chiral ammonium borate salt from a mixture of C2 symmetric chiral BINOL, trialkoxyborane and chiral amines. The proposed concept has been convincingly demonstrated for the visualization of enantiomers of a large number of chiral and pro-chiral amines and amino alcohols. The protocol also permits the precise measurement of enantiomeric composition. The significant advantage of the protocol is that it can be performed directly in the NMR tube, without any physical purification. The structure of the borate complex responsible for the enantiodifferentiation of amines has also been established by employing multinuclear NMR techniques and DFT calculations. From DOSY and 11B NMR experiments it has been ascertained that there are only two possible complexes or entities which are responsible for differentiating enantiomers. From the combined utility of DFT calculations and the 11B NMR chemical shifts, the structure of the borate complex has been determined to be an amine-coordinated complex with the N atom of the amine. Chapter 3 discusses a simple chiral derivatizing protocol involving the coupling of 2-formylphenylboronic acid and an optically pure [1,1-binaphthalene]-2,2-diamine for the rapid and accurate determination of the enantiopurity of hydroxy acids and their derivatives, possessing one or two optically active centers. It is established that this protocol is not only rapid method for discrimination of enantiomers but also highly effective for assigning the absolute configuration of various chiral hydroxy acids and their derivatives. The developed protocol involves the coupling of 2-formylphenylboronic acid with (R)-[1,1-binaphthalene]-2,2-diamine, and 2-formylphenylboronic acid with (S)-[1,1-binaphthalene]-2,2-diamine as chiral derivatizing agents. The absence of aliphatic peaks from the derivatizing agent, large chemical shift separation between the discriminated peaks of diastereomers, and the systematic change in the direction of displacement of peaks for an enantiomer in a particular diastereomeric complex, permitted the unambiguous assignment of absolute configuration. Part II : Rare Type of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding In chapter 4 The rare occurrence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds of the type N–H˖˖˖F–C, in the derivatives of imides and hydrazides in a low polarity solvent, is convincingly established by employing multi-dimensional and multinuclear solution state NMR experiments. The observation of 1hJFH, 2hJFN, and 2hJFF of significant strengths, where the spin polarization is transmitted through space among the interacting NMR active nuclei, provided strong and conclusive evidence for the existence of intra-molecular hydrogen bonds. Solvent induced perturbations and the variable temperature NMR experiments unambiguously supported the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bond. The two dimensional HOESY and 15N–1H HSQC experiments reveals the existence of multiple conformers in some of the investigated molecules. The 1H DOSY experimental results discarded any possibility of self or cross-dimerization of the molecules. The results of DFT based calculations, viz., Quantum Theory of Atoms In Molecules (QTAIM) and Non Covalent Interaction (NCI), are in close agreement with the NMR experimental findings. In chapter 5 the rates of hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange determined by 1H NMR spectra have been utilized to derive the strength of hydrogen bonds and to monitor the electronic effects in the site-specific halogen substituted benzamides and anilines. The theoretical fitting of the time dependent variation in the integral areas of 1H NMR resonances to the first order decay function permitted the determination of H/D exchange rate constants (k) and their precise half-lives (t1/2) with high degree of reproducibility. The comparative study also permitted the determination of relative strengths of hydrogen bonds and the contribution from electronic effects on the H/D exchange rates. Part III: Novel NMR Methodologies for the Precise Measurement of 1H-1H Couplings Chapter 6 describes two novel NMR methodologies developed for the precise measurement of 1H-1H couplings. Poor chemical shift dispersion and the pairwise interaction among the entire coupled network of protons results in the severely complex and overcrowded one dimensional 1H NMR spectra, hampering both the resonance assignments and the accurate determination of nJHH. The available two-dimensional selective refocusing (SERF) based experiments suffer from the evolution of magnetization from uncoupled protons as intense uninformative axial peaks. This creates ambiguity in the identification of peaks belonging to the coupled partners of a selectively excited proton, hindering the extraction of their interaction strengths. This challenge has been circumvented by designing two novel experimental technique, cited as “Clean-G-SERF” and “PS-Clean-G-SERF”. The Clean-G-SERF technique completely eradicates the axial peaks and suppresses the evolution of unwanted couplings while retaining only the couplings to the selectively excited proton. The method permits the accurate determination of spin-spin couplings even from a complex proton NMR spectrum in an orchestrated manner. The PS-Clean-G-SERF technique has been designed for the complete elimination of axial peaks and undesired couplings, with a blend of ultra-high resolution achieved by real time broad band homonuclear decoupling has been discussed in this chapter. The spin dynamics involved in both these pulse sequences have been discussed. The diverse applications of both these novel experiments have been demonstrated.

Das Ziel der Arbeit war es, Skalenverhalten und Lösungseigenschaften von flexiblen Dendrimeren als Modell für hochverzweigte Polymere zu untersuchen. Als Untersuchungsmethode wurde die gepulste Feldgradienten NMR (PFG-NMR) eingesetzt, um das hydrodynamische Verhalten der Dendrimere in Lösung zu erforschen. Aus der Konzentrationsabhängigkeit des Diffusionskoeffizienten konnte abgeleitet werden, dass das Verhalten der PAMAM-Dendrimere dem von Proteinen ähnelt, die Dendrimere also starr und globulär sind. Um die Abhängigkeit des hydrodynamischen Radius von der Molmasse zu untersuchen, kamen Lösungen von mehreren Generationen PAMAM-Dendrimeren mit verschiedenen Endgruppen zum Einsatz. Mit PFG-NMR wurden die Diffusionskoeffizienten bestimmt, aus denen die hydrodynamischen Radien nach der Stokes-Einstein-Beziehung berechnet wurden. Ein Skalenansatz lieferte die beste Beschreibung der Daten für alle drei untersuchten Systeme. Die ermittelten Skalenexponenten waren u = 3,7 für alle untersuchten PAMAM-Dendrimere. Dies bedeutet, dass deren Wachstum im dreidimensionalen Raum begrenzt ist, da der Skalenexponent einen Wert größer drei annimmt. Die Art der Endgruppen hatte in diesem Fall keinen erkennbaren Einfluss auf das Skalenverhalten. An Lysin-Dendrimeren wurde der Einfluss der Kernfunktionalität auf den Skalenexponenten untersucht. Die Lysin-Dendrimere standen als Monodendren (Kernfunktionalität, KF=1) und als Dendrimere mit einem Thiacalixaren-Kern (Thia1: KF=2, Thia2: KF=4) zur Verfügung. Die Skalenexponenten waren folgende: Für das Monodendron war u = 2,0, für Thia1 war u = 2,3 und Thia2 hatte einen Skalenexponent von u = 3,9. Da die Dendren in allen drei Fällen identisch waren, muss dieser Unterschied durch den Kern begründet sein. Weiter wurde die effektive Ladung von PAMAM-COONa G1,5 Dendrimeren in verdünnter D2O-Lösung als Funktion des pH-Werts mit Hilfe von Elektrophorese-NMR untersucht. Dabei änderte diese sich von Zeff = -5 e bei pH 12,6 zu Zeff = +5 e bei pH 1,8.

Characterization of the pore structure is a crucial part in themanufacturing of porous media used for purification of biologicalpharmaceuticals. This project took place at Cytiva in Uppsala and aimedat optimizing a newly developed method in pore structurecharacterization called size-exclusion quantification NMR (SEQ-NMR). Bymeasuring with diffusion NMR on a polymer solution before and afterequilibration with a material of interest the pore structure of thematerial can be determined. This project aimed at reducing the durationof a SEQ-NMR experiment while examining the performance of the methodduring different conditions with the goal of making the methodapplicable for quality control procedures. The method was optimizedboth by simulations and by experimental diffusion NMR measurements. Itwas discovered that the performance of the method could be improved byhaving an optimal mixture of the polymer solution and duringexperiments distributing ten measurement points with linear spacing.With these parameters optimized the duration of the method could bereduced with 22 hours landing on a total duration of 8 hours. Theduration combined with the complexity of the method still makes themethod unsuitable for use in quality control of porous media. Despitethe small possibility of SEQ-NMR being a quality control method thisproject has proven the method to be both reproducible and sensitive.

Die Arbeit untersucht das Orientierungsverhalten von niedermolekularen thermotropen nematischen Flüssigkristallen in externen elektrischen und magnetischen Feldern. Mit einer Kombination von Protonen- und Fluor-NMR-Experimenten und Orientierungsexperimenten in elektrischen Feldern wird eine Vielzahl von dynamischen Prozessen in einem Zeitbereich von 100 ms bis 100 us untersucht. Der erste Teil der Arbeit enthält eine Beschreibung des experimentellen Aufbaus für eine elektrische Steuerung von Orientierungsexperimenten im Magnetfeld eines NMR-Spektrometers. Die verschiedenen Komponenten zur Erzeugung von Hochspannungsimpulsen, zur Automatisierung des Meßablaufs und zur Synchronisation mit dem NMR-Spektrometer werden vorgestellt. Dabei wird auf die Schwierigkeiten bei NMR-Messungen an dünnen Kondensatorproben eingegangen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit folgt eine Untersuchung verschiedener dynamischer Prozesse in nematischen Flüssigkristallen. Durch die Kombination von elektrisch induzierten Prozessen mit unterschiedlichen Spannungsimpulsen kann ein sehr weiter Zeitbereich, der sich bis zu minimalen Orientierungszeiten von etwa 50 us erstreckt, erfaßt werden. Eine Analyse dieser Experimente erlaubt Rückschlüsse auf die Natur des dynamischen Prozesses wie z. B. den Übergang von homogenen zu inhomogenen Prozessen und ergibt eine Reihe von Materialparametern. Die zeitaufgelöste Messung der Orientierungsprozesse erfolgt mit verschiedenen, speziell für die Anwendung in elektrischen Feldern entwickelten NMR-Techniken. In einer Reihe von Protonen- und Fluor-Messungen werden die dipolare Dublettaufspaltung und die chemische Verschiebung als Funktionen des Winkels zwischen dem nematischen Direktor und dem Magnetfeld untersucht. Dabei nimmt die Linienbreite der Protonen-Spektren von ca. 30 kHz auf unter 300 Hz ab, und die Position der Fluor chemischen Verschiebung variiert in einem Bereich von etwa 10 kHz. / Electrically Induced Dynamic Processes in Liquid Crystals Investigated by Means of NMR --------------------------------------------------------- Within the thesis reorientation processes of thermotropic low molar mass nematic liquid crystals are described. Dynamic processes in external electric and magnetic fields are investigated by means of proton and fluorine NMR. A combination of different reorientation experiments with NMR methods allows the direct observation of the director dynamics on a timescale from 100 milliseconds to 100 microseconds. The first part provides a detailed description of the experimental setup. The reorientation experiments in the magnetic field of the NMR spectrometer are induced by high voltage pulses. The different parts of the high voltage supply are specified together with the synchronisation with the NMR experiment and several automation techniques. Some difficulties related to the usage of thin capacitor cells as NMR samples are discussed. The second part deals with different types of dynamic processes in nematic liquid crystals. The reorientation dynamics can be changed in a wide range by varying the electric excitation. Reorientation times down to 50 us are possible. Special time resolved NMR techniques provide the dipolar splitting and the chemical shift as a function of the orientational state. The proton linewidth changes in such an experiment from approx. 30 kHz to less than 300 Hz, the position of the fluorine chemical shift varies within a range of 10 kHz. These results yield a multitude of material parameters and provide information about the underlying dynamic process which may be e.g. homogeneous or inhomogeneous.

No description available.