L’éducation populaire en Amérique latine est sensée être une alternative éducative afin de favoriser l’émancipation et la libération des classes sociales populaires. Ainsi, elle se bat principalement pour l’insertion sociale, le refus de l’exclusion et de la marginalisation. En Colombie, l’expression la plus violente de l’exclusion est le déplacement forcé, qui a été reconnu par le Statut de Rome de la Cour Pénale Internationale comme un crime contre l’humanité. D’après la CODHES, un Colombien sur dix est en situation de déplacement forcé. Le conflit armé est évoqué comme la cause principale de cette situation. Seulement, la situation de guerre semble plus un moyen d’expulsion des paysans de la campagne pour les déposséder de leurs terres. Néanmoins et malgré la « crise humanitaire » qu’a produit le déplacement, les populations déplacées ou en risque de l’être ont développé des processus de résistance et de refondation dont l’éducation est un axe transversal et fondamental. Dans les deux processus, l’éducation répond à la même idée refondatrice de création de la vie libre et démocratique. Finalement, le soutien à l’éducation qui rassemble l’école et la communauté est un élément moteur pour créer une société de paix. / The popular education in Latin America is supposed to be an alternative education in order to encourage emancipation and liberation of popular social classes. Thereby its fight is mainly in favour of the social integration, the exclusion refusal and the marginalization. The most violent expression of exclusion in the Republic of Colombia is the forced displacement which has been recognized by the Statut de Rome of the International Criminal Court as a crime against humanity. According to CODHES, one Colombian out of ten is in forced displacement situation. But the war seems to be a way of evicting farmers in order to strip them of their lands. Nevertheless, in spite of the “humanity crisis” caused by the displacement, the displaced populations or those exposed to be forced to leave their home have developed a resistance and refunding movement transversally and fundamentally focused on education. In both processes education responds to the same idea to reestablish the creation of free and democratic life. In the end support given to education assembling school and community is a driving force to a peaceful society.

Stefan Zweig was an Austrian-Jewish author and intellectual who fled Austro-fascism and Nazi Germany, and took his own life in Brazil in early 1942. The resurgence of interest in Zweig’s life in the last few decades has introduced new methods of interpretation of his life as a refugee. But many scholars have not acknowledged Zweig’s relationships he formed with South American intellectuals while in exile there. Instead, the primary focus has been on his identity as a European, and his subsequent suicide. This paper will argue that Zweig’s identity as a refugee included a radical re-interpretation of history and perspective of the world outside of Europe, which had been previously based upon nationalistic and Euro-centric interpretations. Zweig’s exile was one of not only spatial displacement, but was also one of historical displacement, and the physical and political realities in Brazil contributed to this aspect of his life as a refugee.

DNA translocases are molecular motors that use energy from nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) hydrolysis to move along, pump, remodel or clear DNA. Unlike helicases, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) translocases do not unwind DNA; their action has no net product apart from inducing supercoils as a result of groove-tracking, which has hampered their characterisation. Many dsDNA translocases appear to have biased directionality. However, the inherent symmetry of dsDNA requires that translocase activity is regulated by specific sequences or through modulation by interaction partners. FtsK is a highly conserved bacterial cell-division protein, localised to the dividing septum, that coordinates chromosome segregation with cytokinesis. It is responsible for the resolution of chromosome dimers by activating the tyrosine recombinases XerCD bound to the 28bp chromosomal site dif. The C-terminal domain of FtsK (FtsKC) is a dsDNA translocase (speed ~5 kb/s, stall force ~60 pN) most closely related to superfamily 4 helicases and is active as a hexameric ring. A winged-helix subdomain at the C-terminus of FtsKC, FtsKgamma, binds to specific 8 bp sequences, KOPS, that are polarised in the bacterial chromosome from the origin to towards dif. FtsKgamma also interacts with XerD, activating it for catalysis. Studies of FtsK translocation have differed over whether KOPS act as a loading or a reversal sequence for FtsK. In Chapter 2, I use a continuous ensemble assay for dsDNA translocation to show that FtsK initiates rapidly at KOPS, with loading dependent on FtsKgamma. Translocation requires moderately cooperative ATP binding, while ATP hydrolysis has a more relaxed cooperativity. I have determined the ATP coupling efficiency of translocation to be ~1.6 bp/ATP, in line with theoretical estimates. Though FtsK probably strips most proteins from DNA, I show in Chapter 3 that FtsK stops translocating when it encounters XerCD bound to dif. The interaction is most likely a specific down-regulation, but surprisingly does not depend on FtsKgamma or on the catalytic or synaptic activity of XerCD. In Chapter 4, I show some preliminary structural data of FtsKC bound to dsDNA, with the aim of determining the first high resolution structure of a ring dsDNA translocase bound to nucleic acid.

After the excavation of a cut slope ongoing deformations on the slope surface can often be measured. These deformations can be induced due to various processes and can also be used as an indicator of slope stability. If the reasons for the deformations are known, selective stabilization methods can help to decelerate, or stop, the movements. The potential for the recognition of displacement patterns in excavated slopes is studied in this dissertation. In the laboratory, the analysis of displacement patterns due to various processes is difficult as identical initial test conditions can hardly be reproduced. Furthermore, measurements of displacements can only be conducted to a limited degree. Therefore, numerical calculations using the finite element method were applied to simulate excavation processes and analyse the displacements. In addition, a suitable mathematical model has to be used to represent the stress-strain behaviour during the unloading process. Three different advanced constitutive soil models were chosen to calculate an excavation process of an idealized slope assuming drained conditions: - elasto-plastic Modified-Cam-Clay model - rate-independent hypoplastic model according to Masin - rate-dependent visco-hypoplastic model according to Niemunis Before conducting the excavation simulation, the soil parameters of the constitutive models were calibrated by means of numerical element tests, depicting the stress paths of conventional laboratory tests. Within the literature, those conventional laboratory tests are recommended for the determination of parameters for the constitutive models. A parameter set for the visco-hypoplastic model was chosen from literature. The parameters were adapted for the remaining models. Thus, all three models predicted approximately the same stress-strain behaviour during conventional laboratory tests. Despite the correlations during the element tests, the constitutive models predicted different displacements during the calculation of the excavation of an idealized slope under drained conditions. Thereupon, load-controlled triaxial compression tests were conducted reproducing the characteristic stress paths during an excavation process. At the same time, numerical calculations were carried out to reproduce the triaxial compression tests, and the measured and calculated displacement behaviour was compared. Different processes such as pure unloading due to excavation, excavation in overconsolidated soil, excavation coupled with consolidation, excavation coupled with previous ground water lowering and consolidation as well as the influence of creep effects were considered in the analysis of the displacement patterns during an excavation. It can be stated that the evaluation of displacements and changes in displacements in a single point on the slope surface cannot provide sufficient information about a certain physical process. Only the combination of displacement paths at different survey points will lead to a reliable conclusion. Thus, representative displacement patterns for different processes are recognizable during and after the excavation, which can be used for the identification. During the numerical simulation of an in-situ model test, where a slope was brought to failure by excavation, the calculated displacements were analysed for identifiable displacement patterns. It can be stated that despite different slope systems, consistencies were found within characteristic survey points. These points can be used to identify patterns within the displacement contours.

Postcards highlight the most invigorating, awesome and memorable aspects of events and places. They serve as mementos to be shared or as a testament to experience, proof that "I was here." While postcards were most widely used at the turn of the 20th century, they are quickly being outmoded by the immediacy of technology. Thanks to digital photography and the world wide web, sharing memories is something that happens almost as quickly as the original event is experienced. The history and function of postcards are not the topics that I will address in this essay. Rather, I will look at how geography and experience influence the formation of memories and illustrate how postcards, in highlighting the most mundane and forgettable aspects of place, can act as a mnemonic device. I will also touch on ideas of the simulacra to explore how the simulation of an event or object can be truer or at least more authentic than the original.

This paper looks at how preservationists in Oregon Hill, a gentrifying neighborhood in Richmond, Virginia, appropriated the identity of its working class residents, particularly through claims on a particular cluster of houses. By reframing the meaning of the houses, from homes to sites of historic significance, the preservationists began to “write” themselves into their environment. That is, by engaging the site of the houses both temporally (through narrative) and spatially (by establishing political boundaries), preservationists carved out a space for themselves in the neighborhood. This paper addresses the problems with this process, including the preservationists’ apparent lack of regard for a viable community as anything more than artifact, but also their masking of racial tensions in the neighborhood. Ultimately, though, it shows that preservation is a progressive act, and further, that place, rather than a representation of either progress or preservation, is actually the scene of the dialectic between both.

TITLE: Transfer of Germans from Broumov district AUTHOR: Jitka Bartošková DEPARTMENT: History and History Didactics Department SUPERVISOR: doc. Ph.Dr. Alena Míšková, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: The present work studies a displacement process of German inhabitans from a former district Broumov in East Bohemia. Until 1946 Germans predominated in this place and Czechs represented the largest national minority there. Attention is focused on transfer in 1945 and 1946. In 1945 it took place on Czechoslovakian representatives' initiative and it was accompanied by many acts of violence. In the next year it was organized in agreement with international conventions, it was effected in more orderly manner and it had larger character. The utter most of German inhabitants was displaced from district Broumov at that time. Transfer was carried out by local authorities of state administration and police together with soldiers of Czechoslovakian army. Therefore attention is focused on conditions in this institutions, too. Official dokuments and reports resulted of its activity are the main source of this work. KEYWORDS: Transfer, Displacement, Expulsion, Politically unreliable people,

This qualitative case study explores the post-Katrina experiences of African Americans in Houston and in New Orleans. When the levees failed, residents from New Orleans were scattered across the country. Houston housed the largest population of displaced low-income African Americans from New Orleans. As the rebuilding process began, housing, employment, education, and healthcare policies in New Orleans changed. These institutional changes employed urban revitalization and poverty removal strategies adapted to disaster recovery. This study differs from previous research by examining these changes with an intersectional approach. It explores how African Americans frame obstacles as they attempt to return to a city with reformed housing, employment, education, and healthcare policies. To do this, I analyze three different cases 1) those that returned to New Orleans, 2) those still displaced in Houston, and 3) those that relocated to Houston after returning to New Orleans for over a year.

Where and how to house the urban poor remains a controversial issue. Public housing residents are particularly vulnerable. Issues of race, class and gender intersect in their lives. Public-private partnerships in urban redevelopment projects and a focus on issues that arise from concentrated poverty gave rise to HOPE VI policy aimed at deconcentrating poverty via public housing demolition and redevelopment. In New Orleans, the effects of Hurricane Katrina further complicate this contested process. The purpose of this case study is to understand how residents experienced and framed the process of displacement brought on by disaster and the redevelopment of the Magnolia projects, comparing those who returned to the revitalized project to those who did not. The data I collected are 4 semi-structured interviews and one focus group with residents, 56 newspaper articles, and 60 photos. Doing so uncovered nuanced resident narratives often left out of public housing redevelopment decisions.

[pt] Materiais viscoplásticos, os quais apresentam tensão limite de escoamento, podem ser encontrados em vários processos naturais e em diversas indústrias, tais como: alimentícia, de cosméticos, farmacêutica e do petróleo. Nessas indústrias o conhecimento preciso das propriedades reológicas dos materiais viscoplásticos e do comportamento desses materiais em diferentes escoamentos é fundamental para o sucesso de várias operações. Todavia, a reometria desse tipo de material ainda apresenta alguns desafios como as medidas de tensão limite de escoamento, deslizamento aparente, tixotropia e a quebra da microestrutura na colocação da amostra no reômetro. Alémm disso, existe o fato de que até hoje alguns fenômenos em diferentes escoamentos envolvendo materiais viscoplásticos ainda permanecem não tão bem compreendidos, o que requer uma investigação mais profunda. Nesse trabalho, uma abordagem dos materiais que apresentam comportamento viscoplástico, dos métodos utilizados para as medições de suas propriedades reológicas e do comportamento desses materiais em diferentes tipos de escoamento é realizada. Além disso, é executada uma análise detalhada de escoamentos, tais como: viscométricos, através de expansões-contrações, envolvendo deslocamentos em tubos capilares e de escoamentos envolvendo deslocamentos em poços de petróleo. / [en] Viscoplastic or yield stress materials are found in a lot of natural processes, and in a wide variety of industries such as food, cosmetic, farmaceutical and petroleum. In these industries, knowing the accurate rheological properties of a viscoplastic material and its behavior in different flows are fundamental for the success of many operations. Nevertheless, the rheometry of this kind of material still presents some challenges, such as yield stress measurements, apparent wall slip, thixotropy and the breakdown of structure on loading the material into the rheometer geometry used. In addition to that, until now some phenomena in different flows involving viscoplastic materials are not well understood, and therefore more investigation is required. This thesis deals with viscoplastic materials, their rheological properties measurements, and their behavior in different kinds of flow. Moreover, a detailed analysis of flows such as viscometric, expansions-contractions, the displacements in capillary tubes, and the displacements inside oil wells was performed.