The formation of plastic strains in non-cohesive soils due to large number of loading cycles is a phenomenon of great importance in geotechnical and civil engineering. It constitutes a considerable cause for failures and deformations in various types of engineering applications including pavements. Strain accumulation due to cyclic loading has been studied for years through different models. This thesis reviews various models and focuses on the Bochum model through which, the most contributing soil and traffic parameters on permanent strains formation in pavement subgrades can be figured out. This represents the base for studying the serviceability of increasing the gross weights of vehicles that affect the behavior and size of cyclic loading. This was discussed through investigating the efficacy of increasing the number of vehicle axles and through increasing the vehicle gross weight while keeping the number of axles to check their impacts at the levels of strain formation in soil and consequently on its deformation. The results showed a considerable difference in settlements after changing the axle configurations of vehicles through increasing its number of axles. The work is expected to open a new area of scientific research in pavement designs seeking for ideal configurations of vehicle axles and to provide an advanced approach for studying soil deformations due to higher cyclic loadings.

Un nouveau logiciel CFD, LaBS, basé sur la méthode de lattice Boltzmann sur Réseau a été développé dans le cadre d'un projet entre universités et industries. LaBS est utilisé pour la simulation numérique des écoulements thermiques avec un nouveau modèle de frontière immergée pour les conditions limites thermiques. Ce modèle est basé sur la méthode de reconstruction de la fonction de distribution et est évalué pour des conditions limites coincidentes et non-coincidentes avec le maillage, sur le phénomène de diffusion thermique et de convection naturelle.Renault s'intéresse aux situations d'arrêt péage ou de contact coupé, pour lesquelles sont considérés un véhicule roulant à une vitesse soutenue, sur une autoroute par exemple, et qui subit un arrêt ou un ralentissement brutal (avec ou sans contact coupé).Dans ce genre de situation le refroidissement du compartiment moteur qui était assuré par le phénomène de convection forcé durant le roulage laisse place au phénomène de convection naturelle durant les phases de base vitesse ou de vitesse nulle.Le phénomène de convection naturelle est un phénomène lent, qui peut prendre plusieurs minutes à évacuer la chaleur accumulée dans le compartiment moteur. La présence de température élevée pendant une durée trop importante dans le compartiment moteur peut endommager certains composants qui possèdent des seuils de température critique.Pour anticiper ce problème de surchauffe du compartiment moteur, dans lequel un grand nombre de pièces à géométries complexes sont présentes, le phénomène de convection naturelle est étudié avec le nouveau modèle de frontière immergée thermique.%Ce modèle est d'abord testé sur des cas test académique pour validation et est ensuite appliqué au cas d'une voiture réelle.La modélisation des écoulements thermiques avec la méthodes de lattice Boltzmann sur Réseau (LBM) peut-être classée en trois catégories: l'approche multi-vitesse, l'approche hybride et l'approche à deux fonctions de distribution (DDF: Double-Distribution-Function).L'approche multi-vitesse, utilise une équation pour résoudre le champ de vitesse, de densité et de température qui sont résolus avec la LBM. Tandis que l'approche hybride et l'approche DDF utilise un jeux de deux équations, un pour résoudre le champ de vitesse et de densité et l'autre pour résoudre le champ de température.L'approche hybride résout le champ de vitesse et de densité avec la LBM et utilise une méthode de différence finie ou de volume fini pour résoudre le champ de température. L'approche DDF résout quand à elle les deux équations avec la LBM.Le modèle thermique utilisé dans LaBS est basé sur l'approche DDF où les deux équations sont couplées par l'hypothèse de Boussinesq. Le champ de vitesse et de densité est résolu avec un réseau de dix-neuf vitesses discrètes (D3Q19) et champs de température est résolut soit par un réseau à dix-neuf vitesses discrètes (D3Q19) soit par un réseau à sept vitesses discrètes (D3Q7).Le nouveau modèle de frontière immergée décompose la fonction de distribution aux noeuds frontière en sa partie à l'équilibre et hors équilibre. La partie hors équilibre est calculée à partir d'une formulation théorique issus du développement de Chapman-Enskog.La validation du modèle DDF implémenté dans LaBS est faite sur un ensemble de cas test de complexité croissante. Les résultats obtenus avec LaBS sont comparés aux solutions analytiques ou encore à des articles de référence et sont en accord avec les résultats attendus. Ils montrent que qualitativement les résultats sont aussi bons pour le modèle D3Q19/D3Q19 que pour le modèle D3Q19/D3Q7 mais que quantitativement le modèle D3Q19/D3Q19 reste meilleur. / A new three-dimensional CFD solver, LaBS, based on the lattice Boltzmann alogorithms has been developed in a framework of university and industry consortium. In this thesis, this solver is used to simulate thermal flows, with a new thermal boundary condition for immersed solid boundary. The new proposed thermal boundary condition is based on the reconstruction method of the distribution function and is evaluated for immersed solid with coincident and non-coincident wall on the case of diffusion and natural convection phenomena.Renault case study, deals with a vehicle moving at constant speed (highway) that suddently slows down and stops (with or without a cut off contact). In such situation the cooling of the engine compartment first driven by forced convection during taxiing stage, abruptly switches to natural convection in low velocity stages. As natural convection is a slow process, it can take several minutes to remove the accumulated heat in the engine compartment. Such duration could be damaging for some components of the engine compartement which do not tolerate high temperature.In order to anticipate overheating of the engine compartment, where a lot of automotive parts with complex geometry are present and to avoid the above mentioned damages, the phenomenon of natural convection is here studied with the new thermal boundary condition.%The new proposed thermal boundary condition is first tested on academic case studies for validation, and then applied to the case of a real car.The modelling of thermal flows with the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) can be classified into three categories: the multispeed approach, the hybrid approach and the double-distribution-function (DDF) approach. The multispeed approach, uses only one equation to resolve velocity, density and temperature field, which is solved by the LBM. Whereas the hybrid approach and the DDF approach utilize two sets of equations, one to resolve velocity field and density field and another to resolve temperature field. The hybrid approach solves velocity field and density field by the LBM method and the temperature field by finite-different or finite-volume methods. On the other hand the DDF approach solves the two equations with LBM.The thermal model used in the solver LaBS is based on the coupled DDF approach. In this model, the flow field is solved by a D3Q19 velocity model while the temperature field is solved by a D3Q19 or a D3Q7 velocity model. The coupling between the momentum and the energy transport is made by the boussinesq approximation. The new proposed thermal boundary condition decomposes the distribution function at the boundary node into its equilibrium and non-equilibrium part. The non-equilibrium part is calculated from the theoretical solution based on Chapman-Enskog developement.LaBS thermal model based on the coupled DDF approach is evaluated on a set of cases with increasing complexity. The results obtained with LaBS are compared with analytical solutions or with reference articles and are in a good agreement with the results expected. Results show that the model D3Q19/D3Q7 is qualitatively as good as the model D3Q19/D3Q19 but quantitatively the model D3Q19/D3Q19 remains the best.

Ce travail est consacré à l'étude de quelques problèmes de contrôlabilité concernant plusieurs modèles issues de la mécanique des fluides. Dans le Chapitre 2, on obtient la contrôlabilité locale à zéro du système de Navier-Stokes avec contrôles distribués ayant une composante nulle. La nouveauté la plus importante est l'absence de conditions géometriques sur le domaine de contrôle. Le Chapitre 3 étend ce résultat pour le système de Boussinesq, où le couplage avec l'équation de la chaleur permet d'avoir jusqu'à deux composantes nulles dans le contrôle agissant sur l'équation du fluide. Le Chapitre 4 traite l'existence de contrôles insensibilisants pour le système de Boussinesq. En particulier, on montre la contrôlabilité à zéro d'un système en cascade issu du problème d'insensibilisation où le contrôle dans l'équation du fluide possède deux composantes nulles. Pour ces problèmes, on suit une approche classique. On établit la contrôlabilité à zéro du système linéalisé autour de zéro par une inégalité de Carleman pour le système adjoint avec des termes source. Puis, on obtient le résultat pour le système non linéaire par un argument d'inversion locale.Dans le Chapitre 5, on étudie quelques aspects de la contrôlabilité à zéro d'une équation de KdV linéaire avec conditions au bord de type Colin-Ghidaglia. On obtient une estimation du coût de la contrôlabilité à zéro qui est optimal par rapport au coefficient de dispersion. Sa preuve repose sur une inégalité de Carleman avec un comportement optimal en temps. Puis, on montre que le coût de la contrôlabilité à zéro explose exponentiellement par rapport au coefficient de dispersion lorsque le temps final est suffisamment petit. / This work is devoted to the study of some controllability problems concerning some models from fluid mechanics. First, in Chapter 2, we obtain the local null controllability of the Navier-Stokes system with distributed controls having one vanishing component. The main novelty is that no geometric condition is imposed on the control domain. In Chapter 3, we extend this result for the Boussinesq system, where the coupling with the temperature equation allows us to have up to two vanishing components in the control acting on the fluid equation. Chapter 4 deals with the existence of insensitizing controls for the Boussinesq system. In particular, we prove the null controllability of the cascade system arising from the reformulation of the insensitizing problem, where the control on the fluid equation has two vanishing components. For these problems, we follow a classical approach. We establish the null controllability of the linearized system around the origin by means of a suitable Carleman inequality for the adjoint system with source terms. Then, we obtain the result for the nonlinear system by a local inversion argument.In Chapter 5, we study some null controllability aspects of a linear KdV equation with Colin-Ghidaglia boundary conditions. First, we obtain an estimation of the cost of null controllability, which is optimal with respect to the dispersion coefficient. This improves previous results on this matter. Its proof relies on a Carleman estimate with an optimal behavior in time. Finally, we prove that the cost of null controllability blows up exponentially with respect to the dispersion coefficient provided that the final time is small enough.

Byla provedena měření turbulentní Rayleighovy-Bénardovy konvekce v kryogenním heliu v rozsahu Rayleighových čísel 1e8

The thesis is focused on the investigation of Rayleigh-Bénard problem in an extended setting approximating the conditions in the Earth's mantle. The aim is to evaluate the influence of depth- and temperature- dependent material parameters, dissipation, adiabatic heating/cooling and heat sources on the qualitative characteristics of thermal convection. We identify the critical values of dimensionless parameters that determine the onset of convection and characterize the dominating convection patterns in marginally supercritical states. These issues are addressed by the application of linear stability analysis and weakly non-linear analysis. It has been found that the character of convection differ substantially from the standard case of Rayleigh-Bénard convection. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

In flows with stable density stratification, a portion of the gravitational potential energy is available for conversion to kinetic energy. The remainder is not and is called “background potential energy”. The partition of potential energy is analogous to the classical division of energy due to motion into its kinetic and internal components. Computing background and available potential energies is important for understanding stratified flows. In many numerical simulations, though, the Boussinesq approximations to the Navier-Stokes equations are employed. These approximations are not consistent with conservation of energy. In this thesis we re-derive the governing equations for a buoyancy driven fluid using Boussinesq approximations. Analytical and stochastic approaches to partitioning potential energy are developed and analyzed in simplified 1-D cases. Finally, ambient and deviatoric potential energies, quantities analogous to background and available potential energy are introduced. Direct Numerical Simulations are used to formulate an energy budget. The actual and surrogate potential energies are compared based on the simulation results.

En este estudio se han construido dos diferentes instalaciones para investigar primero los chorros de gas horizontales y en segundo lugar los chorros verticales de agua que impactan sobre superficies libres de fluido, también se ha desarrollado un modelo numérico integral para predecir las trayectorias de estos jets y sus parámetros más importantes, validándose con los resultados experimentales obtenidos. En la primera parte de este trabajo, se han realizado experimentos para investigar el comportamiento de chorros de gas horizontales penetrando en agua. Los resultados experimentales indicaron que la longitud de penetración de los chorros de gas está fuertemente influenciada por el diámetro de la boquilla y el número de Froude, así como con el flujo de masa de de entrada y su momento. Aumentar el número de Froude y el diámetro del inyector lleva a aumentar la inestabilidad de jet. Además, la máxima ubicación antes de jet pinch-off se muestra que mantiene una relación logarítmica con el número de Froude para todos los diámetros de jet. Se han desarrollado correlaciones empíricas para predecir estos parámetros. Se ha desarrollado un modelo basado en la integración de las ecuaciones de conservación para que resulte útil en el diseño de aplicaciones en las que participen chorros horizontales así como para asistir a la investigación experimental. Las predicciones del modelo integral se comparan con los datos de los datos experimentales obtenidos con muy buenos resultados. En la segunda parte de este trabajo, se realizaron una serie de experimentos con de chorros de agua, inyectados verticalmente hacia abajo, a través de toberas circulares que impactan sobre una superficie de agua. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la profundidad de penetración de la burbuja disminuye con la longitud del chorro, pero que después de ciertas condiciones se mantiene casi constante. Además ésta aumenta con los diámetros de la boquilla y la velocidad del chorro. La velocidad de arrastre / Harby Mohamed Abd Alaal, K. (2012). Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Characteristics of Submerged Horizontal Gas Jets and Vertical Plunging Water Jets in Water Ambient [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/18065

A mecânica celular jaz nas propriedades materiais da membrana plasmática, fundamentalmente uma bicamada fosfolipídica com espessura de dimensões moleculares. Além de forças elásticas, tal material bidimensional também experimenta tensões viscosas devido ao seu comportamento fluido (presumivelmente newtoniano) na direção tangencial. A despeito da notável concordância entre teoria e experimentos biofísicos sobre a geometria de membranas celulares, ainda não se faz presente um método computacional para simulação de sua (real) dinâmica viscosa governada pela lei de Boussinesq-Scriven. Assim sendo, introduzimos uma formulação variacional mista de três campos para escoamentos viscosos de superfícies fechadas curvas. Nela, o fluido circundante é levado em conta considerando-se uma restrição de volume interior, ao passo que uma restrição de área corresponde à inextensibilidade. As incógnitas são a velocidade, o vetor curvatura e a pressão superficial, todas estas interpoladas com elementos finitos lineares contínuos via estabilização baseada na projeção do gradiente de pressão. O método é semi-implícito e requer a solução de apenas um único sistema linear por passo de tempo. Outro ingrediente numérico proposto é uma força que mimetiza a ação de uma pinça óptica, permitindo interação virtual com a membrana, onde a qualidade e o refinamento de malha são mantidos por remalhagem adaptativa automática. Extensivos experimentos numéricos de dinâmica de relaxação são apresentados e comparados com soluções quasi-analíticas. É observada estabilidade temporal condicional com uma restrição de passo de tempo que escala como o quadrado do tamanho de malha. Reportamos a convergência e os limites de estabilidade de nosso método e sua habilidade em predizer corretamente o equilíbrio dinâmico de compridas e finas elongações cilíndricas (tethers) que surgem a partir de pinçamentos membranais. A dependência de forma membranal com respeito a uma velocidade imposta de pinçamento também é discutida, sendo que há um valor limiar de velocidade abaixo do qual um tether não se forma de início. Testes adicionais ilustram a robustez do método e a relevância dos efeitos viscosos membranais quando sob a ação de forças externas. Sem dúvida, ainda há um longo caminho a ser trilhado para o entendimento completo da mecânica celular (há de serem consideradas outras estruturas tais como citoesqueleto, canais iônicos, proteínas transmembranares, etc). O primeiro passo, porém, foi dado: a construção de um esquema numérico variacional capaz de simular a intrigante dinâmica das membranas celulares. / Cell mechanics lies on the material properties of the plasmatic membrane, fundamentally a two-molecule-thick phospholipid bilayer. Other than bending elastic forces, such a two-dimensional interfacial material also experiences viscous stresses due to its (presumably Newtonian) surface fluid tangential behaviour. Despite the remarkable agreement on membrane shapes between theory and biophysical experiments, there is no computational method for simulating its (actual) viscous dynamics governed by the Boussinesq- Scriven law. Accordingly, we introduce a mixed three-field variational formulation for viscous flows of closed curved surfaces. In it, the bulk fluid is taken into account by means of an enclosed-volume constraint, whereas an area constraint stands for the membranes inextensible character. The unknowns are the velocity, vector curvature and surface pressure fields, all of which are interpolated with linear continuous finite elements by means of a pressure-gradient-projection scheme. The method is semi-implicit and it requires the solution of a single linear system per time step. Another proposed ingredient is a numerical force that emulates the action of an optical tweezer, allowing for virtual interaction with the membrane, where mesh quality and refinement are maintained by adaptively remeshing. Extensive relaxation experiments are reported and compared with quasi-analytical solutions. Conditional time stability is observed, with a time step restriction that scales as the square of the mesh size. We discuss both convergence and the stability limits of our method, its ability to correctly predict the dynamical equilibrium of the tether due to tweezing. The dependence of the membrane shape on imposed tweezing velocities is also addressed. Basically, there is a threshold velocity value below which the tethers shape does not arise at first. Further tests illustrate the robustness of the method and show the significance of viscous effects on membranes deformation under external forces. Undoubtedly, there is still a long way to track toward the understanding of celullar mechanics (one still has to account other structures such as cytoskeleton, ion channels, transmembrane proteins, etc). The first step has given, though: the design of a numerically robust variational scheme capable of simulating the engrossing dynamics of fluid cell membranes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T11:46:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2353317 bytes, checksum: d71ead9d4e0f785df35982fc9318c7da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this thesis, we study controllability results of some phenomena modeled by Partial Differential Equations (PDEs): Multi objective control problem, for parabolic equations, following the Stackelber-Nash strategy is considered: for each leader control which impose the null controllability for the state variable, we find a Nash equilibrium associated to some costs. The leader control is chosen to be the one of minimal cost. Null controllability for the linear Schrödinger equation: with a convenient space-time discretization, we numerically construct boundary controls which lead the solution of the Schrödinger equation to zero; using some arguments of Fursikov-Imanuvilov (see [Lecture Notes Series, Vol 34, 1996]) we construct controls with exponential decay at final time. Null controllability for a Schrödinger-KdV system: in this work, we combine global Carleman estimates with energy estimates to obtain an observability inequality. The controllability result holds by the Hilbert Uniqueness Method (HUM). Controllability results for a Euler type system, incompressible, inviscid, under the influence of a temperature are obtained: we mainly use the extension and return methods / Nesta tese, estudaremos resultados de controle para alguns problemas da teoria das equações diferenciais parciais (EDPs): Problema de controle multi objetivo para um problema parabólico, seguindo estratégias do tipo Stackelberg-Nash: para cada controle líder, que impõe a controlabilidade nula para o estado, encontramos seguidores, em equilíbrio de Nash, associados a funcionais custo. Em seguida, determinamos o líder de menor custo. Controlabilidade nula para a equação de Schrödinger linear: com uma discretização espaço-tempo adequada, construímos numericamente controles-fronteira que conduzem a solução de Schrödinger a zero; utilizando técnicas de Fursikov-Imanuvilov (veja [Lecture Notes Series, Vol 34, 1996]) contruímos controles que decaem exponencialmente no tempo final. Controlabilidade nula para um sistema acoplado Schrödinger-KdV: neste trabalho, combinando estimativas globais de Carleman com estimativas de energia, obtemos uma desigualdade de observabilidade. O resultado de controlabilidade segue pelo método de unicicade Hilbert (HUM). Controlabilidade para um sistema do tipo Euler, incompressível, invíscido, sob influência de uma temperatura: Utilizamos os métodos de extensão seguido do método do retorno para provar resultados de controlabilidade para este sistema

Dans cette thèse, on s'intéresse à deux problèmes provenant de l'étude mathématique des fluides incompressibles visqueux : la propagation de la régularité tangentielle et le mouvement d'une surface libre.La première question concerne plus particulièrement l'étude qualitative de l'évolution de quantités thermodynamiques telles que la température dans l'équation de Boussinesq sans diffusion et la densité dans le système de Navier-Stokes non homogène. Typiquement, on suppose que ces deux quantités sont, à l'instant initial, discontinues le long d'une interface à régularité h"oldérienne. Comme conséquence de résultats de propagation de régularité tangentielle pour le champ de vitesses, on établit que la régularité des interfaces persiste pour tout temps aussi bien en dimension deux d'espace, qu'en dimension supérieure (avec condition de petitesse). Notre approche suit celle du travail de J.-Y. Chemin dans les années 90 pour le problème des poches de tourbillon dans les fluides incompressiblesparfaits.Dans le cas présent, outre cette hypothèse de régularité tangentielle, nous n'avons besoin que d'une régularité critique sur le champ de vitesses.La démonstration repose sur le calcul para-différentiel et les espaces de multiplicateurs.Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, on considère le problème à frontière libre pour le système de Navier-Stokes incompressible à deux phases. Ce système permet de décrire l'évolution d'un mélange de deux fluides non miscibles tels que l'huile et l'eau par exemple. Différents cas de figure sont étudiés : le cas d'un réservoir borné, d'une goutte ou d'une rivière à profondeur finie.On établit l'existence et l'unicité à temps petit pour ce problème. Notre démonstration repose fortement sur des propriétés de régularité maximale parabolique de type $L_p$-$L_q / This thesis is dedicated to two different problems in the mathematical study of the viscous incompressible fluids: the persistence of tangential regularity and the motion of a free surface.The first problem concerns the study of the qualitative properties of some thermodynamical quantities in incompressible fluid models, such as the temperature for Boussinesq system with no diffusion and the density for the non-homogeneous Navier-Stokes system. Typically, we assume those two quantities to be initially piecewise constant along an interface with H"older regularity.As a consequence of stability of certain directional smoothness of the velocity field, we establish that the regularity of the interfaces persist globally with respect to time both in the two dimensional and higher dimensional cases (under some smallness condition). Our strategy is borrowed from the pioneering works by J.-Y.Chemin in 1990s on the vortex patch problem for ideal fluids.Let us emphasize that, apart from the directional regularity, we only impose rough (critical) regularity on the velocity field. The proof requires tools from para-differential calculus and multiplier space theory.In the last part of this thesis, we are concerned with the free boundary value problem for two-phase density-dependent Navier-Stokes system.This model is used to describe the motion of two immiscible liquids, like the oil and the water. Such mixture may occur in different situations, such as in a fixed bounded container, in a moving bounded droplet or in a river with finite depth. We establish the short time well-posedness for this problem. Our result strongly relies on the $L_p$-$L_q$ maximal regularity theoryfor parabolic equations