La Turquie, comme de nombreux pays, a pris conscience de l'importance de mettre en œuvre une diplomatie commerciale active. Cette thèse se donne pour objectif d'analyser les aspects juridiques de la diplomatie commerciale turque. Une réflexion est menée sur le concept même de la diplomatie commerciale dont il n'existe pas de définition faisant l'unanimité. Dans le cadre de l'étude des fondements de la diplomatie commerciale de la Turquie, l'histoire de cette diplomatie est analysée dans un premier temps, suivie de l'étude de sa législation, sans délaisser l'analyse des institutions et des acteurs turcs qui interviennent dans son élaboration. La thèse comporte également une réflexion sur l'intégration de la Turquie dans l'économie mondiale. Cette réflexion s'articule essentiellement autour de l'étude des aspects multilatéraux et plurilatéraux, mais également régionaux et bilatéraux de la diplomatie commerciale turque. Les différents axes de la diplomatie commerciale de la Turquie ont été sensiblement renforcés depuis l'arrivée au pouvoir du gouvernement AKP en 2002, grâce notamment à la politique étrangère active mise en œuvre sous l'impulsion du stratège de la diplomatie, l'ancien Ministre des Affaires Étrangères et l'actuel Premier Ministre, Ahmet Davutoglu. Ces évolutions ont permis à la Turquie de gagner en visibilité sur la scène internationale aussi bien sur le plan politique que commerciale. En effet, ce grand pays de 77 millions d'habitants, situé à la périphérie du continent européen, qui s'est fait discret durant une longue période, a commencé, et ce depuis plus d'une décennie, à faire parler d'elle. Les résultats économiques que la Turquie a obtenus en 2007 et 2008 ont été qualifiés de «miracle», notamment en comparaison avec la majorité des pays européens ayant été frappés par le ralentissement consécutif à la crise mondiale. Les années qui ont suivi ont cependant montré que cet élan a tendance à s'essouffler. / Turkey, like many countries, has recognized the importance of implementing an active commercial diplomacy. This thesis has the objective to analyze the legal aspects of the Turkish commercial diplomacy. A study is conducted on the very concept of commercial diplomacy which there is no definition-consensus. As part of the study of the fundamentals of commercial diplomacy of Turkey, the history of that diplomacy is analyzed at first, followed by the study of its legislation, without neglecting the analysis of institutions and Turkish actors involved in its development. This thesis also includes a reflection on the integration of Turkey into the global economy. This reflection is essentially based around the study of multilateral and plurilateral aspects but also regional and bilateral aspects of the Turkish commercial diplomacy. The various axes of Turkey's commercial diplomacy was significantly strengthened since the AKP government came to power in 2002, especially thanks to the active foreign policy implementation under the leadership of the strategist of diplomacy, Ahmet Davutoglu, who is the former Foreign Affairs Minister and the current Prime Minister. These developments have enabled Turkey to gain visibility on the international scene both politically and commercially. Indeed, this great country of 77 million inhabitants, situated on the outskirts of the European continent, which has been discreet for a long time, started, since for more than a decade, to be talked about. The economic results that Turkey has achieved in 2007 and 2008 have been described as "miracle", especially in comparison with the majority of European countries which were hit by the subsequent slowdown in the global crisis. The ensuing years have shown, however, that this momentum tends to falter.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

[pt] O transporte de carga aérea no Brasil é um dos grandes fatores que ajudaram a alavancar as exportações e importações brasileiras. Com as exportações superando as importações, esta modalidade de transporte teve influência direta nos saldos positivos da balança comercial brasileira nos últimos anos. Esta dissertação mostra o cenário brasileiro dos últimos três anos e, sempre que for pertinente, a relação com o panorama mundial. Assim, o trabalho começa com a situação mundial da carga aérea para depois, então, discutir a situação no Brasil. Os fatores de influência que refletiram no transporte de carga, a movimentação das exportações e importações, as empresas aéreas nacionais e estrangeiras, exclusivas de carga ou mistas, que atuam no Brasil e, finalmente, os principais aeroportos brasileiros são temas desta dissertação. A motivação deste trabalho está no grande resultado obtido, no período analisado, por esta modalidade de transporte. O mercado doméstico e internacional está em franca expansão e a chegada de novos modelos de aeronaves cargueiras é vista com grande expectativa pelas companhias, aumentando, assim, a quantidade de toneladas quilômetros ofertados, o que garantiria o sucesso desta modalidade de transporte de carga. / [en] The air cargo transportation in Brazil is one of the great factors that have stimulated Brazilian´s exportations and importations. As the exportations surpassed the importations, such modality of transport had direct influence in the Brazilian trade balance for the last years. This dissertation shows the Brazilian scene of last the three years and, whenever it is pertinent, the relation with the world-wide panorama. Thus, the work starts with the world-wide situation of the air cargo with special attention to Brazil. Influence factors that they had reflected in the air cargo transportation, the cargo movement of the exportations and importations, the national and foreign airlines roles and situation in Brazil and, finally, the main Brazilian airports are subjects of this dissertation. The motivation of this work is the great result achieved for this analyzed period, regarding this transport modality. The domestic and international market is in great expansion and the coming of new freighter aircrafts models is seen with expectation for air companies, increasing, thus, the amount of tons offered kilometers, what it would guarantee the success of the cargo transportation modality.

Le présent mémoire s'intéresse à la relation entre le commerce international et le marché du travail des industries canadiennes pour la période de 1993 à 2007. L'analyse va se présenter en trois niveaux : premièrement, nous régresserons l'impact du taux d'exportation et du taux d'importation sur toutes les industries et sur tous les travailleurs. Dans un second temps, nous diviserons les industries en secteurs intrabranches, extrabranches et en secteur mixte. Enfin, nous contrôlerons l'effet province en incluant des données provinciales du taux d'importation et d'exportation et en ajoutant un effet fixe province. Les résultats indiquent que la hausse du taux d'importation réduit le nombre d'emploi et augmente la probabilité de perdre son emploi de façon involontaire. Un autre point est que les salaires ne semblent être que faiblement exposés au commerce international. Enfin, l'impact du commerce international varie selon l'aspect intrabranche ou extrabranche des industries et l'effet province agit de façon sensible sur les quatre thèmes du marché du travail en industrie canadienne. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : commerce international, exportation, importation, emploi, salaire, industrie.

This thesis was concerned with the branch of Consumer Marketing known as Consumer Perception Reasoning, and focused on the reasoning behind the Country-of-Origin Effect and image framing on product selling and promotion effectiveness. The well-established research comprising Country-of-Origin was reviewed to establish a rapport for further research exploring reasons that shape existing consumer attitude. With regard to reasoning, different social, political and cultural variables were explored. It was hypothesized that that the majority of Canadians, separated by ethnic origin, are partial to the same reasoning motivating their appeal toward East Asian country-of-origin effects, and therefore, can be categorized into different ethnocentric buying groups. The primary rationale citied was consumer ethnocentrism between the participants and the images; country-of-origin was the basis of this research. An experimental design was performed, making use of real world political and economical issues present in mass media to form a post exposure questionnaire. Overall, the two-way interaction between perception reasoning and cultural values was upheld, albeit with interesting and notable secondary results. Although Western values did shape the majority of consumer opinion, there was a significant lack in country-of-origin knowledge and experience that caused inaccurate perception motivation. This lack created a greater dislike toward the Taiwanese COO tag resulting from image transferability from the Chinese tag. As well, consumer gender played a significant part in shaping perception motivation toward each of the real-time variables. This was the first study to explicitly the Country-of-Origin Effect to a cross-variable framework, thereby offering significant theoretical contributions to the consumer marketing literature.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-65).

[pt] A crise financeira mundial, iniciada no ano de 2008, atingiu muitos setores da economia global. A demanda, em geral, diminuiu no mundo todo, fato que gerou queda de preços, explicada rapidamente pela simples lei de oferta e procura. Pode-se notar muito claramente esse fenômeno nas tarifas de frete marítimo, utilizadas no comércio exterior mundial. As tarifas de fretes com rotas ligando, principalmente, a Ásia a outros continentes caíram mais de 80% desde o início da crise até o momento. Como objeto deste estudo, foi analisado o impacto dessa grande redução das tarifas marítimas, em contra-partida ao aumento da cotação do dólar, pelo viés das empresas importadoras localizadas no Brasil. Para embasar o estudo, de forma prática, foi realizada uma pesquisa de percepção de mercado com diversas empresas do ramo, a fim de mensurar o impacto da crise e suas consequências nos negócios do setor de importados. A presente dissertação analisa, ainda, fatores de escolha portuária visando redução de custos e maior agilidade na liberação de mercadorias na alfândega. / [en] The global financial crisis which started in year 2008, affected many sectors of the global economy. The demand in general has decreased all over the world. This fact led to falling prices and can be easily explained by the simple law of supply and demand. This phenomenon can be clearly observed by the ocean freight rates, which are applied in global foreign trades. Rates for freight routes connecting Asia to other continents fell so far more than 80% since the beginning of the crisis. A proposal of this study was the analysis of the impact of this great reduction in shipping rates, considering at the same time the dollar quotation increase, by the vision of the importing companies located in Brazil. To emphasize this study in a practical way, a research has been made in order to feel the market and this was performed at several companies within the same activity to measure the impact of the crisis and its impact on business at the imported sector. This dissertation also examines factors for choosing ports in order to reduce costs and having greater agility with the release of goods at customs.

This article addresses the discussion about the validity in the interpretation of the double impact of “VAT” on a single economic event by setting two different taxable events. Likewise, it is explained if this interpretation infringed the systematic of tax and violates constitutional principles taxation such as equality and non-confiscatory. / El presente artículo aborda la discusión que existe acerca de la validez en la interpretación de la incidencia doble del IGV sobre un único hecho económico por configuración de dos hechos imponibles distintos. Asimismo, se explica si esta interpretación vulnera la sistemática del impuesto y atenta contra principios constitucionales que rigen la tributación como los de igualdad y no confiscatoriedad.