Tankar om hur krig ska vinnas och nedtecknandet av dessa är inget nytt fenomen, utan det har pågått åtminstone sen Sun Zi. Doktrin är ett resultat av sådana tankar. Problemet är att hitta en balans mellan huvudledningsprinciperna när det gäller strävan att skapa synergier som syftar till att ställa motståndaren inför dilemman, samtidigt som forskning visar att det är gynnsamt med decentraliserad ledning under kaotiska förhållanden. Den tekniska utvecklingen går snabbt och utvecklingen verkar gå mot att synkronisera än mer resurser över de olika domänerna för att få ett övertag över motståndaren. Syftet med studien är att hitta risker i doktrinen, där avvägningen mellan decentraliserad och centraliserad ledning står i fokus. Som i sin tur avgör i vilken grad synkronisering kan ske, samt hur informationstekniken påverkar dessa risker. Studien genomförs som en tematisk analys av text. Empirin består av Doktrin för Gemensamma Operationer (DGO) och amerikanska doktrintillägget AFDP 3-99 / SDP 3-99(JADO). De framtagna temana för respektive doktrin/doktrintillägg analyseras med Normal Accidents Theory (NAT) och resultaten jämförs med varandra för att identifiera skillnader. Resultatet visar på att det finns risker i båda dokumenten enligt analysen med NAT, främst när det gäller att skapa synergier som kräver centraliserad styrning och det sker under komplexa och kaosartade förhållanden. Studien visar att de största skillnaderna mellan DGO och amerikanska doktrintilläget JADO är att JADO eftersträvar en större synkronisering på lägre ledningsnivå än DGO. Vilket också medför andra risker. Resultatet av riskerna som framkommer i analysen av de båda dokumenten visar på att det ur ett doktrinärt perspektiv kan vara mer realistiskt att begränsa ambitionen med skapandet av synergier i en högintensiv konflikt.

In this paper, we review existing classification techniques and suggest an entirely new procedure for the classification of high-dimensional vectors on the basis of a few training samples. The proposed method is based on the Bayesian paradigm and provides posterior probabilities that a new vector belongs to each of the classes, therefore it adapts naturally to any number of classes. Our classification technique is based on a small vector which is related to the projection of the observation onto the space spanned by the training samples. This is achieved by employing matrix-variate distributions in classification, which is an entirely new idea. In addition, our method mimics time-tested classification techniques based on the assumption of normally distributed samples. By assuming that the samples have a matrix-variate normal distribution, we are able to replace classification on the basis of a large covariance matrix with classification on the basis of a smaller matrix that describes the relationship of sample vectors to each other.

There is a need for reliable methods to determine approximate solutions of nonlinear continuous systems. Recently, it has been proved that finite-degree-of-freedom Galerkin-type discretization procedures applied to some distributed-parameter systems may fail to predict the correct dynamics. By contrast, direct procedures yield reliable approximate solutions. Starting from these results and extending some of these concepts and procedures, we compare the outcomes of these two approaches (the Galerkin discretization and the direct application of a reduction method to the original governing equations) with experimental results. The nonlinear planar vibrations of a buckled beam around its first buckling mode shape are investigated. Frequency-response curves characterizing single-mode responses of the beam under a primary resonance are generated using both approaches and contrasted with experimentally obtained frequency-response curves. It is shown that discretization leads to erroneous quantitative as well as qualitative results in certain ranges of the buckling level, whereas the direct approach predicts the correct dynamics of the system. / Master of Science

Yes / Venous abnormalities contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurological conditions. This paper reviews the literature regarding venous abnormalities in multiple sclerosis (MS), leukoaraiosis, and normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). The review is supplemented with hydrodynamic analysis to assess the effects on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics and cerebral blood flow (CBF) of venous hypertension in general, and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in particular.CCSVI-like venous anomalies seem unlikely to account for reduced CBF in patients with MS, thus other mechanisms must be at work, which increase the hydraulic resistance of the cerebral vascular bed in MS. Similarly, hydrodynamic changes appear to be responsible for reduced CBF in leukoaraiosis. The hydrodynamic properties of the periventricular veins make these vessels particularly vulnerable to ischemia and plaque formation.Venous hypertension in the dural sinuses can alter intracranial compliance. Consequently, venous hypertension may change the CSF dynamics, affecting the intracranial windkessel mechanism. MS and NPH appear to share some similar characteristics, with both conditions exhibiting increased CSF pulsatility in the aqueduct of Sylvius.CCSVI appears to be a real phenomenon associated with MS, which causes venous hypertension in the dural sinuses. However, the role of CCSVI in the pathophysiology of MS remains unclear.

The Toronto Normal School employed 33 individual teaching staff during its founding decade (1847-1857). In that role, they occupied a unique position, as direct intermediaries between political authority and the teacher on the ground, in the new administrative grid of education in Upper Canada. The recent digital turn in historical research has provided the tools necessary to efficiently explore numerous, disparate corpora – enabling the recovery of these actors from historical anonymity. Historians have begun to explore the role of middle actors as this area of study offers the opportunity for new perspectives and, presciently, insights into the development and functioning of power structures in modern bureaucratic organizations. Examining historical newspapers, commemorative books, and other documents, this thesis assembled numerous fragmentary references to create biographical sketches of staff members. In doing so, it has highlighted several individuals of keen interest for further, focused historical investigation. Foremost among these, Dorcas Clark, Headmistress of the Girls' Model School, emerged as a figure of accomplishment, mobility and impact whose story reflects the kind of agency available through employment with Toronto Normal. Clark, like many others in this study, was hired as part of a pattern of promotion from within observed amongst the Normal staff of this period. This trend accords with observations made by other historians studying the development and entrenchment of the power of middle actors within organizations. This thesis further observed that the Normal staff provided an archetype for the 'good' teacher which gave further definition to the rather vague statements of educational authorities on the subject. This thesis demonstrates that the Normal staff frequently succeeded in building relationships with and a positive reputation within the educational marketplace in Toronto. This may have disassociated some of the educational ideas it was promoting from the political divisiveness associated with the system's political leadership. This thesis also suggests that the Normal was seen, notably within marginalized communities in the colony, as a lever of power and point of access to participate in the drive for social change that was at the heart of the Reform program.

<p dir="ltr">Proteins and their interactions with each other, with nucleic acids, and with other molecules are foundational to all known forms of life. The three-dimensional structures of these interactions are an essential component of a comprehensive understanding of how they function. Molecular-biological hypothesis formulation and rational drug design are both often predicated on a particular structure model of the molecule or complex of interest. While experimental methods capable of determining atomic-detail structures of molecules and complexes exist, such as the popular X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, these methods require both laborious sample preparation and expensive instruments with limited throughput. Computational methods of predicting complex structures are therefore desirable if they can enable cheap, high-throughput virtual screening of the space of biological hypotheses. Many common biomolecular contexts have largely been blind spots for predictive modeling of complex structures. In this direction, docking methods are proposed to address extreme conformational change, nonuniform environments, and distance-geometric priors. Flex-LZerD deforms a flexible protein using a novel fitting procedure based on iterated normal mode decomposition and was shown to construct accurate complex models even when an initial input subunit structure exhibits extreme conformational differences from its bound state. Mem-LZerD efficiently constrains the docking search space by augmenting the geometric hashing data structure at the core of the LZerD algorithm and enabled membrane protein complexes to be efficiently and accurately modeled. Finally, atomic distance-based approaches developed during modeling competitions and collaborations with wet lab biologists were shown to effectively integrate domain knowledge into complex modeling pipelines.</p>

The purpose of this study is to understand the short- and long term implications of the Covid-19 virus on the city center and what is done to revitalize it to a more attractive and available place. This case study is done on Umeå city center, where the municipality is going through a massive transformation and plans to increase its population size from 130 000 to 200 000 by 2050. That is a 50% population increase over a 30-year period, this also entails doubling the amount of constructing on a yearly basis. With the municipality focusing on densification of its cities, with a particular focus on the city center since they want to build a dense and vibrant city where everything is within a 5 km distance radius. The case study is done with a qualitative method using semi structural interviews. The observations made from the interview are compared to previous scientific studies, documents and theories made by urban planners and culture geographers. They include Jane Jacobs, Richard Florida and previous work on the correlation between urbanization and spread of infection as well as studies on people’s preferences on where to live, either being in or outside the city perimeter.  To gather empirical information a selection of people in suitable positions were interviewed. The results from the interviews and document shows that the city center has not been affected by the Covid-19 virus on a macro level. There has however been a wide impact on the microgeographic level, where stores and restaurant have been highly affected by the restrictions imposed. People have also seen their daily lives affected which has changed their routines and behavior in consumption and movement. There has been little change in the planning process or vision for the city center expect that there has been a greater emphasis on cooperation between businesses and the municipality.

The normal aging process in humans is characterized by a number of hallmark changes including decreased white matter volume in the brain and accompanying cognitive decline. This is in contrast to neurodegenerative aging processes which involve acute pathology which results in neuronal cell death. Studying non-degenerative normal aging in humans can be difficult because of the high prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases in the population and other potentially confounding effects. Rhesus monkeys are an excellent model organism for the study of normal aging, as their aging process has been demonstrated to involve diminished white matter volume, but they do not suffer from neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. In this study we seek to quantify levels of myelin degradation using confocal microscopy in regions of interest where it has been previously demonstrated that loss of white matter integrity results in lower levels of cognitive function across different treatment groups including aging monkeys, calorie restricted monkeys, and controls for calorie restricted monkeys. These areas include prefrontal white matter which is vital to executive function, the hippocampus which is integral to memory consolidation and the learning process, and finally the anterior, middle, and posterior cingulum bundle. The cingulum bundle contains a diverse variety of projections between cortical and subcortical regions, including but not limited to projections to and from the cingulate cortex which has been demonstrated to be vital for emotional processing, the limbic system, and a wide spectrum of other functions. We aim to quantify white matter degradation in these regions by using immunofluorescent tagging for healthy myelin basic protein (MBP) and degraded myelin basic protein (dMBP) and by measuring the colocalization between the two. For prefrontal white matter and hippocampus, we did not find significant differences in myelin degradation across treatment groups. In the cingulum bundle, however, we did find a significant effect of treatment on overall myelin damage throughout the bundle, and in particular we determined that there was a significant difference in colocalization in the anterior cingulum bundle between aging monkeys and control calorie restricted monkeys. Analysis of behavioral testing data yielded surprising results as we were unable to find a strong correlation between our measure for myelin degradation, and level of cognitive impairment. Our results indicate that there are likely differences in regional vulnerability to age related myelin damage across different white matter regions of the brain, however we would like to expand on this study to gain a more accurate understanding of how loss of white matter volume is distributed through the brain and the impact that has on cognitive outcomes.

The object of this study was to investigate the micro-structural response of DP 600 subjected to high strain rate, ballistic impact tests. The ballistic tests were conducted using normal impact of a hardened steel penetrator into a 2 mm thick sheet of DP 600. The average strain rates produced from this test method are on the order of 10^5 s-1. Multiple methods were used to investigate the micro-structure before and after high strain rate deformation including optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. A large variation in material response was observed between tests conducted at 0.8 x 10^5 and 2.5 x 10^5 s-1.

No description available.