Oil-rich developing economies have in their oil a valuable asset which could enable them to achieve a transformation to economic maturity largely unhindered by the constraints of foreign exchange and/or domestic savings. Yet the existence of such an asset creates tendencies that would lead to 'too-fast' depletion rates and structural distortions which, together, threaten the viability of these economies in the long run. The question of optimal growth with exhaustible resources is, therefore, of considerable relevance to such economies. This thesis attempts to assess the past impact of oil on the Iraqi economy and to study its future optimal growth. The former issue is dealt with through an analysis of the structure and the general trends in the development of the Iraqi economy during the period 1953-1974. The study reveals a growing structural imbalance manifested by the growth of Services at the expense of Commodity sectors, a failure to diversify exports, and an increase in dependence on oil revenues. The problem of optimal growth is examined using a linear programming input-output type model, the two main features of which are (1) an explicit recognition of Iraq's dependence on an exhaustible resource (oil) as a source of foreign exchange and savings, (2) the use of optimal oil pricing trajectories for the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries as a group for the valuation of Iraq's oil exports. Apart from determining Iraq's optimal oil depletion path, the model also throws some light on the way Iraq's optimal growth path is affected by such factors as OPEC's pricing strategies, Iraq's absorptive capacity as well as by the requirements of some important economic development objectives, such as achieving self sufficiency in foreign exchange after oil is completely exhausted.

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Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som kan finnas på de yngsta barnens förskolegård. Syftet är även att ta reda på hur väl bedömningsverktyget för miljövärdering  OPEC (outdoor play envoirment categories) kan användas för att identifiera möjligheter, utmaningar samt utvecklingsområden på de yngsta barnens förskolegård. De frågeställningar vi utgår ifrån är: Vad anser pedagogerna vara möjligheter och utmaningar med sin förskolegård? Vilka likheter och skillnader går att identifiera mellan pedagogernas uppfattningar om förskolegården och uppmätt OPEC- värde? Hur skiljer sig uppfattningarna om förskolegården bland pedagogerna? Som teoretisk grund för studien ligger miljöpsykologi och ett sociokulturellt perspektiv, där begreppen affordance och artefakter är centrala. Som metod för att få svar på frågeställningarna har OPEC-mätningar genomförts på två förskolegårdar samt intervjuer av pedagoger som arbetar med de yngsta barnen på dessa förskolegårdar.   Resultatet visar att de yngsta barnens förskolegård kan erbjuda olika möjligheter, både utifrån yttre omständigheter men även utifrån hur pedagogerna väljer att utforma och arbeta med utomhusmiljön. På olika gårdar finns olika utmaningar, men ett gemensamt tema är att det kan vara svårt att anpassa gården för de yngsta utan att det påverkar de äldre barnens lek. Bedömningsverktyget OPECs kategorier för miljövärdering stämde endast till viss del överens med pedagogernas uppfattningar om förskolegården. Resultatet tyder på att OPEC i sig självt inte bör användas för att bedöma kvalitén på de yngsta barnens förskolegård, eller för att identifiera möjligheter, utmaningar och utvecklingsområden.

Thesis advisor: James E. Cronin / This dissertation examines British oil policy from the aftermath of the Suez Crisis in 1956-1957 until the Iranian Revolution and the electoral victory of Margaret Thatcher's Conservative Party in 1979. It was a period marked by major transitions within Britain's oil policy as well as broader changes within the international oil market. It argues that the story of Britain, and Britain's two domestically-based oil companies, BP and Shell, offers a valuable case study in the development of competing ideas about the reorganization of the international oil industry in the wake of the rise of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting countries and the companies' losing control over the production of oil. The emergence of OPEC, and the political and resource nationalism which provided it with its inspiration, proved to be a challenge for the companies. In their view, this had to be countered commercially through the maintenance of the role of the major oil companies as well as the further internationalization of the oil market; a process which they believed would help de-politicize oil production and distribution. Although the Governments which ruled Britain in this era were initially in favor of this laissez-faire approach, economic and political uncertainty in Britain, coupled with the game-changing potential of Britain's own North Sea oil resources led to a gradual process of state intervention into oil matters, both at home and abroad. Out of this emerged a different philosophy on the part of Cabinet and Whitehall officials, one which saw the future of oil being in the hands of the state and state-controlled companies. This growing divergence weakened the traditional partnership between BP, Shell and the British Government and limited cooperation until the defeat of the Labour Party in 1979 by Thatcher's Conservatives reversed the trend of growing state involvement. Together these inter-connected accounts provide an important counter-point to the idea that the emergence of a fully international oil market was inevitable and reveals that the reformation of the oil market in the post-1973 world was the result of political and as well as market forces. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

U.S. energy security and the need for greater energy independence is one of the most important issues facing the United States today. Failure to address the U.S.’s energy dependence has undermined foreign policy, increased threats to national security, and created an inflexible hydrocarbon dependent economy. In 2010 the Energy Information Administration reported that U.S petroleum consumption had reached an average of 19.15 million barrels per day.[1] More importantly, 49 percent of daily consumption is imported and this creates an energy dependency that cannot be presently avoided. Dependence on foreign oil imports has resulted in America’s politics, economic vitality, environmental sustainability, and social culture being directly influenced by the countries that control our oil supply. [1] "Petroleum Statistics," Energy Information Administration, Updated July 2011

Zugl.: München, Univ. der Bundeswehr, Diss., 2008

Studiens övergripande syfte var att undersöka och diskutera vilka som är de viktigaste egenskapernai en förskolas utemiljö och om dess kvalitet är mätbar. Studien har besvarat frågeställningarnagenom att applicera en analys- och bedömningsmodell från tidigare forskning (OPEC) på sexförskolors utemiljöer i Gävle kommun. Modellens bakgrund och kriterier har jämförts mednuvarande svenska styrdokument för planering av förskolor. Experter inom området har använtssom en del i att undersöka vilka egenskaper som utgör en god utemiljö. Resultatet visade att detfinns en diskrepans mellan modellens kriterier och aktuella styrdokument samt sakkunnigas åsikter.Resultatet visar också hur hög kvalitet de studerade förskolornas utemiljöer uppnår enligt OPEC. / The overall aim of this study was to explore and discuss which ones are the most importantcharacteristics of a preschools outdoor environment and if its quality is measurable. The study hasanswered the research questions by applying an analysis and assessment model from previousresearch (OPEC) on six preschools outdoor environments in the city of Gävle. The model'sbackground and criteria was compared with current Swedish policy documents for planningpreschools. Experts in the field has been used to study what characteristics that make a goodoutdoor environment for preschool children. The results showed that there is a discrepancybetween the model’s criteria and both the relevant policy documents and the experts’ opinions.The result also shows the quality of the studied preschools outdoor environments according toOPEC.

<p>The foundation of OPEC (Organization of Oil Exporting Countries) was laid in the early 1960‟s by the five major oil exporters, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, in Baghdad, Iraq. OPEC is supposed to allocate its production level among its member countries based on cartel- dominant firm model, for profit maximization.</p>

The foundation of OPEC (Organization of Oil Exporting Countries) was laid in the early 1960‟s by the five major oil exporters, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, in Baghdad, Iraq. OPEC is supposed to allocate its production level among its member countries based on cartel- dominant firm model, for profit maximization.