This study examines 1) whether the different expenditure mechanisms used by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) invite different sources of influences on the budget process and thus on the expenditure outcomes and 2) whether the frequent use of omnibus appropriations bills since 1996 has changed budget levels of the institutes under the NIH. The NIH uses two major expenditure mechanisms with very different beneficiary groups: the principal investigator-initiated Research Project Grants and Intramural Research. Drawing on theories of motivations of public officials and of political clout of agency heads and considering empirical studies of the effect of omnibus legislation, this study reveals the following: 1) directors with more public service experience are more successful in securing a higher budget for their institutes; 2) while the directors are found to be driven by public service motivation, when it comes to expenditure allocation between two different mechanisms, they behave in a self-interested manner, representing the interests of the institutional sectors where they have developed close relationships; 3) with ever-increasing budgets between 1983 and 2005, the institute directors have chosen to seek higher budgets rather than merely avoid the risk of budget cuts; 4) although the advisory boards are purportedly used to seek private input for the priority setting, they tend to increase intramural more than external research project grant expenditures; 5) the practice of omnibus appropriations bills significantly benefits the institutes under the NIH such that with omnibus legislation the institutes' total expenditures have more than doubled controlling the other factors; and 6) there are significant differences in the effects of the director's public experience and the number of advisory boards and their membership both (i) between disease-focused institutes and nondisease institutes and (ii) with and without omnibus legislation. The effects of the director's public service experience and the advisory boards have more budgetary impact in the general science-focused institutes than in their disease-focused counterparts. The influence of the advisory board and of the institute director's public service experience on the individual institute's expenditure level is significantly diminished by the frequent use of omnibus appropriations bills.

Communication, coordination and cooperation are critical for a successful organization. This master's thesis work presents a literature study of the factors that influence the interface between Research & development and manufacturing functions. Research & development and manufacturing functions rarely share information among each other and rarely combine their skills and knowledge to produce effective and efficient work within organization. This is due to lack of mutual understanding improper communication and coordination among members in the teams. In the late 1990's, competition, Information Technology proliferation, increasing customer demands for better products at shorter lead times emphasized increased need for effective product development. Each function has its specialization and is effective in their domain. Each department has roles and responsibilities to complete given tasks. But they neglect the organizational and management issues and lack the focus where they are a part of a bigger process (i.e. delivering value to customer and making the company successful at the end of the day). The main focus of the thesis is to give deeper knowledge on communication and coordination between Research and Development and manufacturing. This is achieved by review of the articles, analysis and finally synthesis of literature to develop constructs and analysis models. This will help to understand the factors and its interaction. The factors identified are individual responsibilities, artefacts and system or domain understanding, communication idea, control and role distribution, teams, accessibility and arena for personal meetings and finally overall leadership. Each factor has its own and unique contribution to success with in the organization. These factors are interrelated and dependent on one another. Artefacts understanding deals with some actions and steps has to be taken in order to executive the give tasks, individual role plays an important role in what sense he\she will contribute to the team as well as to the organization. Even active responsibilities must understand the system or domain and quickly adjust to the environment and get practice on it. Teams are essential tool in any organization, working together creates creative problem solving,  improves effective of communication, improves development skills and ability of an individual, mutual understanding and cooperation among group members all will constitute to the teams. Finally teams are the critical building blocks of an organization. The model developed needs further testing through empirical evidence to increase its validity.

This thesis investigates the impact of fragmentation in the ownership of complementary patents or patent thickets on firms' market value. This question is motivated by the increase in the patent ownership fragmentation following the pro-patent shifts in the US since 1982. The first chapter uses panel data on patenting US manufacturing firms from 1979 to 1996, and estimates the impact of patent thickets on firms' market value. I find that patent thickets lower firms' market value, and firms with a large patent portfolio size experience a smaller negative effect from their thickets. Moreover, no systematic difference exists in the impact of patent thickets on firms' market value over time. The second chapter extends this analysis to account for the indirect impacts of patent thickets on firms' market value. These indirect effects arise through the effects of patent thickets on firms' R\&D and patenting activities. Using panel data on US manufacturing firms from 1979 to 1996, I estimate the impact of patent thickets on market value, R\&D, and patenting as well as the impacts of R\&D and patenting on market value. Employing these estimates, I determine the direct, indirect, and total impacts of patent thickets on market value. I find that patent thickets decrease firms' market value, while I hold the firms’ R\&D and patenting activities constant. I find no evidence of a change in R\&D due to patent thickets. However, there is evidence of defensive patenting (an increase in patenting attributed to thickets), which helps to reduce the direct negative impact of patent thickets on market value. The data sets used in Chapters 1 and 2 have a number of missing observations on regressors. The commonly used methods to manage missing observations are the listwise deletion (complete case) and the indicator methods. Studies on the statistical properties of these methods suggest a smaller bias using the listwise deletion method. Employing Monte Carlo simulations, Chapter 3 examines the properties of these methods, and finds that in some cases the listwise deletion estimates have larger biases than indicator estimates. This finding suggests that interpreting estimates arrived at with either approach requires caution.

This study will discuss with the transition of China¡¦s technology innovation system before and after ¡§Open door policy¡¨. Because I want to know how many characters between those two phases? Why China chose transition before ¡§Open door policy¡¨? When China upgrades their innovative capabilities, do any factors affect outcomes? This study will use more macroscopic to face transition of China¡¦s technology innovation system since established PRC. To survey the institution and interaction between governments, research institutes, universities, native companies and foreign-invested companies. Finally, this study consider that China¡¦s achievement is not clearly because the shortage of talent, basic research capability between research institute is weak, government have ¡§strong control¡¨ in this system, the market mechanism is not maturity so that Chinese native companies do not have skilful in innovation. Consequently, China¡¦s technology innovation system seems to have long way to go.

<p>This master thesis presents a theoretical analysis of the interface between the Research&Development units and manufacturing. Streamlining this interface becomes more and more crucial for the smooth and high volume production. A literature research and a theoretical analysis of the crucial elements of inter-departmental communication between design and manufacturing build the basis for an improved communication model. The model acts as a guideline for the implementation of change processes. It emphasises the importance of both structural and individual elements of interventions. Both elements are important and necessary for the success, but their moment of result separates them. Hybrid methods counterbalance these differences. A first questionnaire issues the actual level of communication at the involved companies; a second questionnaire ascertains the attitude of the employees towards the proposed interventions. The model as a framework can be applied in general to all organisations, since the interventions that are necessary to be implemented are resulting from the analysis of the specific environments.</p>

Ce document décrit en détail les étapes importantes de R&D dans la conception et mise au point de la chambre proportionnelle à lecture cathodique hautement segmentée de la station1 du Spectromètre Bras Dimuons de l'expérience ALICE, récemment implantée au LHC. Plusieurs aspects expérimentaux sont résumés - comprenant l'électronique, la construction mécanique, la modélisation du détecteur, les simulations de la physique et les faisceaux tests, les méthodes de cartographie en langue Orientée Objet et les résultats des prototypes en faisceaux test. Ce document est écrit à destination des jeunes expérimentateurs.

Les photomultiplicateurs sont au coeur de la plupart des expériences d'astroparticules. Dans ce<br />cadre, nous avons étudié et caractérisé des photomultiplicateurs (PM) hémisphériques fabriqués par la<br />Société Photonis. La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à la caractérisation complète de deux<br />types de multiplicateurs couramment utilisés dans les PM de grande dimension. Nous montrons<br />ensuite les résultats obtenus avec un PM équipé d'une nouvelle photocathode développée pour<br />améliorer le rendement quantique. Pour finir cette partie, nous présentons les résultats sur l'évolution<br />des principaux paramètres des PM en fonction de la dimension (5, 8 et 10 pouces).<br />La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'étude de la réponse des détecteurs Čerenkov à eau du réseau<br />surface aux particules des gerbes et à l'analyse des gerbes horizontales avec l'Observatoire Pierre<br />Auger. De nombreuses mesures faites sur plusieurs détecteurs tests ont permis de mettre au point une<br />simulation du détecteur réaliste qui sera utilisée ensuite dans la procédure de reconstruction de<br />l'énergie des gerbes et de déterminer les paramètres clefs de l'étalonnage des détecteurs de surface. Le<br />type de détecteur choisi pour instrumenter le réseau de surface permet d'avoir une bonne sensibilité<br />aux événements horizontaux (angle zénithal supérieur à 70°). Nous avons mis au point des méthodes<br />spécifiques d'analyse pour ces événements. Cette procédure a été appliquée aux données d'Auger afin<br />d'obtenir le spectre en énergie des gerbes horizontales. Nous finissons cette partie en détaillant deux<br />méthodes pour tester directement les prédictions des modèles hadroniques en étudiant la composante<br />muonique des gerbes.

跨國企業的發展已建構出一個極為龐大的全球商業體系，其涵蓋了全球生產總值的25％，國際貿易行為的65％，國際技術貿易的60％至70％，產品研發的80％至90％，換言之跨國企業實際上掌握了全球的國際貿易與技術研發。而過往跨國企業多群集於技術領先之處進行海外研發活動，近年來卻轉往以亞洲為主的開發中國家。其中OECD甚至表示跨國企業對於中國研發的投入已經使中國在2006年超越日本，成為研發投入全球第二的國家。 因此本論文便以此為出發點，希冀瞭解跨國企業國際投資行為，並將以跨國企業（摩托羅拉、諾基亞）在中國的投資行為為觀察對象，以瞭解跨國企業如何應對東道國之產業政策，以及如何利用東道國的政策法令、市場地位來極大化其跨國經營的效益，並在最後以臺灣廠商（明基）在中國的研發佈局為對照，指出臺灣廠商未來可以努力的方向。研究後所得整理如下： 1.跨國企業進入資本輸入國的型態已經呈現多元化的趨勢，多數的國際投資開始藉由離岸公司或是多國籍的方式進入資本輸入國。 2.資本輸入國時常會利用法令政策為手段來培植齊國內產業，而跨國企業也會藉由合資、併購等手段來避開資本輸入國法令政策的羈絆。 3.對於中國3G標準（TD-SCDMA）跨國企業之參與不遺餘力。 4.研發行為全球化型態已經成為目前跨國企業研發的方式，藉由建立全球研發管理平台跨國企業更能掌握全球資源。 5.臺灣廠商應盡力往技術研發方向佈局，並應盡力建立跨國研發管理平台，避免一味的追逐製造行為以為滿足，以免在中國本土廠商技術提升之後，淪為替人家代工或是必須遷往成本更低廉的地方。 / The development of Transitional Corporations has already created an enormously complicated business structure in the world. It includes 25％of the gross world product, 65％of the international trade, 60％~70％of the international technology licensing, 80％~90％of the R&D. In other words, Transitional Corporations has manipulated the trade and R＆D activities of the world. Moreover, Transitional Corporations are now spreading their R&D activities to developing countries（mainly in Asia）. OECD even mentioned that China will surpass Japan by the end of 2006 in R&D spending to become the world's second R&D investor after United States. This thesis examines the international investment strategies of Transitional Corporations. We discuss the international investment law and the foreign investment legal system in China（host country in this thesis）first. Then we focus on the investment strategies of Motorola and Nokia in China to realize how they arrange their R&D centers in China and how they deal with the policies of the host country to maximize their investment interests. In conclusion, we study the investment strategies of BenQ in China to give Taiwan corporations some advice about their international investment strategies. Our conclusions are as followed： 1.Transitional Corporations enter into the host country with diversified nationalities and through the establishment of offshore company. 2.The host country will have certain policies to foster their own industries, Transitional Corporations should use Joint Venture company or M＆A action to evade this kind of restrictions. 3.Transitional Corporations spare no effort to affect and join the development of 3G standardization（TD-SCDMA）in China. 4.Globalization R&D has played a major role in the R&D model of Transitional Corporations. Through the built of international R&D management platform, Transitional Corporations are more capable of controlling their global resources. 5.Taiwan Corporations should focus their investment on valuable activities, such as R&D, instead of just pursing manufacture interests.

This research investigates the impact of organizations' collaboration strategies and network positional variables on invention performance. Organizations, particularly those pursuing a differentiation strategy, are motivated to introduce novel products and services in order to remain competitive. Thus, two questions of interest to such organizations regarding the network dynamics of the invention process are: 1) What kind of strategies allow them to attain superior invention results? 2) What is the most advantageous structural positioning in a collaborative network of innovators? Three independent studies attempt to find answers to these questions by using three complementary study approaches. In the first study, in order to examine invention performance of organizations with different collaboration strategies, a simulation model is constructed and run at various levels of technological dynamism and with various types of invention tasks. The cognitive cooperation strategy, which pursues technological knowledge integration as a priority, is found to be the most effective strategy in most experiments. Success-driven cooperators, whose priority is to collaborate with the most effective performers in the network, provided the most consistent invention performance. Moreover, different strategies are shown to perform best at certain points of the industry environment space spanned by technological dynamism and invention type. The second study investigates the impact of positional metrics in a collaboration network on the inventive performance of organizations (as measured by the number of patents issued) by using survey data. Twenty-eight high-tech companies and universities located in Florida are surveyed to reveal their collaborative networking map. Network structural measures are obtained in order to test the hypotheses that high values in centrality metrics correspond with higher inventive performance. The regression analyses imply that degree and closeness centralities are predictive indicators of high inventive performance but the data does not support the significance of impact of local clustering. The third study analyzes the impact of positional metrics on inventive performance by using a national database for the announced research and production joint ventures. From the most inventive organizations (in terms of patent counts) 63 of them are selected for analysis. 371 research and production joint ventures are analyzed to identify their relationship network every year from 1994 to 2012. The results indicate that the number of joint venture partners, being close to other members of the network through network connections and strong local connectivity (except for their interaction effect) is associated with higher invention performance. All three studies bring new methodological contributions to the area of invention network research. The simulation study offers a new model in the area of collaborative invention networks. Furthermore, the ideas and practices developed during the construction of the agent based simulation model for the invention network can be adapted to similar areas of application. The survey study offers a holistic approach for the definition of connections in the development of invention network map and empirically tests it. The database study longitudinally analyzes the evolution of a highly accurate joint venture network over 19-year period while testing the impact of positional metrics with un-weighted and weighted calculation methods. Solutions to our health problems, communication or transportation needs etc. are not usually found due to some series of fortunate events. They are the product of an effective recombination process of technological knowledge. Moreover, effective invention performance is not only important for organizations individually, it is crucial for governments that are concerned with the problems of its citizens. Effective ways of facilitating the recombination of technological knowledge are addressed and presented to inform both companies and policy makers. Better understanding of the dynamics of the invention process will bring more solutions to existing problems.

In this paper we estimate space-time impacts of the embeddedness in R&D networks on regional knowledge production by means of a dynamic spatial panel data model with non-linear effects for a set of 229 European NUTS-2 regions in the period 1999-2009. Embeddedness refers to the positioning in networks where nodes represent regions that are linked by joint R&D endeavours in European Framework Programmes. We observe positive immediate impacts on regional knowledge production arising from increased embeddedness in EU funded R&D networks, in particular for regions with lower own knowledge endowments. However, long-term impacts of R&D network embeddedness are comparatively small.(authors' abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series