研發聯盟可以使廠商經由整合科技資源的方式,來突破研發基本規模的限 制, 達到降低成本和掌握開發時效的優點。 我國研發聯盟尚處於剛起步 階段, 廠商參加研發聯盟究竟應以何種動機加入聯盟, 採行何種研發管 理機制, 過去文獻 ( 包含國外研究 ) 均未深入探討。本文首先區分我國 研發聯盟的不同類型,分為四類－科技產品、關鍵零組件、前瞻技術與傳 統產品等不同聯盟。 廠商參加聯盟動機分為三類－成本導向型、學習導 向型、策略導向型。 廠商所採取的研發管理機制, 分為傳統的循序工程 型和多部門整合運作的同步工程型。 根據文獻推理和個案研究推導出研 究假設, 再發展出問卷,調查近年來參加研發聯盟的我國廠商。研究發現, 廠商加入不同聯盟應以不同動機參加的觀點得到支持。而不同參加動機廠 商所選用的研發管理機制亦與本研究假設預期一致, 即學習導向的廠商 會採用同步工程型的管理機制。 而關鍵零組件, 前瞻技術和傳統產品研 發聯盟以採用循序工程型管理機制之效能較佳, 但是科技產品研發聯盟 的廠商並未明顯偏向同步工程型的管理機制。 本研究初步証實了廠商需 要因應不同的聯盟類型, 透過不同的動機和截然不同的管理機制才能獲 得良好的效能。本研究以廠商全程參與研發程序的整體觀點,探討管理作 為, 以「動機－管理作為－效能 」的新模式進行研究, 有理論上的新涵 意。同時針對廠商負責人、 研發部門主管、政府研發專案主持人、科技 政策決策者等均提出實務上的建議, 以期能提高研發聯盟的效能。 Finally, this study takes the integral perspective on firm's participation in the whole process of consortia to study the management activities by the new model of " motivation- management activities -effectiveness " In addition to theoretical implications, this study proposes sereral practical recommendations for the executives of the firms, the managers of the R&D departments, the leaders of the government R&D projects and the decision makers of government technology policy to improve the consortia effectiveness.

創新是廠商生存於快速全球化及競爭激烈的環境中的關鍵。而廠商創新績效的影響因素可以分為外部因素與內部因素進行探討。就外部因素而言，本研究同時從經濟地理學門的區域聚集效果與社會學門的研發網絡關係探討外部環境對廠商創新績效的影響。並探討地區產業聚集現象是否會增加區域內廠商形成研發網絡的可能性。而除了廠商外部環境會影響廠商創新績效外，管理學門提出廠商的內部吸收能力也同樣重要。吸收能力定義為廠商對外部知識的認識、吸收和應用的能力。吸收能力除了會對創新績效產生直接影響之外，也會對由網絡中所獲得的外部知識的認知、吸收和利用產生調節效果。 本研究以台灣的ICT產業為研究對象，而空間單位劃分則依據工業區分布情形與天然及人為界線分佈，將台灣劃分為39個空間分析單元，以供實證分析所需。研究結果發現，廠商所處地區之聚集效果確實會對廠商研發網絡的形成產生影響，進而影響廠商所能吸收的外部知識流的多寡，最終造成不同區域的廠商創新績效的不同。廠商的研發網絡會隨群聚內的社會經濟狀況、產業組成和多樣性等不同而有所不同。此外，本研究同時從廠商外部環境的聚集效果、研發網絡關係以及廠商內部的吸收能力探討對廠商創新績效的影響，以期更全面地了解創新績效的影響因素。本研究的實證結果證實了聚集效果、研發網絡與廠商內部吸收能力確實對廠商創新績效產生影響，而內部吸收能力確實會對經由研發網絡所獲取的外部知識和創新績效產生調節效果。 / Innovation is the key of the firm to survive in a rapidly globalizing and competitive environment. The factors affecting firms’ innovation performance can be divided into external and internal factor. For the external factors, this studies use the view of regional agglomeration effects and R&D networks to study the impact of external environment on innovation performance. In the same time, we also discuss whether the regional agglomeration effects affect the firms’ R&D networks. Aside from the external environment, the internal absorption capacity is also important for innovation performance. Absorption capacity is defined as the capacity of firm to recognize, absorb and apply external knowledge. Absorption capacity has not only direct impact on innovation, but also adjusted effects between the knowledge acquired from R&D networks and innovation performance. The object of this study is the ICT industry in Taiwan, and Taiwan was divided into 39 spatial units for empirical analysis. The empirical results indicate that the regional agglomeration effects of firms indeed influence the firms’ R&D network ,and then affect the amount of the external knowledge that the firm can absorb, ultimately result in different innovation performance. Firms’ R&D networks will vary depends on the cluster’s socio-economic conditions, industry composition and diversity. Besides, this study also discusses the impact factor of firms’ innovation performance from the external agglomeration effects, R&D networks, and internal absorption capacity to have a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between those factors and the innovation performance. The empirical results indicate that agglomeration effects, R&D networks, absorption capacity do affect the firms’ innovation performance, and the internal absorption capacity do have adjusted effects between the knowledge acquired from R&D networks and innovation performance.

過去的文獻成功地運用不完全契約，解釋低資本密集的產業偏向採用外包合作而非垂直整合。然而，不完全契約理論卻忽略外包接單廠商自身的研發行為，尤其是在接單競爭被強化時。因此，我們延伸不完全契約模型，發現若接單廠商身處越資本密集的產業，越能從上游廠商奪取利潤，因此有更強的誘因從事研發活動。當接單競爭強化時，我們發現低資本密集的產業較不願意從事研發活動，甚至被市場淘汰，所以可以看到生產活動逐漸高資本密集的廠商或產業集中。另外我們利用計量模型驗證文章中的結論，並得到一致的結果。 / Previous study utilizes incomplete contracts theory to explains why industries with lower capital intensity adopt outsourcing policy instead of vertical integration. However, incomplete contracts is silent in explaining foreign supplier's R&D activities, especially when the competition is intensified. We extend the incomplete-contracting model, and discover that foreign supplier of higher capital intensity producer has a higher profit extracted from final-good producers. Such excess profit gives foreign supplier more incentive to engage in R&D activities. When competition is intensified, we also show that suppliers of less capital intensive producer spend less in R&D or may leave the market; therefore within an industry, factors are reallocated to suppliers of capital-intensive producers or toward suppliers in capital intensive industries. Econometric evidence we provide supports the prediction of the model.

Nous étudions les conditions pour que la croissance optimale d'une économie polluante puisse être durable. L'étude est menée dans le cadre de modèles de croissance fondée sur la R&D dans lesquels la production est à l'origine d'émissions polluantes qui sont déversées dans l'écosystème. La pollution et la R&D sont à l'origine d'effets externes qui affectent le fonctionnement de l'économie. Pour ce dernier phénomène, les connaissances (le facteur accumulable) qui sont utilisées dans le processus d'innovation sont non-rivales et la protection de l'innovateur par le brevet est à l'origine de monopoles temporaires. Dans une première partie, nous supposons que la fonction de production des innovations a un rendement unitaire sur le facteur accumulable. Avec cette hypothèse, conforme à la théorie de la croissance endogène, nous montrons dans quelle mesure la croissance durable peut être améliorée par la promotion des technologies propres. Dans une seconde partie, la prise en compte de la théorie de la croissance semi-endogène conduit à introduire un rendement inférieur à l'unité sur le facteur accumulable. Dans le cas des technologies propres, une condition de durabilité supplémentaire concerne la difficulté de la recherche qui ne doit pas être trop importante. Nous avons de plus envisagé l'hypothèse où il existe deux secteurs de recherche, l'un spécialisé dans l'amélioration de la productivité, l'autre dans la réduction de l'intensité polluante. Dans ce cas, les nouvelles conditions de durabilité portent sur l'existence d'externalités inter-sectorielles.

<p>Communication, coordination and cooperation are critical for a successful organization. This master's thesis work presents a literature study of the factors that influence the interface between Research & development and manufacturing functions. Research & development and manufacturing functions rarely share information among each other and rarely combine their skills and knowledge to produce effective and efficient work within organization. This is due to lack of mutual understanding improper communication and coordination among members in the teams. In the late 1990's, competition, Information Technology proliferation, increasing customer demands for better products at shorter lead times emphasized increased need for effective product development. Each function has its specialization and is effective in their domain. Each department has roles and responsibilities to complete given tasks. But they neglect the organizational and management issues and lack the focus where they are a part of a bigger process (i.e. delivering value to customer and making the company successful at the end of the day). The main focus of the thesis is to give deeper knowledge on communication and coordination between Research and Development and manufacturing. This is achieved by review of the articles, analysis and finally synthesis of literature to develop constructs and analysis models. This will help to understand the factors and its interaction. The factors identified are individual responsibilities, artefacts and system or domain understanding, communication idea, control and role distribution, teams, accessibility and arena for personal meetings and finally overall leadership.</p><p>Each factor has its own and unique contribution to success with in the organization. These factors are interrelated and dependent on one another. Artefacts understanding deals with some actions and steps has to be taken in order to executive the give tasks, individual role plays an important role in what sense he\she will contribute to the team as well as to the organization. Even active responsibilities must understand the system or domain and quickly adjust to the environment and get practice on it. Teams are essential tool in any organization, working together creates creative problem solving,  improves effective of communication, improves development skills and ability of an individual, mutual understanding and cooperation among group members all will constitute to the teams. Finally teams are the critical building blocks of an organization. The model developed needs further testing through empirical evidence to increase its validity.</p>

This thesis consists of four essays, covering four different topics. The first essay investigates the relationship between inter-firm labor mobility and regional productivity growth. Previous studies have shown that density is positively correlated with growth. I claim that it is not density in itself, but rather the attributes associated with it that drives economic growth. One such attribute is the increased possibility for labor mobility and knowledge diffusion that follows when firms and individuals locate in close proximity to each other. This hypothesis is tested using density as an instrument for labor mobility. The result shows that labor mobility increases regional growth rates. The second essay examines the relationship between agglomeration economies and relative wage costs in influencing location of multinational corporations. An inflow of firms to certain regions and industries is likely to increase demand for labor. If mobility of labor is low increased costs can be expected to deter additional inflows of firms, albeit agglomeration economies may compensate for higher wages. The empirical analysis finds that FDI has become increasingly sensitive to differences in wage costs across industrialized countries, but also that agglomeration economies related to knowledge externalities positively influences higher costs. The third essay looks at the impact of FDI on home country investments. Previous research has been inconclusive as regards the effects on domestic investments. In this article, we show that this inconclusiveness can be explained at a disaggregated level as a function of the way industries are organized. We argue that a complementary relationship can be expected to prevail in vertically integrated industries, whereas a substitutionary relationship can be expected in horizontally organized production. The empirical analysis confirms a significant difference between the two categories of industry as regards the impact of outward FDI on domestic investment. The fourth, and final, essay of this thesis analyses how increased R&amp;D expenditures and market size influence the distribution of comparative advantage. Previous studies report ambiguous results and also refer to periods when markets were much more segmented and production factors less mobile. The empirical analysis comprises 19 OECD-countries and spans the period 1981 to 1999. It is shown how an increase in R&amp;D-expenditures by one percentage point implies a three-percentage point increase in high-technology exports, whereas market size fails to attain significance. In addition, institutional factors influence the dynamics of comparative advantage.

This dissertation consists of three essays, taking different perspectives on human capital. The first essay looks at human capital from a growth perspective. Essays two and three focuses on the individual’s occupational decision and its relation to family background. The first essay attempts to capture the effects on long run economic growth and transitional dynamics of the interaction between human capital and R&amp;D. We do this by allowing for endogenous human capital accumulation in an economy where the number of products and technologies expands because profit maximizing entrepreneurs do R&amp;D. We find that, in the absence of scale effects, long run growth is determined by the economy’s capacity to accumulate human capital. A relative lack of R&amp;D capital causes the economy to grow slowly during its transition to the steady state, while a relative abundance of R&amp;D capital gives high growth rates during transition. In the second essay, the classical Roy-model of selection on the labor market is extended in order to analyze intergenerational mobility. This is done through the introduction of ability uncertainty that is linked to family background. In contrast to to additional human capital models of intergenerational mobility, this mechanism rather than differences in access to capital markets links occupational oucomes of offspring to parents. We study the effects of income redistribution on mobility and talent allocation. It is found that redistribution has implications for intergenerational mobility and talent allocation through its influence on individual occupational choices. However, we conclude that the presence of a trade-off between redistribution and intergenerational mobility depends on the extent of similarity of occupations with regard to ability sensitivity and wage rates, and on the degree of individual risk aversion. Whether redistribution occurs only within an occupation or simultaneously within and across occupations is also inportant for the implicatons for mobility and talent allocation. In essay three, a model of occupational choice and human capital investment is developmed and tested. The model allows family background to influence occupational choice through access to economic resources, differences in costs of schooling, and ability uncertainty linked to background similar to that discussed in essay two. It is predicted that life time utility of children from less well-off background is more sensitive to economic incentives when risk aversion is strong. The model also predicts that people are more sensitive to economic incentives when considering occupations distant from their parent occuations. The implications of the theoretical model are tested and largely confirmed on Swedish data using a mixed multinominal logit framework which explicitly accounts for unobserved ability heterogeneity. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1998</p>

The rapid growth of Science and Technology has made the use of scientific information a problem of international concern. To keep abreast of current research the scientist and engineer can use a multitude of information sources. In this study the problem of information use is analysed and a theoretical framework is developed and applied in several case-studies of formal and informal communication. The case-studies include surveys among scientists, engineers and social scientists in different R&amp;D-settings. Information about research is looked upon as a fundamental resource for R&amp;D activities. It is demonstrated that information use and communication behavior are related to research productivity. However the use of both written and oral information sources is limited by barriers related to the individual user, his position in the social structure of the research community and organisation as well as the availability of information resources. In order to improve the use of knowledge it is necessary to integrate the information and documentation functions with the planning and conduct of research. In this context user education and marketing of information resources are important prerequisites. Information search and library use in higher education are analysed and discussed in relation to pedagogical methods and the maintainance of professional competence. Special attention is also given to computerized reference retrieval services and their evaluation. / digitalisering@umu

This research investigates organisational capabilities and cultures of both partners as potential explanatory factors of co-operative R&D projects outcomes. Contributions to theory are (1) a justification for the existence of organisational capabilities and 'world views', (2) a parsimonious typology of 'world views' and (3) a method to measure organisational capabilities. The survey covers 514 projects in the electronics industry, in Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Finland. It obtains 120 full answers, each of which coupling responses from a matched pair of project managers having co-operated on the same R&D project. The survey refers to the organisation's capabilities, to those of the partner, to its 'world view', and to project outcomes. None of the traditional explanatory factors (geographic distance, difference in nationality, size or legal status, strategic compatibility) has any significant influence on any of the outcomes being studied (save one). The explanatory factors introduced by the research (organisational capabilities and 'world views') have a significant influence on almost all outcomes being considered of the co-operative R&D projects: attainment of concrete results, compliance with budget and schedule, creation and transfer of knowledge, learning (modification of capabilities). Cultural diversity, 'absorptive capacity', and teaching effects, selective according to the capability in question, are evidenced. Commonalities between partners are shown to be more important than distance. These results validate empirically organisational capabilities and 'world views' as descriptors of inter-organisational capabilities, and their operationalisation.

ABB is a global leader in Power and Automation Technologies. This Theses Work has been carried out at ABB FACTS R&amp;D Department in Västerås. ABB FACTS intend to develop new Product Platforms that is partly accomplished with new methods and processes. This Master Thesis concerns the development of a generic Review and Approval Process for these R&amp;D Projects. The development of the generic Review and Approval process is mostly founded on several interviews of employees at ABB FACTS. The respondents are employees from several departments with different amount of experiences and background. In addition to the interviews a Literature Study focused on Roles and Responsibilities, Document Management and R&amp;D Processes was performed. Information in connection to the problem statements concerning Responsibility- and Project Roles in R&amp;D projects and Review and Approval Execution was collected and analyzed during the project. Information regarding how to demonstrate Roles and Responsibilities in relation to the project participants was also considered. The result of this project consists of a Responsibility Chart where all R&amp;D Project related Document Types are listed in relation to the defined Project Roles. This Responsibility Chart also display what responsibility every Project Role has regarding review and approval related to the Document Types. Besides the Responsibility Chart also other objects were developed, such as a Review Record, a Process Description and a User Guide. The above mentioned results are developed in close cooperation with several R&amp;D Project Managers. Furthermore the expectations are that the developed result will be taken in usage and thereby continuously be revised and improved in order to suit the organization to maximum extent.