Bakgrund: Under perioden 1980 till 2014 har prevalensen av fetma i världen mer än fördubblats. Samhällets utveckling ses ha en negativ inverkan då konsumtionen av kaloririk mat har ökat samtidigt som graden av fysisk aktivitet har minskat. Fetma klassas som en folksjukdom och kan leda till följdsjukdomar som t.ex. hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar, diabetes typ 2 och cancer.   Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva vuxna personer med fetmas upplevelse av livskvalitet samt undersöka vilken kvalitet artiklarna hade med fokus på datainsamlingsmetod.   Metod: En litteraturstudie med deskriptiv design som innefattar 12 artiklar, varav tio med kvantitativ ansats och två med kvalitativ ansats.   Huvudresultat: Fetma är ett tillstånd som setts påverka livskvalitén negativt, dessutom har en prevalensökning av psykisk ohälsa i form av ångest och depression setts. Personer med fetma upplevde oftare att de blev diskriminerade och stigmatiserade för sin vikt än normalviktiga och diskriminering påverkade deras psykiska välmående, livskvalitet och livstillfredsställelse negativt. Personer med fetma upplevde sig begränsade i sin vardag samt att deras sociala relationer påverkades negativt, bland annat i form av försämrat stöd från sin omgivning och social isolering.   Slutsatser: Forskning visar att livskvaliteten påverkas negativt hos personer med fetma. De upplever också diskriminering, stigmatisering och påverkan på sociala relationer oftare, och drabbas i större utsträckning av ångest och depressioner än normalviktiga. Genom respektfullt bemötande, förståelse och omtanke kan risken för diskriminering och stigmatisering minskas, och deras autonomi och tilltro till hälso- och sjukvården stärkas. / Background: During the period of 1980 to 2014, the global prevalence of obesity has more than doubled. The societal development is seen to have a negative influence on obesity since the consumption of caloric food has increased while the degree of physical activity has decreased. Obesity is classified as an endemic disease and can cause sequelae such as coronary-artery disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer.   Aim: The aim of the literature study was to describe obese adults' experience of quality of life and to examine the articles' quality with focus on their data collection method.   Method: A literature study with a descriptive design comprised of 12 articles, ten of which has a quantitative design and two whom have a qualitative design.   Main results: Obesity is a condition which is seen to negatively impact quality of life. A prevalence increase in psychiatric illness in the form of anxiety and depression has also been observed. Persons with obesity experienced discrimination and stigmatization more often than normal weight individuals, and discrimination negatively impacted their psychiatric well-being, quality of life and life satisfaction. They also experienced restrictions in their daily lives and a negative impact on their social relationships, including less support from their surroundings and social isolation.   Conclusions: Research shows that the quality of life is negatively affected in obese persons. They experience discrimination, stigmatization and impacted social relationships more often, and are affected in greater occurrence by anxiety and depression than those with normal weight. Through respectful treatment, understanding and consideration the risk of discrimination and stigmatization can be diminished, and their autonomy and trust for the healthcare service be strengthened.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur 18–19-åringar värderar karriär. Detta görs utifrån de tre begreppen; autenticitet, balans och utmaning och det mångriktade karriärbegreppet. För att kartlägga och förstå värderingen av karriär används en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod. Urvalsgruppen är gymnasieelever i södra Sverige. Studien bidrar till karriärforskning i svensk kontext och bland unga som är på väg in på arbetsmarknaden, vilket inte i stor utsträckning har undersökts tidigare. Begreppen autenticitet, balans och utmaning i KCM var relevanta för urvalsgruppen, där autenticitet värderas högst. Studien presenterar nya infallsvinklar som nyanserar 18-19-åringars värdering av karriär i förhållande till KCM. Studien visar att 18–19-åringars definition av karriär är i linje det mångriktade karriärbegreppet. / The purpose of this study is to examine how 18-19-year-olds assess career based on three parameters, authenticity, balance and challenge, and the protean career concept. To identify and understand the assessment of career quantitative and qualitative research methods are used. The sample are high school students in southern Sweden. The study contributes to career research in a Swedish context and among young adults who are about to enter the labor market, which has not been examined to a large extent. The concepts authenticity, balance and challenge in KCM were relevant to the sample, and authenticity was valued most highly. The study contributes with new approaches to 18-19-year-olds assessment of career in relation to KCM. The study shows that 18-19-year-olds’ definition of career is similar with the protean career concept.

<p>Denna uppsats undersöker förhållandet mellan etnisk identitet och egoidentitet hos vuxna individer. Då Sverige är mångkulturellt är detta förhållande ett viktigt forskningsområde att belysa. En kvalitativ undersökning genomfördes med nio intervjupersoner. Dessa lever i den svenska kulturen samt i en utomeuropeisk kultur. Resultatet visade att kulturen upplevdes vara en mycket viktig del av personligheten på så sätt att den etniska identiteten är en sammansvetsad del av intervjupersonernas egoidentitet. Intervjudeltagarna upplevde sig vara en blandning av de erfarna kulturerna. Majoriteten intervjudeltagare hade en fullbordad identitet, men perioder av förvirring och dilemman förekom som ett resultat av deras bikulturella livssituation. Anpassningsproblem och olika begränsningar var bidragande orsaker till dessa perioder. Studien bidrar till fördjupad kunskap om dubbeletniska vuxnas identitets- och personlighetsutveckling.</p> / <p>This essay examines the relationship between ethnic identity and ego identity among adults. Sweden is a multi cultural country and therefore this relationship is important to examine. A qualitative interview study was conducted with nine interviewees, who live in Sweden and originate from a culture outside Europe. The culture was shown to be an important part of the personality, which indicates that that ethnic identity is a part of ego identity. The interviewees experienced themself to be a mix of two cultures. A majority of the interviewees had an achieved identity, but periods of diffusion occured as a result of adaption problems and limitations. The study contributes with advanced knowledge about identity and personality development of adults.</p>

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Background: Sedentary behaviour is waking activity in a seated or reclined position that involves little energy expenditure. It is gaining attention as an important cardiometabolic risk factor, independent of physical activity. Studies assessing the relationship between sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic risk have not accounted for sleep duration as a potential covariate, although there is evidence that sleep duration may be related to both sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic risk. Objectives: To examine the associations between sleep duration and sedentary behaviour in adults, and determine if sedentary behaviour is related to the metabolic syndrome (MetS) after controlling for sleep duration. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a representative sample of Americans. There were 1371 adults over the age of 20 that were studied. Average daily sedentary time and sleep duration were determined via 7-day accelerometry. Screen time (television, computer) was determined via questionnaire. The MetS was determined using standard criteria. Analysis of variance was used to examine relationships among sedentary time and screen time with sleep duration. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine associations between total sedentary time, screen time, and sleep duration with the MetS after controlling for several covariates. Results: Sedentary time and screen time did not vary across sleep duration quartiles (p=0.08 and p=0.87, respectively), and therefore were unrelated to sleep duration. The relative odds of the MetS was significantly higher in participants in the highest quartile of sedentary time than in participants in the lowest quartile (OR=1.60, 95% CI:1.05-2.45). The relative odds of the MetS was higher in participants in the highest screen time tertile than in participants in the lowest tertile (OR =1.67, 95% CI:1.13-2.48). Short sleep duration was not independently related to the MetS, but was borderline related to waist circumference (OR=1.25, 95% CI:0.85-1.84). Conclusion: Highly sedentary individuals and individuals with a high screen time are more likely to have the MetS, independent of sleep duration. Future studies in this area would benefit from using more advanced objective measures of sedentary behaviour and sleep duration and a prospective study design. / Thesis (Master, Community Health & Epidemiology) -- Queen's University, 2013-10-29 15:40:55.494

In this study it is argued that quality of health is predominantly influenced by health behaviour and health-risk behaviour. Self-regulation as an important factor in health and health-risk behaviour was operationalised by three phases, namely goal establishment, goal execution and self-reflection and adjustment. In addition, mindfulness is an important metacognitive skill applied throughout the process of self-regulation. The lack of research on self-regulation and health behaviour, especially with reference to South African youth and young adolescents is surprising. Health programmes seem to pay insufficient attention to the enhancement of self-regulatory skills in preventing health risk behaviour. Another limitation is the lack of qualitative data regarding self-regulation research. 'This study aims to explore the self-regulation of health-related goals in a group of young adults. Insight to this process could contribute to the development of more appropriate health promoting programmes. A qualitative research design with content analysis as data analysis technique was applied. An availability sample of 92 participants, aged between 18 and 30, completed self-compiled questionnaires on health-risk behaviour and self-regulation. Results indicate a high prevalence of health risk behaviour, supporting other South African findings. Various differences were found between participants engaging in high risk behaviour and those with low risk behaviour with reference to the phases and processes of self-regulation. The high risk group's goal setting seems to be problematic as it does not address identified high risk behaviours. This may be as a result of insufficient mindfulness in that they are ignorant of their health risk behaviour and its implication or alternatively, that they attempt to avoid the risk of failure. In addition, the high risk group is more dependent on external motivation regarding health-related goals and is, therefore, more influenced by controlled regulation. In contrast, the low risk group more often relies on individual personal resources as a source of motivation for their health related goals. Furthermore, the high risk group experiences regulatory non-fit as 'their actions were more often inappropriate. No major differences were found between the groups concerning stumbling blocks and self-observation. Participants in the high risk group evaluate their performance less favourably and are more likely to experience negative emotions in the face of failure compared to participants in the low risk group. When taking the whole self-regulation process into account, it can thus be concluded that participants of the high risk group have poor self-regulation in relation to participants in the low risk group. In general, the findings of this study support the findings of other researchers, confirming the importance of self-regulation in health and health-risk behaviour. The main implication is that there should be a much stronger emphasis on self-regulatory skills in health promotion and illness prevention programmes. Certain limitations of this study were also taken into account. Future studies should consider the role of individuals' risk perceptions with regard to the goal establishment phases as well as the manner in which individuals deal with stumbling blocks in the action phase. Finally, the way in which self-regulation as a dynamic process should be accurately assessed is still not clear. As this study is one of the first to explore self-regulation from a qualitative perspective, future studies could shed more light on the usefulness of other qualitative and even mixed method designs. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

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Aim: To systematically review lifestyle interventions to treat and prevent obesity in adults, children and vulnerable subgroups. Methods: Cochrane methodology and a "best available evidence‟ approach were adopted to produce a series of published systematic reviews. Results: Adults: diets alone and with exercise and/or behaviour therapy compared with control significantly reduced weight for up to three years (weighted mean difference weight change 4 to 13 kg at one year) and prevented weight gain for up to seven years. Exercise as an adjunct to diet and also meal replacements may be effective in the long-term maintenance of weight loss. 600 kcal/day deficit or low-fat diet; diet and exercise with/without behaviour therapy; significantly reduced the risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with control. School-children: 39% of school-based interventions significantly improved mean body-mass index compared with control. Combined diet and physical activity interventions were most effective. It is unclear what elements of interventions are consistently effective in preventing excessive weight gain. There can be significant prevention of weight gain in children from interventions not conceptualized as obesity prevention interventions. Vulnerable subgroups: lifestyle interventions can prevent excessive weight gain in pregnancy and help weight-concerned women stop smoking. Diet and exercise can reduce weight in postmenopausal women. There is insufficient evidence to inform how interventions need to be modified to meet the needs of pre-school children or ethnic minority groups within the UK. Conclusions: This evidence underpins national guidance, informs government policy and influences clinical practice. Population-wide recommendations may be effective in preventing a population increase in prevalence of obesity only as part of a government strategy that includes environmental change and is coupled with targeted interventions to reduce the prevalence of obesity caused at least in part by social inequalities.