Embora os fatores de risco ao consumo de drogas sejam bastante conhecidos, ainda pouco se sabe sobre a dinâmica e a organização das famílias de adolescentes que consomem álcool, assim como suas interrelações com a comunidade. Buscando compreendê-las, esta pesquisa objetivou analisar e interpretar a influência da família no consumo de álcool por adolescentes, a partir dos referenciais teóricos do interacionismo simbólico e da perspectiva sistêmica de família. Para tanto, adotou-se como campo de estudo a Unidade de Saúde da Família Emocy Krause, localizada no Distrito Sanitário IV, da cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. Os participantes do estudo foram 22 membros de dez famílias, dentre os quais estavam onze adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de quatorze a dezenove anos, e que consumiam álcool. As técnicas utilizadas para coleta de dados foram: observação e entrevista em profundidade, baseada modelo Calgary de Avaliação da Família, para obtenção de informações que permitissem a avaliação dos componentes estrutural, de desenvolvimento e funcional das famílias, além da construção do genograma e do ecomapa familiar. A análise dos dados foi realizada empregando-se a análise temática do tipo indutiva. Foram elaborados três temas: na internalidade da família: fragilidade e conflitos; entre nós: limites, responsabilidades e esperança; e decisão pela bebida: diversão permeada por riscos. O primeiro tema aborda as fragilidades das famílias, como as relações interpessoais conflituosas, o padrão de comunicação intrafamiliar, a experiência de separação e as perdas, e os conflitos vividos entre seus componentes. O segundo tema trata da interação entre os componentes da família, caracterizada pela desestruturação, envolvendo o consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas pelos familiares e desrespeito, marcando os limites de atuação da família que contribuíram para que os adolescentes se aproximassem das bebidas alcoólicas. Mesmo assim, a família não se eximiu de sua responsabilidade para com seus membros, bem como manteve a esperança, nutrida pelas aspirações e religião dos seus membros. Por fim, a decisão pela bebida retrata o contexto do consumo de álcool e as motivações para esse consumo. Os adolescentes apontaram como motivos o prazer e a diversão, sem ignorar os prejuízos do uso abusivo da bebida alcoólica. A diversão associou-se a músicas que se aproximavam do contexto de vida dos adolescentes, incentivando o consumo de bebidas e funcionando como escape dos problemas familiares. Concluiu-se que, tanto a família quanto o contexto sociocultural de inserção dos adolescentes podem influenciar, ao mesmo tempo, de forma positiva e negativa o uso e o abuso de álcool. A estrutura e composição da família, o padrão de interação familiar, a comunicação entre seus membros, a religião e a esperança são componentes que ser articulam diretamente com a prática do consumo de álcool pelos adolescentes e podem ser alvo de intervenção na enfermagem. / Although the risk factors for drugs consumption are well known, little is known so far about the dynamics and organization of families of adolescents who consume alcohol, as well as about their interrelations with the community. In the attempt to understand them, this research aimed to analyze and interpret the influence of the family on alcohol consumption by adolescents, based on the theoretical frameworks of symbolic interactionism and the systemic family perspective. Therefore, the place of study was the Family Health Unit Emocy Krause, located in Health District IV in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. The study subjects were 22 members of ten families, including eleven male and female adolescents between 14 and 19 years old who consumed alcohol and were considered index cases. The following data collection techniques were used: observation and in-depth interview, based on the Calgary Model of Family Assessment, to obtain information to assess the structural, development and functional components of the families, besides the construction of the genogram and the family ecomap. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Three themes were elaborated: in the familys internality: weakness and conflicts; among us: limits, responsibilities and hope and desire for the drink: diversion permeated by risks. The first theme addresses the families weaknesses, including conflicting interpersonal relations, the intra-family communication standard, the separation experience and losses, and conflicts experienced among family members. The second theme refers to the interaction among family members, characterizes by loss of structure, involving alcohol abuse by family members and disrespect, outlining family activities that contributed for adolescents to approach alcoholic beverages. Nevertheless, the family did not refuse the responsibility towards its members and kept up hope, nourished by aspirations and members religion. Finally, the decision to drink pictures the consumption context and the motivations to consume alcohol. The adolescents appointed pleasure and fun as motives, without ignoring the harm of alcohol abuse. Fun was associated with songs that approached the adolescents life context, encouraging drinking and functioning as an escape from family problems. It was concluded that both the family and the adolescents sociocultural context can influence alcohol use and abuse positively and negatively at the same time. The family structure and composition, the family interaction standard, communication among family members, religion and hope are components that directly articulate with adolescents alcohol consumption and can be targets of nursing intervention.

This research study aimed to provide the South African beer industry and their advertising representative with insights into 18-28-year-olds’ perceptions of the communicated messaged in beer advertisements. This included the use of social and cultural references to attract their attention and the suggestions made by the advertisements about the consumption of beer in certain contexts. This research study aimed to determine the selected sample’s (NMMU students) perceptions of four South African Breweries beer brands, namely Castle Lager, Castle Lite, Carling Black Label and Hansa Pilsener, in terms of their use of references to social and cultural identity of males and females in South Africa within their television advertisements. The survey questionnaire helped determine what the selected sample’s perceptions were of each advertisement, and whether they fully understood the desired communicated message. It also helped to understand whether each advertisement captured their attention. A semiotic analysis of each advertisement was conducted to deconstruct the advertisements and to determine if they do contain elements of social and cultural identity in an attempt to sell products to their target audiences, or to affect the perceptions of the brand and drinking beer in general. This was achieved by examining the signs and imagery in each advertisement, looking specifically at the representamen, interpretant and object using Pierce’s model of a sign. / Hierdie navorsingstudie is daarop gemik om die Suid-Afrikaanse bierbedryf en sy adverteerders ‘n beter begrip te gee van verbruikers tussen die ouderdomme van 18-28, se waarnemings van die boodskappe in bieradvertensies. Dit sluit in die gebruik van sosiale en kulturele verwysings, wat veronderstel is om die verbruikers se aandag te trek, asook die suggesties wat deur die advertensies gemaak word met betrekking tot die verbruik van bier in ‘n bepaalde konteks. Die studie moes ook die gekose monster (“selected sample”), nl. die NMMU-student se persepsies bepaal van vier handelsname van die South African Breweries, naamlik Castle Lager, Castle Lite, Carling Black Label en Hansa Pilsener, en in watter mate daar in bieradvertensies oor die televisie verwys word na die sosiale en kulturele identiteit van Suid-Afrikaanse mans en vroue. Die meningspeiling het die groep se waarnemings van elke advertensie, asook of die boodskap wat gekommunikeer is ten volle verstaan word, ondersoek. Die vraelys kon ook vasstel of die advertensies hulle aandag getrek het. ‘n Semiotiese ontleding van elke advertensie is gedoen, om die advertensies te dekodeer en sodoende vas te stel of die adverteerders elemente van sosiale en kulturele identiteit gebruik het om hul produkte aan die teikenmarkte te verkoop, of om die idees rondom die handelsnaam en bier oor die algemeen te beïnvloed. Aan die hand van Peirce se semiotiese model is die tekens en beelde in elke advertensie bestudeer.

Amongst the important social problems today in both rural and urban areas, is the condition of inebriety. Although considerable research has been conducted on the condition of alcoholism, little has been undertaken on the condition of inebriety. It is an observable fact that, while members of some ethnic groups who drink substantially and frequently become inebriated, members of other ethnic groups who also partake of alcoholic beverages in substantial quantities do not experience inebriety. This suggests that the culture of the ethnic group determines the group's drinking patterns to a large measure, and that drinking patterns may be such that they lead participants to the condition of inebriety. In this thesis, I have attempted to examine drinking patterns of three ethnic groups in relation to several aspects of their cultural background. I devised and tested five hypotheses which are relevant to attitudes towards drinking, reasons for drinking, settings and times of the day in which drinking occurs. I have attempted also to examine Indian and Italian drinking patterns to determine to what extent each group matches or differs from Anglo-Saxon drinking patterns. The study was made on a comparative basis, and field work was conducted amongst three ethnic groups in the Greater Vancouver area during the summer, fall and winter, 1967-1968. The three groups are the Coast Salish Indians of the Mission Reserve, Immigrant Italians and Anglo-Saxons of East Vancouver. Data on the problem briefly outlined above, were sought through interviews with thirty representatives of each group, as well as by observations of members of the ethnic groups in their social drinking establishments. Two key informants in each ethnic group, as well as several pertinent documentary sources, were also consulted. The available data collected in the study suggested that the proposed hypotheses were valid. There appears to be a close relationship between the cultural background of an ethnic group and its drinking patterns. However, it needs to be stated that there were many inadequacies and limitations in the reference literature used, basic premises and hypotheses proposed, and research techniques employed. Data also suggested that there was a high degree of similarity between Anglo-Saxon and Indian drinking patterns and a high degree of difference between Anglo-Saxon and Italian drinking patterns. Additional and enlightening information which the data suggested was that many of the cultural aspects of the Indian group, particularly, are in a marked stage of transition. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

Thesis focuses on describing the consumer behavior on the alcoholic beverages market in the Czech Republic. In addition to quantitative analysis, which uses the MML - TGI data from Median Ltd., thesis also includes qualitative research with further analysis of selected segments. Based on the findings from analysis, recommendation for creating a new alcoholic beverage is made according to lifestyle of the consumer.

This diploma thesis allows getting complex summary about important aspects of tax theory with special focus on excise taxes. The thesis is an analysis of excise tax on alcoholic beverages and tobacco products in the Czech Republic in the years 2000-2015. The analysis includes an assessment of the impact of rates increase of specific excise taxes on the state budget, the consumption of selected products and the number of detected tax evasions. The thesis demonstrated a positive correlation between the increase in excise taxes and revenues from alcoholic beverages and tobacco products. Increasing rates but also leads to a decrease in consumption of these products and has an impact on the number of detected cases of tax evasions in the area of excise taxes.

Alcohol use among adolescents has been the subject of considerable research. A burgeoning literature exists identifying correlates and factors in teenage drinking. However, little is known about the adolescent abstaining from alcohol. The target of this study was this cohort of abstaining adolescents. The reasons for not drinking and the pressures to drink perceived among a sample of middle adolescent (grade 9) non-drinkers was investigated. The study was a survey administered in three parts. First, an alcohol-use survey was administered to all participating grade 9 students in two school districts. A second questionnaire was administered to 72 subjects reporting non-use of alcohol on the initial survey. Thirty of these subjects were then interviewed. Negative attitudes toward alcohol and drinking, a concern about alcohol's effects on health, and a dislike for the taste of alcoholic beverages were among the strongest reasons for not drinking given by the sample. The subjects' own attitudes about alcohol appear to be more important factors in their decisions to abstain than the direct influence of peers, parents or others. As in previous studies, religiosity was a strongly reported factor in the abstinence of a number (25%) of the subjects. It appears that at least for this sample of non-drinking adolescents, the perceived pressure to drink from peers, adults, the media or society generally is very limited. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Tax-setting policy belongs to the main duties of politicians from time immemorial. Since those times, people are questioning whether politicians, while setting taxes, are pursuing mainly interests of publi or their own. In this thesis, I am studying this question in the industry of alcoholic beverages, regulation of it's consumption and production. I am using two statistical models, simple model of partial equilibria and AIDS model (Almost Ideal Demand System), to estimate own price elasticity of demand for beer, wine and spirits in selected post-soviet countries: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russian Federation. Linear model with mixed effects is estimated to uncover the strength and direction of dependency of alcohol policy on own price elasticity of demand for alcoholic beverages in the above mentioned countries. Results show, that politicians of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Lithuania and Russian Federation set the alcohol policy in accordance with maximization of tax revenue hypothesis, while Latvians seems to be rather vote maximizers. I have expected the politicians in Baltic states to behave similar and also least populistically from studied countries. But my expectations were not fulfilled.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o comportamento de três linhagens de leveduras, sendo duas da espécie S. cerevisiae, (Y-904 e CAT) e uma da espécie S. bayanus, (EC) em duas temperaturas de fermentação 20 e 32 °C, usando dois meios, YEPD (meio controle) e caldo de cana-de-açúcar clarificado. As fermentações foram realizadas em câmara de BOD, estático, em frascos de erlenmeyer, com 200 mL de meio e 1 g de fermento seco. A concentração de açúcar foi padronizada para 150,0 g L-1 de ART (açúcares redutores totais) e 15,2 °brix, nos ensaios que se utilizou o caldo de cana como substrato. As fermentações que se utilizou apenas o caldo de cana foram realizadas em balões de cinco litros, em ambas as temperaturas, nas quais as três linhagens de levedura foram avaliadas, através da análise cromatográfica do destilado. Para a obtenção dos destilados foi montado em laboratório um destilador feito totalmente de vidro. Nos ensaios que se utilizou o meio controle e o caldo de cana nas duas temperaturas de fermentação, as leveduras foram avaliadas quanto ao crescimento celular, o açúcar residual e o teor alcoólico. As amostras dos destilados provenientes das fermentações que utilizaram apenas o caldo de cana como mosto, foram avaliadas quanto: ésteres, aldeídos, acidez volátil, álcoois superiores, álcool metílico, furfural, carbamato de etila, acroleína e cobre. As três linhagens ensaiadas apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre si e entre os meios utilizados. O objetivo não foi a comparação entre as duas temperaturas e sim avaliar o comportamento das linhagens e verificar a possibilidade de se efetuar fermentações a 20 e a 32 °C. Pela análise cromatográfica alguns componentes voláteis como ésteres, aldeídos, acidez volátil, álcoois superiores e álcool metílico, apresentaram diferenças estatísticas, isto é, a formação desses compostos foi influenciada pela temperatura e pelas linhagens utilizadas. O teor de ésteres aumentou com o decréscimo da temperatura para S. bayanus. A acidez volátil aumentou com o acréscimo da temperatura, assim como ocorreu com a formação de álcoois superiores e de álcool metílico que foi mais elevada a 32 °C do que a 20 °C. Enquanto que outros componentes como: furfural, carbamato de etila, acroleína e cobre não apresentaram diferenças em relação a variação da temperatura ou pelas leveduras utilizadas. / The present work had the aim of studying the behavior of three yeast strains, considering two from Saccharomyces cerevisiae species (Y-904 and CAT) and one from Saccharomyces bayanus species (EC), in two fermentation temperatures, 20 and 32 C, utilizing two mediums, YEPD (control medium) and clarified sugarcane juice. The fermentations were carried out in stable BOD chambers, in bottles of Erlenmeyer, with 200 mL of each medium and 1 g of dried yeast. The sugarcane concentration was standardized to 150g/L of ART (total reductor sugar) and to 15,2 °brix in the essay that was used the sugarcane juice as medium. The fermentations that were used only the sugarcane juice were carried out into 5 liters balloons capacity, in both temperatures, where the three yeasts strains were evaluated through chromatography analysis of the distillates. In order to obtain the distillates, it was built a all-glass distillation apparatus. The yeasts were analyzed as the cell growth, the residual sugar and the alcoholic concentration at the essays which were used the control medium and the sugar cane juice in both temperatures. It was evaluated esters, aldehydes, acidity, higher alcohols, methyl alcohol, furfural, acrolein and copper in the distillates samples which came from the fermentations that used only the sugarcane juice as wort. The three yeast strains showed differences between each other and between the mediums. The aim of this study was not to compare the results between the temperatures, but it was to evaluate the behavior of the strains and find out the possibility of making fermentations at 20 and 32°C. The chromatography analysis showed statistical differences from volatile compounds as: esters, aldehydes, acidity, higher alcohols and methyl alcohol. These results show that the formation of these compounds was influenced by temperature and by the yeats strains used. The content of esters increased when temperature decreased for S. bayanus. The acidity increased when the temperature also increased, the same occurred with higher alcohol formation and methyl alcohol formation. The methyl alcohol formation was higher at 32 C than 20 °C. The others compounds as: furfural, ethyl carbamate, acrolein and copper did not show differences related to the temperature variation and the yeasts strains used.

Thesis (M.A.(Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Alcohol consumption by young people continues to be a social problem that is associated with major health complications later in life. More youth engage in alcohol consumption frequently with a decreasing age of debut. The current study aimed at exploring and describing the prevalence, patterns and context of youth alcohol consumption in Musina Town, Limpopo Province. A convergence mixed method was employed. This was complemented by an exploratory-descriptive design. Using random stratified and purposive sampling techniques, data was collected from grade 11 learners by way of a survey and a focus group discussion. Data collected from the study show that there is a high prevalence of alcohol use amongst the youth in Musina as almost two thirds (61%) of the survey participants reported to be current alcohol users. Patterns of consumption include drinking during weekends and holidays with binge drinking and drinking until drunkenness being the main forms of alcohol consumption. There was no difference in binge drinking between male and female alcohol drinkers, with 22% of each gender reporting to consume more than five drinks a session. Contexts of alcohol consumption by the youth include drinking at various social gatherings, school, at home, unlicensed liquor outlets, drinking to have fun or as a coping mechanism. Young alcohol consumers have little to no concern about their drinking behaviour, which is exacerbated by alcohol drinking permissive culture and the availability of alcohol. Keywords: Youth, Alcohol consumption, Prevalence, Patterns, Availability

Thesis (M.A. (Media Studies)) --University of Limpopo, 2014. / This study investigates the effects of televised alcohol advertisements on the drinking behaviour of youth in Praktiseer community of the Greater Tubatse Municipality. The nature and trends of alcohol consumption in South Africa are examined. The study also focuses on the impact of alcohol exposure, and the costs alcohol abuse can incur on the individual and society at large. The types of advertising models and the regulatory systems in advertising were identified. Data were collected through a self- administered questionnaire. The study hypothesised that the exposure to alcohol advertisements influences alcohol abuse among the youth. However, alcohol industry claims that the youth is not its niche market and hence should not be blamed for any abusive behaviour of alcohol by the youth. Just like the few studies interested in the effects of alcohol advertising, alcohol exposure and alcohol abuse, the present study also reveals that televised alcohol advertisements have a great influence in alcohol consumption among the youth in Praktiseer community.