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Effects of Bilingualism on Cognitive Control: Considering the Age of Immersion and Different Linguistic EnvironmentsVinerte, Santa 04 September 2018 (has links)
Cognitive control-e.g. the abilities to pay attention, to ignore irrelevant input, and to switch between tasks- has received much attention in recent literature. Since both of their languages are activated in parallel, bilinguals have been suggested to have improved cognitive control skills in both the linguistic and non-linguistic domain (e.g., Bialystok, 2017), but inconsistent results (e.g., Hilchey, Saint-Aubin, & Klein, 2015) have lead to a heated debate in the field. However, when found, the effects of bilingualism on cognitive control appear to be generally positive (Valian, 2015). Furthermore, earlier bilingualism has been linked to greater cognitive benefits (Yow & Li, 2015), and Green and Abutalebi's (2013) Adaptive Control Hypothesis (ACH) suggests that the bilingual environment also plays a role. The aim of the current study is to investigate the role of the Age of Acquisition (AoA) of the second language on cognitive control in young adult bilinguals in two different linguistic environments, as well as to examine the underlying processes of cognitive control via event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Two research questions are focused on: 1) Which, if any, cognitive control abilities are enhanced by bilingualism? and 2) Does the type of bilingual experience modulate observed effects? The present study uses the non-linguistic Attention Network Test (ANT; Fan et al., 2002), in which sets of arrows appear with a central target arrow in either a congruent (e.g. ← ← ← ) or incongruent (e.g. ← → ← ) condition, to examine Alerting, Orienting, and Executive Control networks, and a linguistic Stroop task (Stroop, 1935), in which colour terms appear in congruent (i.e. the word "red" presented in red font) and incongruent (i.e. the word "red" presented in green font) conditions, to examine language processing of English-French bilinguals in Canada and in Japanese-English bilinguals in Japan. In addition, Canadian participants also completed an ERP version of the Stroop task to examine possible underlying differences. The results of this series of experiments revealed a complex, yet interesting picture of bilingual cognitive control: although bilingual advantages were not consistent, there was support for earlier bilingualism being more beneficial to cognitive control. Particularly, results show Executive Control advantages for Simultaneous bilinguals, and significant differences between Simultaneous and Early Sequential bilinguals (typically grouped together as "early") in the Stroop task, demonstrating that balanced, proficient bilingualism enhances both linguistic and non-linguistic control. Interestingly, these effects only become apparent when both languages are mixed in the task, in line with suggestions that young adults’ cognitive resources need to be maximally taxed before advantages become apparent. Indeed, ERP results confirmed a greater engagement of cognitive resources in the more difficult version of the task. Although AoA and environment turned out to be confounded, there were still differences between Canadian and Japanese participants. Most notably, Canadian participants appeared to have better Executive Control. Taken together, the current work concludes that despite increased processing load, bilingual cognition does not suffer. Instead, cognition may receive a boost from dual language experience in some cases. Several rarely-explored factors were examined, and the complex results suggest possible areas that would benefit from further exploration, as well as raise interesting questions for future research.
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Givenness and its realization in a linguistic and a non-linguistic environment / Duotumas lingvistinėje ir nelingvistinėje aplinkojeZacharova, Natalija 24 September 2008 (has links)
The process of communication is based on two types of information: given (old) and new. Given information is the information shared by the speaker and the addressee; new information is the information known to the speaker only or the given information actualized (made relevant) by the speaker. In the process of communication the speaker uses two bare mechanisms or environments to generate given information: non-linguistic and linguistic. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the generation of givenness in a linguistic and a non-linguistic environment in monologues and dialogues in literary text. The novel by Curt Vonnegut “Cat’s cradle” was selected as a corpus for the analysis of given information in literary text. The research demonstrated that the choice of mechanism used for the generation of given elements is directly related to the choice of linguistic means: using a non-linguistic mechanism the speaker heavily relies on the physical context, the dominance of deictic expressions were used. Using a linguistic mechanism (first and second mention sequence) the speaker relies on the following linguistic devices: the article, personal and demonstrative pronouns. The considerable part of given items was established by so called ready- made given items which express given information derived from the shared geographical and cultural environment. The functioning of non-linguistic mechanism, which was realized by the interactions (monologues), was restricted by the... [to full text] / Magistro kvalifikaciniam laipsniui įgyti baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama duotumas ir jo realizavimas lingvistinėje ir nelingvistinėje aplinkoje. Komunikacijos procesas remiasi dvejų tipų informacija: duotąja informacija ir naująja. Duotoji informacija - tai informacija, kuri yra žinoma tiek adresatui, tiek ir adresantui. Tuo tarpu naujoji informacija apibrėžiama, kaip informacija žinoma tik kalbėtojui. Bendraudamas kalbėtojas naudoja du pagrindinius būdus arba aplinkas tam, kad galėtų perteikti duotąją informaciją: lingvistinę aplinką ir nelingvistinę aplinką. duotumo sąvoka yra vartojama gana seniai. Ji yra siejama su profesoriaus Mathesus‘o vardu, kuris įvedė tokias sąvokas kaip funkcinė sakinio perspektyva, naujoji informacija, duotoji informacija, tema ir rema. Bendraudamas, kalbėtojas turi adresatui išskirti objektus, kuriuos jis nurodo. Jis ar ji daro tai tam tikrų žodžių pagalba.. Duotosios informacijos žymeklių tipai priklauso nuo aplinkos, kurioje yra minimas objektas.
Šio magistro darbo tikslas yra pademonstruoti kaip realizuojamas duotumas lingvistinėje ir nelingvistinėje aplinkoje literatūriniame tekste, dialoguose bei monologuose. Pagrindinį tikslą detalizuojantys darbo uždaviniai yra šie: apžvelgti mokslinę literatūrą susijusią su duotumo sąvoka ir jos realizavimu kalboje, išsiaiškinti ir aprašyti kokių lingvistinių priemonių pagalba duotumas realizuojamas monologuose bei dialoguose, palyginti kaip skirtingos priemonės yra naudojamas duotumui išreikšti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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ESTUDO DO PAPEL DO CONTEXTO FACILITADOR, SEGUNDO DIFERENTES ABORDAGENS TEÓRICAS, NA AQUISIÇÃO DO R-FRACO POR CRIANÇAS COM DESVIO FONOLÓGICO / STUDY THE ROLE OF CONTEXT FACILITATOR, SECOND DIFFERENT THEORETICAL APPROACHES, IN R-WEAK ACQUISITION FOR CHILDREN WITH ARTICULATORY DISORDERSChecalin, Mardonia Alves 23 December 2008 (has links)
The aim of this research was verify the applicability of the favorable and neutral
environments, got from data of children speech without change of language, in the
treatment of children with Articulatory Disorders (AD). The diagnosis of AD was
obtained through phonological and complementary assessments. The study
participants were seven children of both sexes, with an average age of six years. The
inclusion criterion was that present, among the assessments made, changed result
only in the phonological assessment, have missing in the phonological inventory only
the phoneme /r/, being monolingual speaker of Brazilian Portuguese and not have
received prior speech therapy care. All the subjects received treatment for speech for
AD through the ABAB - Withdrawal and Multiple Probes Model, six had the /r/ treated
in Onset Medial (OM) and the two had /r/ treatment in Coda Medial (CM). In OM, was
studied the favorable environment according to surveys conducted through
generative, hand and neutral theoretical approach. In CM, was the studied favorable
environment and neutral, according to a survey conducted in generative approach.
From the results of treatment, a description and an analysis of the evolution therapy
were made. Data analysis was performed through the transcripts of phonological
assessments made before, during and after the therapy intervention. After comparing
the results of assessments among the subjects in an attempt to identify the
effectiveness of treatment, using the context in the AD and among the theoretical
approaches, that who promote more changes in the phonological system of the
subject. The results were not conclusive in relation to the most effective environment
in the treatment of AD, but indicated both in OM and in CM, that the neutral context
was more efficient than the favorable. These results led to interest in investigating, in
the speech subject data, the possibility of establishing new contexts based on
speech children data with AD. After the analysis of lexical items produced correctly
by seven subjects of this research, were identified different contexts of those used in
the words-target of the treatment. This finding suggests that the favorable linguistic
context, based on data from normality, not be applicable to children with AD. It is
suggested a research with speech children data with AD to suggest new linguistic
contexts to be used in speech therapy to promote the acquisition of the phoneme
earlier. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a aplicabilidade dos ambientes favoráveis e
neutros obtidos a partir de dados de fala de crianças sem alteração de linguagem,
no tratamento de crianças com Desvio Fonológico (DF). O diagnóstico do DF foi
obtido através de avaliações fonoaudiológicas e complementares. Participaram do
estudo sete crianças de ambos os sexos, com idade média de seis anos. O critério
de inclusão foi que apresentassem, dentre as avaliações realizadas, resultado
alterado somente na avaliação fonológica, ter ausente no inventário fonológico
apenas o fonema /r/, ser falante monolíngüe de português brasileiro e não ter
recebido atendimento fonoaudiológico prévio. Todos os sujeitos receberam
tratamento fonoaudiológico para DF através do Modelo ABAB Retirada e Provas
Múltiplas. Seis sujeitos tiveram o /r/ tratado em Onset Medial (OM) e dois tiveram o
/r/ tratado em Coda Medial (CM). Em OM, foi estudado o ambiente favorável
segundo pesquisas realizadas através de abordagem teórica gerativa, gestual e
neutra. Em CM, foi estudado o contexto favorável e neutro, segundo uma pesquisa
realizada em abordagem gerativa. A partir dos resultados do tratamento, realizou-se
a descrição e análise da evolução terapêutica. A análise dos dados foi realizada
através das transcrições das avaliações fonológicas realizadas antes, durante e
após a intervenção terapêutica. Após, comparou-se os resultados das avaliações
entre os sujeitos na tentativa de se identificar a efetividade do tratamento, utilizandose
o contexto no DF e, dentre as abordagens teóricas, aquela que promoveria
maiores mudanças no sistema fonológico dos sujeitos. Os resultados não foram
conclusivos em relação ao ambiente mais eficaz no tratamento do DF, mas
indicaram, tanto em OM quanto em CM, que o contexto neutro foi mais eficiente que
o favorável. Esses resultados levaram ao interesse em investigar, nos dados de fala
dos sujeitos, a possibilidade de estabelecer novos contextos baseados em dados de
fala de crianças com DF. Após a análise dos itens lexicais produzidos corretamente
pelos sete sujeitos da presente pesquisa, foram identificados contextos divergentes
daqueles utilizados nas palavras-alvo do tratamento. Esse dado sugere que o
contexto lingüístico favorável, baseado em dados de normalidade, não seja aplicável
a crianças com DF. Sugere-se a realização de pesquisas com dados de fala de
crianças com DF a fim de se sugerir novos contextos lingüísticos para serem
utilizados nas terapias de fala de modo a promover a aquisição do fonema de forma
mais precoce.
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Lifelong interplay between language and cognition : from language learning to perspective-taking : new insights into the ageing mindLong, Madeleine Rebecca Anne January 2018 (has links)
A fundamental question in language research is the extent to which linguistic and cognitive systems interact. The aim of this thesis is to explore that relationship across new contexts and over the entire adult lifespan. This work centers on two branches of empirical research: the first is an investigation into the impact of later-life language learning on cognitive ageing (chapters 2-4), and the second examines the cognitive mechanisms underlying communicative perspective-taking from young adulthood into old age (chapter 5). The results of these chapters demonstrate that changes to one's linguistic environment can affect cognitive functions at any age, and similarly age-related changes to cognition can affect linguistic abilities, shedding light on the extent to which language and the brain are intricately connected over the lifespan. In the discussion (chapter 6), I consider how this work contributes new insights to the field, opening the door for future research to explore methods of improving cognitive abilities and linguistic behavior in old age.
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Development of Spanish-Speaking Bilinguals’ English Vocabulary and the Long-Term Influence of the Pre-K Classroom Linguistic EnvironmentChaparro-Moreno, Leydi Johana 05 October 2022 (has links)
No description available.
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Különböző típusú szövegek kreatív olvasásának fejlesztése az anyanyelv tanításában (Razvijanje sposobnosti kreativnog čitanja različitih tipova tekstova u nastavi maternjeg jezika) / The Development of Creative Reading of Texts with a Different Type in Native Language TeachingTerteli Telek Marta 07 July 2016 (has links)
<p>Különböző típusú szövegek kreatív olvasásának fejlesztése az anyanyelv tanításában (Razvijanje sposobnosti kreativnog čitanja različitih tipova tekstova u nastavi maternjeg jezika) tretira metode i procese kojima se razvija čitanje sa razumevanjem (čitalačka pismenost). Ukazuje na to da su preduslov za razumevanje teksta razvijena tehnika čitanja, leksički fond, razumevanje sintagme i rečenice, izvođenje zaključaka, razuđenost teksta, prepoznavanje strukture teksta, unutrašnja slika (mentalna mapa) tipa teksta, u pisanom tekstu poznavanje vizuelnog upravljanja (forma teksta) i jezičkog upravljanja, retorike, uvažavanje vizuelnog konteksta (slike i ilustracije, tumačenje uzajamno komplementarnih tekstova i slika), prepoznavanje stila (stilskog registra), veći kapacitet radne memorije, monitoring okvirnog znanja (poznavanje sveta), procesa razumevanja itd. U radu se prikazuju oblici ispoljavanja deficita pri razumevanju teksta, a objašnjavaju se i uzroci.<br />Autorka analizira strategije razvijanja čitalačke pismenosti sa razumevanjem različitih tipova tekstova počev od beletristike (bajki i poezije), preko naučno-popularne literature (udžbenika) do adekvatnog tumačenja multimedijalnih, pa i digitalnih tekstova. Usput spominje kreativno-produktivne vežbe, ilustruje njihovu ulogu, značaj u stvaranju značenja, prikazuje mehanizam za postizanje efekata kod vežbi kreativnog pisanja i bavi se metodikom vaspitavanja čitalaca.<br />U doktorskoj disertaciji, nakon razmatranja teoretsko-metodološke osnove čitanja sa razumevanjem različitih tipova tekstova, sledi prezentacija rezultata empirijskog istraživanja, kvantitativna i kvalitativna analiza sa matematičko-statističkom obradom podataka. U istraživanju je korišćen test za razumevanje teksta koji nije formalan (standardni), odnosno upitnik o čitalačkim navikama. Uzorak obuhvata 800 učenika: iz naselja u kojima Mađari žive u homogenim sredinama, u rasejanju, odnosno u izolovanim manjim zajednicama.<br />Tokom istraživanja autorka je ispitivala u kojoj meri jezička sredina učenika (Mađari u homogenim naseljima, u rasejanju ili izolovanim zajednicama) utiče na nivo razvoja njihove sposobnosti razumevanja teksta, kao i da li postoji statistički značajna povezanost (pozitivna korelacija) između socijalno-kulturne sredine učenika i nivoa razvoja njihove sposobnosti razumevanja teksta. Istraživanje obuhvata i aspekat postojanja statistički značajne razlike među polovima što se tiče sposobnosti kreativnog čitanja i da li ima razlike u procentima rešenih zadataka vezanih za razne tipove tekstova, odnosno u kojoj meri učinak u razumevanju teksta zavisi od tipa teksta. Tokom kvalitativne analize dobija se odgovor i na to, kako su mediji promenili tradicionalnu strukturu korišćenja slobodnog vremena, odnosno kako se menja profil čitanja po žanrovima i struktura traženog štiva.<br />Koristeći metode deskriptivne, istorijske, statističke i teorijske analize doktorska disertacija daje uvid u nivo razvoja učenika 4. razreda osnovne škole ‒ na teritorijama gde Mađari žive homogeno, u rasejanju ili u izolovanim zajednicama ‒ što se tiče sposobnosti razumevanja teksta, odnosno čitalačkih navika. Disertacija može poslužiti kao osnova za dalja istraživanja, dajući podlogu za komparativne analize.</p> / <p>The doctoral dissertation entitled Különböző típusú szövegek kreatív olvasásának fejlesztése az anyanyelv tanításában (English translation: The development of creative reading of texts with a different type in native language teaching) examines the methods, procedures enhancing text comprehending reading. It sheds light on the fact that the condition of text comprehending is the developed reading technique, the vocabulary, syntagm- and sentence understanding, drawing the conclusions, the articulateness of the text, the recognition of text structure, the inner picture of the text type (its mental map), the visual control (the text form) and the lingual control in the written text, the knowledge of the rhetoric, taking into consideration (the interpretation of a text and figure being complementary with each other) the visual context (figures and illustrations), identification of the style (the style register), bigger work memory capacity, the knowledge framework (world knowledge), monitoring the understanding process, etc. Furthermore, it presents the forms of manifestation of the text comprehending deficits, and brings the reasons to light.<br />By analysing the development strategies of comprehending reading of texts with a different type, the author starts from the literary texts (from the tale and the poem), through the educational (course book) texts gets to the adequate interpretation of the multimedia and digital texts. Meanwhile flashes the creative-productive practices by illustrating their role, significance in meaning creation, presents the mode of action of the creative writing practices, and touches upon the methodology of educating for reading.<br />In the doctoral dissertation, the theoretical-methodological establishment of the comprehending reading of different type of texts is followed by the presentation of the results of the empirical research, respectively the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the statistical data. The research was not carried out with the examination of a random sample, it is not a formal (not standard) text comprehending test, and it is based on the questionnaire surveying the reading habits. 800 students belong to the sample: the students living on areas predominantly inhabited by ethnic Hungarian population (compact areas), students living in a diaspora environment, and students from scattered areas.<br />In the course of her research the author examines whether the students' lingual environment (living on areas predominantly inhabited by ethnic Hungarian population, in a diaspora environment, and on scattered areas) influences the development level of text comprehending ability, furthermore whether statistically there exists considerable connection (positive correlation) between the students' sociocultural background and the development level of text comprehending ability. The research also extends to whether, as regard the genders, there can be observed statistically considerable difference regarding the level of creative reading ability, and whether the resolution proportions of the tasks being attached to different type of texts show a difference, namely to what extend does text comprehending performance depend on the text type. In the course of the qualitative analysis we have also got an answer of how did the media modify the traditional structure of free time spending, and how did the aspect of reading change regarding the read genres, the reading structure.<br />By the descriptive, historical, statistical and theoretical analysis, the doctoral dissertation draws a picture ‒ on the areas predominantly inhabited by ethnic Hungarian population (compact areas), the diaspora environment, and on scattered areas ‒ with regard to the primary school fourth grade students, on the development level of text comprehending ability, and maps the reading habits as well. The dissertation may serve as the basis of additional researches, providing the basis for comparative analyses.</p>
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