The presentation highlights research on theory, design, EM modeling, fabrication, packaging, and measurement of GaAs Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs). The goal of this work is to design MMIC LNAs with low noise figure, high gain, and wide bandwidth. The work aims to develop GaAs MMIC LNAs for the application of RF front-end receivers in radio telescopes. GaAs MMIC technology offers modern radio astronomy attractive solutions based on its advantage in terms of high operational frequency, low noise, excellent repeatability and high integration density. Theoretical investigations are performed, presenting the formulation and graphical methods, and focusing on a systematic method to design a low noise amplifier for the best noise, gain and input/output return loss. Additionally, an EM simulation method is utilized and successfully applied to MMIC designs. The effect of packaging including the wire bond and chassis is critical as the frequency increases. Therefore, it is modeled by full-wave analysis where the measured results verify the reliability of these models. The designed MMICs are validated by measurements of several prototypes, including three C/X band and one Q band MMIC LNAs. Moreover, comparison to similar industrial chips demonstrates the superiority of the proposed structures regarding bandwidth, noise and gain flatness, and making them suitable for use in radio astronomy receivers. / Graduate / 2020-05-01

A maior preocupação deste trabalho é com as moradias das populações de baixa renda que na maioria dos casos são precárias não atendendo aos requisitos mínimos de habitabilidade. Para encarar este problema utilizamos como instrumento o conceito de tecnologia apropriada tendo em vista que as tecnologias tradicionais e modernas não tem apresentado bons resultados neste campo. Isto não quer dizer que estamos defendendo apenas uma saída tecnológica para os problemas da habitação popular. Para exemplificar a viabilidade deste enfoque, estudamos duas aplicações, em tijolos e em paredes monolíticas de solo-cimento, onde se colocaram as questões de escolha do solo, dosagem e ensaios de avaliação tais como: resistência à compressão, durabilidade, absorção d\'água, impermeabilidade. Procuramos também, através das aplicações, disseminar a metodologia empregada, que acreditamos possa ser utilizada no desenvolvimento de outros materiais. / The principal objective of this Project is housing for low income people, wich is in the most part poorly constructed without the minimum standards of habitability. To face this problem, the appropriate technology approach were applied bering in mind that traditional and modern ones have not been suited to best resolve this type of housing. But this does not mean that this housing problem is only a technological challenge. As an example two cases were studied, one in pressed earth and the other in rammed earth, both using soil-cement. Soil selection, the cement to soil mixture, compressive strength, durability, water absorption and impermeability tests were evaluated. Besides these examples it is considered that this methodology can be applied to other studies of other materials.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-12-21T15:54:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Pereira da Rocha_.pdf: 4394542 bytes, checksum: c92aa948a9a1de248deed850d6c19d5b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-21T15:54:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Pereira da Rocha_.pdf: 4394542 bytes, checksum: c92aa948a9a1de248deed850d6c19d5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-17 / Nenhuma / A recorrente necessidade de as empresas entregarem seus softwares em curto espaço de tempo e de forma contínua, combinada ao alto nível de exigência dos usuários, está fazendo a indústria, de um modo geral, repensar como devem ser desenvolvidas as aplicações para o mercado atual. Nesse cenário, microsserviços é o estilo arquitetural utilizado para modernizar as aplicações monolíticas. No entanto, o processo para decompor uma aplicação monolítica em microsserviços é ainda um desafio que precisa ser investigado, já que, na indústria, atualmente, não há uma estrutura padronizada para fazer a decomposição das aplicações. Encontrar uma técnica que permita definir o grau de granularidade de um microsserviço também é um tema que desperta discussão na área de Engenharia de Software. Partindo dessas considerações, este trabalho propôs a Monólise, uma técnica que utiliza um algoritmo chamado Monobreak, que possibilita decompor uma aplicação monolítica a partir de funcionalidades e também definir o grau de granularidade dos microsserviços a serem gerados. Nesta pesquisa, a Monólise foi avaliada através de um estudo de caso. Tal avaliação consistiu na comparação da decomposição realizada pela Monólise com a decomposição executada por um especialista na aplicação-alvo utilizada no estudo de caso. Essa comparação permitiu avaliar a efetividade da Monólise através de oito cenários realísticos de decomposição. O resultado dessa avaliação permitiu verificar as semelhanças e diferenças ao decompor uma aplicação monolítica em microsserviços de forma manual e a partir de uma técnica semiautomática. O desenvolvimento deste trabalho demonstrou que a técnica de Monólise apresenta-se com uma grande potencialidade na área de Engenharia de Software referente à decomposição de aplicações. Além disso, as considerações do estudo evidenciaram que essa técnica poderá ser um motivador para encorajar desenvolvedores e arquitetos na jornada de modernização de suas aplicações monolíticas em microsserviços bem como diminuir possíveis erros cometidos nessa atividade por profissionais com pouca experiência em decomposição de aplicações. / The recurring need for companies to deliver their software in a short time and on a continuous basis combined with the high level of demand of users is making the industry in general rethink how to develop the applications for the current market. In this scenario microservice is the architectural style used to modernize monolithic applications. However the process of decomposing a monolithic application into microservices is still a challenge that needs to be investigated since in industry there is currently no standardized framework for decomposing applications. Finding a technique that allows defining the degree of granularity of a microservice is also a topic that arouses discussion in the area of Software Engineering. Based on these considerations this work proposed the Monolise a technique that uses an algorithm called Mono- Break that allows to decompose a monolithic application from functionalities and also to define the degree of granularity of the microservices to be generated. In this research the Monolise was evaluated through a case study. Such evaluation consisted of comparing the decomposition performed by the Monolise with the decomposition performed by a specialist in the target application used in the case study. This comparison allowed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Monolise through eight realistic scenarios of decomposition. The result of this evaluation allowed to verify the similarities and differences in the decomposition of a monolithic application in microservices manually and from a semiautomatic technique. The development of this work demonstrated that the Monolise technique presents with great potentiality in the area of Software Engineering regarding the decomposition of applications. In addition the study’s considerations showed that this technique could be a motivator to encourage developers and architects in the modernization of their monolithic applications in microservices as well as to reduce possible mistakes made in this activity by professionals with little experience in decomposing applications.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le développement d’imageurs térahertz en technologie intégrée CMOS avec pour volonté de rendre ces derniers fiables et robustes, de permettre de réaliser de l’imagerie en temps réel, à température ambiante et à bas coût de production. L’ensemble doit être mené en parallèle de l’amélioration des réponses et sensibilités des capteurs actuels dans le but de rendre l’imageur fonctionnel et industrialisable. La caractérisation d’un imageur THz précédent réalisée au cours de la thèse a permis de redéfinir avec plus de rigueur cette caractérisation ainsi qu’une méthodologie de conception de la partie amont du pixel térahertz. Cette partie amont inclut l’antenne réceptrice et son environnement électromagnétique ainsi qu’un transistor à effet de champ redressant le signal THz reçu. Différentes parties amont de pixels THz, sensibles autour de 300 GHz, ont été développées. L’ensemble est monolithiquement intégré à l’aide du procédé CMOS standard dans un circuit complet et l’antenne est co-conçue avec le MOSFET de redressement afin de réaliser l’adaptation d’impédance. Chaque pixel inclut une antenne intégrée au niveau métallique supérieur avec un plan de masse parfois couplé à une métasurface afin d’isoler cette antenne du circuit de traitements du signal (non traité dans cette thèse) et du substrat de silicium localisés aux niveaux inférieurs du circuit. Finalement, 17 cas de test croisés (16 de 3 x 3 pixels et une matrice de 9 x 9 pixels) intégrant différentes topologies d'antenne et configurations de surfaces électromagnétiques (plan de masse et métasuface) ainsi que différents transistors de redressement sont conçus et fabriqués en fonderie CMOS. / This thesis deals with the development of terahertz imager in CMOS technology with the objectives to make it robust and reliable, with real-time imaging capacity at ambient temperature and with low-cost production. These objectives has to be developed at the same time as the improvement of responses and sensibilities to get the imager functional and ready for industrialization. The characterization of a previous THz imager, done during this thesis, brought the possibility to redefine in a more rigorous way this characterization and to develop a methodology for designing the THz front-end pixel. This front-end includes the reception antenna and its electromagnetic environment and a field effect transistor (FET) rectifying the received THz signal. Various front-end of THz pixels, design for 300 GHz reception, were developed. The whole structure has to be monolithically integrated with the standard CMOS process in a complete circuit and the antenna is co-design with the rectifying MOSFET in order to satisfy the impedance matching. Every pixel includes an antenna, integrated in higher metal levels with a ground plan sometimes coupled with a metasurface. This is in order to isolate the antenna from the signal processing circuit (not investigated in this thesis) and the silicon substrate botth located at the lower levels of the circuit. Finally, 17 crossed test cases (16 of 3 x 3 pixels and one matrix of 9 x 9 pixels) which integrate various antenna topologies and various configurations of electromagnetic surfaces (ground plane and metasurface) with various rectifying transistor were designed and manufactured in CMOS foundry.

Although the application of surface treatments on bridge decks is expected to positively impact bridge deck condition, the effectiveness of specific surface treatments on extending bridge deck life has not yet been quantified on Utah bridge decks. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to develop and analyze deterioration curves for bare concrete bridge decks and decks with specific treatments commonly used in Utah. The scope of this study was determined by the types and extent of electronically available data, including selected static inventory information; maintenance, rehabilitation, and reconstruction histories; and National Bridge Inventory (NBI) condition ratings for the bridge decks. Bridge deck selection criteria and analysis procedures were developed to enable evaluation of the effects of surface treatments on bridge decks in Utah. Characteristics of a typical bridge were defined, and a list of typical bridges was produced to minimize potentially confounding effects of atypical bridge characteristics in comparisons of deterioration curves for monolithic concrete decks, decks with a bituminous overlay, decks with an epoxy overlay, and decks with a latex-modified concrete overlay. Climatic differences were taken into account by grouping bridges not only by overlay type, but also by Utah Department of Transportation region, which was used in this research as a general surrogate for latitude. Individual bridge deck deterioration curves were then combined to generate average deterioration curves aligned by deck construction time and average deterioration curves aligned by deck treatment time. To at least partially account for the potentially different effects of different treatment times, the bridge groups involving overlays were divided into two treatment time categories, early and late, for analysis. The average deterioration curves aligned by deck construction time suggest that certain treatments applied at certain times can achieve average NBI ratings greater than those for monolithic concrete during selected years of bridge deck life. The average deterioration curves aligned by deck treatment time suggest that certain treatments applied at certain times can achieve improvements in NBI ratings that correspond to apparent increases in bridge deck service life. Primarily because the NBI rating system is based mainly on visual inspection, the full benefits of early applications of surface treatments are not apparent in the results of this research. Supplemental perspectives may be gained about the performance of specific surface treatments by evaluating bridge deck deterioration in terms of delamination, half-cell potential, and chloride concentration, for example, which are direct measures of the deterioration process typically experienced by concrete bridge decks in Utah.

Microservices is a new software design concept for developing scalable, loosely coupled services with a smaller codebase than the traditional monolithic approach. The designed microservices can communicate using several protocols, such as Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) or HTTP/REST. Software developed using microservices design offers the developers great flexibility to choose a preferred technology stack and make independent data storage decisions. On the other hand, containerization is a mechanism that packages together the application code and dependencies to run on any platform uniformly and consistently. Our work utilizes Docker and Kubernetes to manage a containerized application. The Docker platform bundles the application dependencies and runs them in the containers. Moreover, Kubernetes is used for deploying, scaling, and managing containerized applications. On the other hand, microservices-based architecture brings many challenges as multiple services are being built and deployed simultaneously in this design. Similarly, a software developer faces many questions such as where to physically deploy the newly developed service? For example, place the service on a machine with more computing resources or near another service which it often needs to communicate with? Furthermore, it is observed in previous studies that the microservices may bring performance degradation due to increased network calls between the services. To answer these questions, we develop a unique microservices-based containerized application that classifies images using deep learning tools. The application is deployed into the Docker containers, while Kubernetes manages and executes the application on the on-premise machines. In addition, we design experiments to study the impact of container placement on the application performance in terms of latency and throughput. Our experiments reveal that Communication Aware Worst Fit Decreasing (CAWFD) obtained 49%, 55%, and 54% better average latency in microservice placement scenario two. This average latency is lower than CAWFD in scenario one in the 100, 300, 500 images group. Simultaneously, the Spread strategy displayed minimal performance because the Kubernetes scheduler determines the container placements on the nodes. Finally, we discover that CAWFD is the best placement strategy to reduce the average latency and enhance throughput. / Microservices är ett nytt mjukvarudesignkoncept för att utveckla skalbara, löst kopplade tjänster med en mindre kodbas än den traditionella monolitiska metoden. Tjänsterna kan kommunicera med flera protokoll, till exempel AMPQ eller HTTP/REST. Programvaran som utvecklats med hjälp av mikroservicedesign erbjuder en utvecklare stor flexibilitet att välja en föredragen teknikbunt och fatta oberoende datalagringsbeslut. Dessutom är containerisering en mekanism som grupperar applikationskoden och beroenden för att köra på vilken plattform som helst enhetligt och konsekvent. Vårt arbete använde Docker och Kubernetes för att hantera de containeriserade applikationerna. Docker plattformen buntar programberoenden och kör dem i behållarna. Samtidigt används Kubernetes för distribution, skalning och hantering av containeriserade applikationer. Å andra sidan ger mikrotjänstbaserad arkitektur många utmaningar. Många tjänster byggs och distribueras samtidigt i denna design. På samma sätt står en mjukvaruutvecklare inför många frågor. Som, var ska de placera den nyutvecklade tjänsten? Till exempel, placera tjänsten på en maskin med fler datorer och nära en annan tjänst där de ofta behöver kommunicera med varandra. Vidare har det observerats i tidigare studier att mikrotjänsterna försämrar prestandan på grund av ökade nätverkssamtal mellan tjänsterna. För att besvara dessa frågor har vi utvecklat en unik mikrotjänstbaserad containeriserad applikation. Den klassificerar en bild med hjälp av djupa inlärningsverktyg. Programmet distribueras till Docker-behållarna, medan Kubernetes hanterar och kör programmet på lokala datorer. Dessutom utformade vi ett par experiment för att studera behållarnas inverkan på applikationsprestanda när det gäller latens och genomströmning. Våra experiment avslöjar att Communication Aware Worst Fit Decreasing (CAWFD) fick 49%, 55% och 54% bättre genomsnittlig latens i scenario två med mikrotjänstplacering. Denna genomsnittliga latens är lägre än CAWFD i scenario ett i gruppen 100, 300, 500 bilder. Samtidigt visade Spreadstrategin minimal prestanda eftersom Kubernetes-schemaläggaren bestämmer behållarplaceringarna på noderna. Slutligen upptäcker vi att CAWFD är den bästa placeringsstrategin för att minska den genomsnittliga latensen och förbättra genomströmningen.

Shape memory alloys (SMA) offer several advantages over traditional electro-mechanical devices, including: smooth, silent, clean operation; linear actuation; high power/weight ratio; scalability; and reduced part counts. These unique characteristics make them an attractive option when developing actuators, particularly at the meso- and micro-scales. However, SMAs do not typically display cyclic actuation and, therefore, require some reset force or bias mechanism in order to achieve this behaviour. Additionally, the micro-assembly of SMA material with a reset mechanism becomes increasingly difficult as the dimensions of actuators are scaled down. Therefore, actuators have been developed in which the actuation and reset mechanism are fabricated from a single piece of material. These actuators are referred to as monolithic actuators. Monolithic actuators are fabricated from a single piece of SMA material in which local annealing is used to selectively impart the shape memory effect (SME), while the remainder of the material acts as the bias mechanism. This work proposes an extension to monolithic actuators that locally varies the material composition of the monolithic component to exhibit different mechanical properties in select regions. This eliminates the need for local annealing by introducing regions of material unaffected by the annealing process. Additionally, incorporating regions of superelastic material to act as the bias mechanism greatly increases the actuator’s range of motion. These actuators are referred to as hybrid monolithic actuators. The creation of hybrid monolithic SMA actuators requires the development of both a fabrication technique and design tool. Varying the composition locally is accomplished by utilizing powder metallurgy fabrication techniques, specifically tape casting. Tapes of different compositions are cut, stacked, and sintered resulting in a monolithic component with mechanical properties that vary spatially. Tape casting NiTi from elemental powders is studied in this work, and tape recipes and sintering profiles are developed. In order to model the SMA behaviour of complex geometries, a finite element implementation of an existing lumped-element SMA model is developed. This model is used to design and simulate a prototype hybrid monolithic actuator. The prototype is fabricated and its performance used to illustrate the advantages of hybrid design over typical monolithic actuators.

Shape memory alloys (SMA) offer several advantages over traditional electro-mechanical devices, including: smooth, silent, clean operation; linear actuation; high power/weight ratio; scalability; and reduced part counts. These unique characteristics make them an attractive option when developing actuators, particularly at the meso- and micro-scales. However, SMAs do not typically display cyclic actuation and, therefore, require some reset force or bias mechanism in order to achieve this behaviour. Additionally, the micro-assembly of SMA material with a reset mechanism becomes increasingly difficult as the dimensions of actuators are scaled down. Therefore, actuators have been developed in which the actuation and reset mechanism are fabricated from a single piece of material. These actuators are referred to as monolithic actuators. Monolithic actuators are fabricated from a single piece of SMA material in which local annealing is used to selectively impart the shape memory effect (SME), while the remainder of the material acts as the bias mechanism. This work proposes an extension to monolithic actuators that locally varies the material composition of the monolithic component to exhibit different mechanical properties in select regions. This eliminates the need for local annealing by introducing regions of material unaffected by the annealing process. Additionally, incorporating regions of superelastic material to act as the bias mechanism greatly increases the actuator’s range of motion. These actuators are referred to as hybrid monolithic actuators. The creation of hybrid monolithic SMA actuators requires the development of both a fabrication technique and design tool. Varying the composition locally is accomplished by utilizing powder metallurgy fabrication techniques, specifically tape casting. Tapes of different compositions are cut, stacked, and sintered resulting in a monolithic component with mechanical properties that vary spatially. Tape casting NiTi from elemental powders is studied in this work, and tape recipes and sintering profiles are developed. In order to model the SMA behaviour of complex geometries, a finite element implementation of an existing lumped-element SMA model is developed. This model is used to design and simulate a prototype hybrid monolithic actuator. The prototype is fabricated and its performance used to illustrate the advantages of hybrid design over typical monolithic actuators.

High internal phase emulsion polymers (PolyHIPEs) are new generation materials with their high porosity and interconnected open-cell structures and finds applications in areas such as supports for catalytic systems, separation media and tissue engineering scaffolds. Styrene based PolyHIPEs are currently the most popular choice, but solvent compatibility and poor mechanical properties of these materials prevent their applications. Therefore development of new polyHIPEs with desired mechanical and cellular properties is needed to extend the range of applications. The objective of this thesis was to synthesize new polyHIPEs with different mechanical characteristics changing from ductile to elastomeric. For this purpose, acrylic based polyHIPEs with various cellular structure and mechanical characteristics were developed by using stearyl acrylate (SA), isodecyl acrylate (IDA), isobornyl methacrylate (IBMA) and divinylbenzene (DVB). All materials were highly porous (90%) and had open cellular structure with uniform voids in the range of 5.2-12.9 &amp / #956 / m. The PolyHIPEs produced from the monomers of SA and IDA demonstrated elastomeric property and had high ability of recovery when the applied stress is removed. IBMA based polyHIPEs were ductile and demonstrated higher Young&rsquo / s modulus and compression strength than that of conventional styrene based polyHIPEs. Therefore, by varying the composition, it became possible to alter the mechanical properties of polyHIPEs from ductile to elastomeric, without changing the interconnected cellular structures. One of the prepared IDA based polyHIPE was evaluated as stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography for the first time in literature. The column was very efficient in the separation of alkylbenzenes namely thiourea, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene and butylbenzene with high column efficiency (up to 200.000 plates/m).

Monolitinė statyba yra viena iš sparčiausiai besivystančių ir labiausiai perspektyvių statinių statybos technologijų. Naujausios technologijos ir medžiagos leidžia taupyti darbo sąnaudas, tuo pa��iu mažindamos projektų išlaidas. Visame pasaulyje plačiai taikomos įvairiausios monolitinės statybos technologijos, surenkamosios monolitinės konstrukcijos ir liktiniai klojiniai. Naujausios technologijos yra techniškai racionalios, universalios ir ekonomiškos. Lietuvoje šios technologijos ir konstrukcijos dar mažai žinomos ir taikomos tik individualios statybos sektoriuje. Sprendžiant šią problemą numatomas darbo tikslas yra parinkti sienų ir perdang����� įrengimo racionalų variantą pagal sukurtą modelį. Darbe analizuojamos sienų ir perdangų įrengimo technologijų rūšys, įvertinant kiekvienos rūšies privalumus ir trūkumus. Atliekama įvairių klojinių sistemų analizė. Suformuojami rodikliai (kriterijai) racionaliam sienų ir perdangų įrengimo sprendimui parinkti. Visi klojinių sistemos variantai analizuojami naudojant ekspertų metodą. Apibendrinus gautų skaičiavimų rezultatus, pateikiami racionalūs sienų ir perdangų įrengimo variantai. / Monolithic building - one of the most promising and swiftly developing construction technologies. The newest technologies and materials make it possible substantially to economize working resources, thus decreasing the expenditures. In the entire world are used the most varied technologies of monolithic building, composite constructions and nondetachable planking. The newest technologies are technically rational, universal and it is economically advantageous. In Lithuania these technologies and constructions are thus far little familiar and are used only in the sector of individual building. Solving this problem, the purpose of the work - to select the rational version of the construction of walls and slabs on the created model. In the work the analysis of the forms of technologies on the construction of walls and slabs is conducted, taking into account and deficiencies in each of the forms. Analysis of different systems of formwork is produced. Are formed criteria, for the selection of the rational solution. All versions of formwork systems are analyzed with the aid of the expert method. After generalizing the obtained results, the rational solutions by the construction of walls and slabs are proposed.