As time goes by rapid development of 3D graphics technique and 3C portable product output, 3D graphics have been widely applied to handheld devices, such as notebooks, PDAs, and smart cellular phones. Generally, to process 3D graphics applications in mobile devices, processor needs strong capability of handling large computational-intensive workloads. Complex computation consumes a great quantity of electric power. But the lifetime of handheld device battery is limited. Therefore, the cost, to satisfy this demand, will be shortening the supply time of device battery. Moreover, Moore¡¦ law said that the number of transistors in a chip is double in every eighteen months. But these days the advance in manufacturing batteries still cannot get up with the advance in developing processors. In addition, the improvement of chip size has led to more small, supply voltage of kernel processor in portable device. Considering system efficiency and battery lifetime simultaneously increase the difficulty of designing power management scheme. So, how to manage power effectively has become one of the important key for designing handheld products. For 3D graphics system, dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is one of good solutions to implement power management policy. DVFS needs an efficient online prediction method to predict the workload of frames and then appropriately adjust voltage and frequency for saving energy consumption. Consequently, a lot of related papers have proposed different prediction policy to predict the executing workload of 3D graphics system. For instance, the existing prediction policies include signature-based[1], history-based[3] and proportion-integral-derivative (PID)[14] methods, but most of designers put power management in software, i.e. processors. This solution not only slows power management to get the information about executing time of graphic processing unit (GPU), but also increases the operating overhead of CPU in handheld system. In this paper, we propose a power management workload prediction scheme with a framework of using proportion-integral (PI) controller to be a master controller and fuzzy controller to be a slave controller, and then implement it into hardware circuit. Taking advantage of fuzzy conception in fuzzy controller is to adjust the proportional parameter in PI controller, the shortage of traditional PI controller that demands on complicated try-and-error method to look for a good proportional and integral parameters can be avoided so that the adaption and forecasting accuracy can be improved. Besides, Uniform Window-size Predictor 1 (UW1) is also implemented as an assistant manner. Using UW1 predictor appropriately can improve the prediction trend to catch up with the trend of real workload. Experimental results show that our predictor improves prediction accuracy about 3.8% on average and saves about 0.02% more energy compared with PI predictor[18]. Circuit area and power consumption only increases 6.8% percent and 1.4% compared with PI predictor. Besides, we also apply our predictor to the 3D first person game, Quake II, in the market. The result shows that our predictor is indeed an effective prediction policy. The adaption can put up with the intense workload variation of real game and adjust voltage and frequency precisely to decrease power consumption and meet the purpose of energy saving.

Characterizing high z high energy (HZE) particles in cosmic radiation is of importance for the study of the equivalent dose to astronauts. Low pressure, tissue equivalent proportional counters (TEPC) are routinely used to evaluate radiation exposures in space. A multiple detector system composed of three TEPC of different sizes was simulated using the Monte-Carlo software toolkit GEANT4. The ability of the set of detectors to characterize HZE particles, as well as measure dose, was studied. HZE particles produce energetic secondary electrons (-rays) which carry a significant fraction of energy lost by the primary ion away from its track. The range and frequency of these delta rays depends on the velocity and charge of the primary ion. Measurements of lineal energy spectra in different size sites will differ because of these delta ray events and may provide information to characterize the incident primary particle. Monte Carlo calculations were accomplished, using GEANT4, simulating solid walled proportional detectors with unit density site diameter of 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 µm in a uniform HZE particle field. The simulated spherical detectors have 2 mm thick tissue equivalent walls. The uniform beams of 1 GeV/n, 500 MeV/n and 100 MeV/n 56Fe, 28Si, 16O, 4He and proton particles were used to bombard the detector. The size effect of such a detector system was analyzed with the calculation results. The results show that the y vs. yf(y) spectrum differs significantly as a function of site size. From the spectra, as well as the calculated mean lineal energy, the simulated particles can be characterized. We predict that the detector system is capable of characterizing HZE particles in a complex field. This suggests that it may be practical to use such a system to measure the average particle velocity as well as the absorbed dose delivered by HZE particles in space. The parameters used in the simulation are also good references for detector construction. characterizing HZE particles in a complex field. This suggests that it may be practical to use such a system to measure the average particle velocity as well as the absorbed dose delivered by HZE particles in space. The parameters used in the simulation are also good references for detector construction.

We propose classification models for binary and multicategory data where the predictor is a random function. The functional predictor could be irregularly and sparsely sampled or characterized by high dimension and sharp localized changes. In the former case, we employ Bayesian modeling utilizing flexible spline basis which is widely used for functional regression. In the latter case, we use Bayesian modeling with wavelet basis functions which have nice approximation properties over a large class of functional spaces and can accommodate varieties of functional forms observed in real life applications. We develop an unified hierarchical model which accommodates both the adaptive spline or wavelet based function estimation model as well as the logistic classification model. These two models are coupled together to borrow strengths from each other in this unified hierarchical framework. The use of Gibbs sampling with conjugate priors for posterior inference makes the method computationally feasible. We compare the performance of the proposed models with the naive models as well as existing alternatives by analyzing simulated as well as real data. We also propose a Bayesian unified hierarchical model based on a proportional hazards model and generalized linear model for survival analysis with irregular longitudinal covariates. This relatively simple joint model has two advantages. One is that using spline basis simplifies the parameterizations while a flexible non-linear pattern of the function is captured. The other is that joint modeling framework allows sharing of the information between the regression of functional predictors and proportional hazards modeling of survival data to improve the efficiency of estimation. The novel method can be used not only for one functional predictor case, but also for multiple functional predictors case. Our methods are applied to analyze real data sets and compared with a parameterized regression method.

In this paper we propose two simple algorithms to estimate parameters £] and baseline survival function in Cox proportional hazard model with application to Massachusetts Health Care Panel Study (MHCPS) (Chappell, 1991) data which is a left truncated and interval censored data. We find that, in the estimation of £] and baseline survival function, Kaplan and Meier algorithm is uniformly better than the Empirical algorithm. Also, Kaplan and Meier algorithm is uniformly more powerful than the Empirical algorithm in testing whether two groups of survival functions are the same. We also define a distance measure D and compare the performance of these two algorithms through £] and D.

In this paper, we estimate the parameters $S_0(t)$ and $ eta$ in Cox proportional hazard model when data are all interval-censored. For the application of this model, data should be either exact or right-censored, therefore we transform interval-censored data into exact data by three di®erent methods and then apply Nelson-Aalen estimate to obtain $S_0(t)$ and $ eta$. The test statistic $hat{ eta}^2I(hat{ eta})$ is not approximately distributed as $chi^2_{(1)}$ but $chi^2_{(1)}$ times a constant c.

In the past few years, due to the rapid advance in technology and the aid of 3D graphics applications the world of 3D graphics is rapidly expanding from desktop computers and dedicated gaming consoled to handheld devices, such as cellular phones, PDAs, laptops etc.,. However, unlike traditional desktop computers and gaming consoles, mobile computing devices typically have slower processors that have less capability for handling large computation-intensive workloads like 3D graphics application. In addition, the power consumption is one of the major design specifications to realize the 3D graphics accelerating engine for mobile devices because handheld batteries have limited lifetimes. Moreover, the size of chip is depend on the Moore¡¦s Law: The number of transistors in a chip are double in every eighteen months. Even though the produce cost is decrease, but the capacity of battery cannot increase like the transistors. Therefore, how to reduce power consumption by using efficient power management techniques has become a very important research topic in 3D graphics SoC design. For 3D graphics applications, dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is a good candidate to reduce the power consumption of 3D graphics accelerating engine. So many relative papers have researched in how to accurately predict the workload and scale the voltage and frequency. The prediction policy can divide into History-based predictor [1] and Frame-structure predictor [2-4]. The History-based predictor predicts the latter frame workload by previous frame workload to scale the voltage, and the frame-structure predictor performs offline and then determine the different kind of frame for an application. A table is used to save the mapping of different kind of frame to the voltage, and then the voltage is scaled according to the mapping table. A lot of researchers put the power management policy in software i.e. processors, but our proposed workload prediction scheme has been realized into the hardware circuit. Therefore, it can not only reduce the overhead of processor but also quickly adjust the voltage and frequency of 3D graphics accelerating engine. Our prediction policy is one of the History-based predictor ,and it is an adaptive PID predictor [5-6] in which the parameters of Proportional controller and Integral controller can be adaptively adjusted so that it can obtain more accurate prediction results than non-adaptive predictor. In general, the workload that the selected voltage can handle is usually over than the predicted workload. That is, actual workload is usually less than predicted workload. So that the slack time will be generated. We can utilize the slack time through Inter-frame compensation [7-10] to save more energy while maintaining the similar output quality. We use a simple policy to adaptively select the parameters for compensation between the frames to simplify the hardware architecture of the power management policy. Experimental results show that, we can get more energy saving and more accurate workload prediction when the adaptive PI predictor and adaptive Inter-frame compensation are utilized.

<p>Modern missiles must meet higher and higher demands. They should be autonomous, have long range and still have a big effect on the target. To maximize effect on target some missiles not only minimize miss distance, but also try to hit with a certain angle; often perpendicular to the surface of the target. </p><p>In this thesis a method to guide the missile in the terminal phase of its mission where both point of impact as angle of impact are specified. The method consist of two parts. First a reference trajectory with best possible impact conditions, considering the performance of the missile, is computed. The second part consist of a guidance law which guide the missile along the reference trajectory to the target. Two laws were tested, Biased Proportional Navigation (BPN) and Modified Biased Proportional Navigation (MBPN). </p><p>The method was implemented in an existing detailed simulation system. A big number of simulations were done to optimize the algorithms, and to evaluate performance. </p><p>Performance was then compared to an already existing method for terminal guidance. The new method was better in terms of angle of impact but worse considering point of impact. One big advantage with the new method is that after calculation of the reference trajectory but before the actual flight (to target) it is possible to predict, with a high level of certainty, if the missile is going to hit the target or not.</p>

This dissertation consists of three essays investigating questions of politics and policy. The first essay proposes an index that assigns probabilities to all majority coalitions. This index takes as inputs the seat shares and policy positions of the parties represented in parliament. In addition to providing coalition probabilities, it has some desirable properties lacking from the commonly used concept of the minimum-connected winning coalition. In an empirical test, the proposed index slightly outperforms the predictions generated by this standard concept. Furthermore, the probabilities generated by the index are shown to be empirically meaningful. The second essay proposes a model of voter decision-making in proportional representation systems: ultra-rational strategic voters construct expectations of coalitions and policy outcomes based on expected seat distributions and attributed policy positions and vote to maximize their expected utility. The predictions of the model are examined using data from the Netherlands and successfully predict the voting behavior of significant numbers of voters. Nevertheless, other factors matter more than the strategic prediction. Three main take-aways follow: (1) At least to some extent, voters seem to take complex coalition considerations into account. (2) There is a need for large-scale qualitative studies about voter decision-making in proportional representation systems. (3) Narrowly defined strategic voting might matter less in proportional representation systems than in plurality systems. The third essay presents new data on effective corporate income tax rates in 85 countries in 2004. The data come from a survey, conducted jointly with the World Bank’s Doing Business unit and PricewaterhouseCoopers, of all taxes imposed on "the same" standardized mid-size domestic firm. In a cross-section of countries, the estimates of the effective corporate tax rate have a large adverse impact on aggregate investment, FDI, and entrepreneurial activity. Corporate tax rates are correlated with investment in manufacturing but not services, as well as with the size of the informal economy. The results are robust to the inclusion of many controls.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αφορά στη μελέτη της ανάπτυξης της πολλαπλασιαστικής σκέψης των μαθητών του Δημοτικού Σχολείου. Σκοπός της έρευνας ήταν η αξιολόγηση της επίδοσης των μαθητών των δύο τελευταίων τάξεων του Δημοτικού Σχολείου σε προβλήματα αναλογίας, ως χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα προβλημάτων πολλαπλασιαστικής σκέψης, όσο και η διερεύνηση των μαθηματικών στρατηγικών που χρησιμοποιούν για την επίλυση αυτών. Η πολλαπλασιαστική σκέψη αποτελεί μία ιδιαίτερα σημαντική ικανότητα που παρέχει τη δυνατότητα στους μαθητές να σχεδιάζουν εύστοχες στρατηγικές λύσης σε κατηγορίες προβλημάτων που έχουν αυξημένες δυσκολίες δομής και περιεχομένου. Τα δεδομένα που συλλέχθηκαν συγκρίθηκαν μεταξύ των μαθητών των δύο τάξεων και διαπιστώθηκαν οι διαφορές μεταξύ αυτών. Με τον τρόπο αυτό, ερμηνεύθηκε ο ρόλος της ηλικίας των μαθητών, ως παράγοντας που συνδέεται με την ανάπτυξη της πολλαπλασιαστικής σκέψης. Η έρευνα έδειξε ότι οι μαθητές και των δύο τάξεων παρουσιάζουν ιδιαίτερα σημαντικές δυσκολίες στην επίλυση προβλημάτων αναλογίας. Ταυτόχρονα, φαίνεται ότι οι μεγαλύτεροι σε ηλικία μαθητές έχουν μεγαλύτερη ικανότητα στη λύση των προβλημάτων. Τέλος, η έρευνα δείχνει ότι η δομή και το περιεχόμενο των προβλημάτων αυτών αποτελούν παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν τους μαθητές στη διαδικασία επίλυσης που επιλέγουν να εφαρμόσουν. / This thesis concerns the study of the development of multiplicative thinking of primary school students. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of grade 5 and grade 6 students on proportional problems, as an example of multiplicative thinking problems, and exploring mathematical strategies used to solve them. The multiplicative thinking is a very important skill that enables students to design targeted strategies in different categories of proportional problems which have increased difficulties in structure and content. The collected data were compared between students of the two grades and found the differences between them. In this way interpreted the role of students’ age, as a factor associated with the development of multiplicative thinking. The survey shows that the students of both grades have substantial difficulties in solving proportional problems. At the same time, the survey appears that the older students have greater ability in problem solving. Finally, research shows that the structure and the content of these problems are factors that affect students in the process of resolving which they choose to apply.

This dissertation investigates advanced concepts in terminal missile guidance. The terminal phase of missile guidance usually lasts less than ten seconds and calls for very accurate maneuvering to ensure intercept. Technological advancements have produced increasingly sophisticated threats that greatly reduce the effectiveness of traditional approaches to missile guidance. Because of this, terminal missile guidance is, and will remain, an important and active area of research. The complexity of the problem and the desire for an optimal solution has resulted in researchers focusing on simplistic, usually linear, models. The fruit of these endeavors has resulted in some of the world's most advanced weapons systems. Even so, the resulting guidance schemes cannot possibly counter the evolving threats that will push the system outside the linear envelope for which they were designed. The research done in this dissertation greatly extends previous research in the area of optimal missile guidance. Herein it is shown that optimal missile guidance is fundamentally a pairing of an optimal guidance strategy and an optimal control strategy. The optimal guidance strategy is determined from a missile's information constraints, which are themselves largely determined from the missile's sensors. The optimal control strategy is determined by the missile's control constraints, and works to achieve a specified guidance strategy. This dichotomy of missile guidance is demonstrated by showing that missiles having different control constraints utilize the same guidance strategy so long as the information constraints are the same. This concept has hitherto been unrecognized because of the difficulty in developing an optimal control for the nonlinear set of equations that result from control constraints. Having overcome this difficulty by indirect means, evidence of the guidance strategy paradigm emerged. The guidance strategy paradigm is used to develop two advanced guidance laws. The new guidance laws are compared qualitatively and quantitatively with existing guidance laws.