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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Diferenças no metabolismo das plantas que determinam resistência a herbicidas em Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc /

Moretti, Talita Breda. January 2011 (has links)
Resumo: A Brachiaria plantaginea está entre as espécies de maior ocorrência como plantas daninhas em diversas culturas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar as características morfofisiológicas da espécie B. plantaginea quanto à resistência a herbicidas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no período de janeiro à agosto do ano de 2009 em casa de vegetação com as plantas em vasos plásticos pretos de 3,0 L contendo substrato Plantimax® e em laboratório de análises foram realizadas conforme cada exigência necessária realizadas.na Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - Campus II UNESP de Ilha Solteira. Foi usado delineamento experimental, sendo: teste de germinação, teste de vigor, transpiração em folhas destacadas hidratadas e estimativa da área foliar: fatorial de 2x2, sendo duas massas de sementes e dois biótipos de B. plantaginea (susceptível e resistente a herbicidas), e o teste de seletividade dos materiais aos herbicidas: fatorial de 2x3, sendo dois biótipos (susceptível e resistente a herbicidas),dois herbicidas (ametrina, imazapic) e uma testemunha sem herbicida. Observou-se que tanto a massa das sementes como o caráter resistência ao herbicida influenciaram no comportamento morfofisiológico da espécie B. plantaginea. Sementes com massas maiores apresentaram maiores respostas de germinação, mesmo após um período de envelhecimento da semente. O cultivar resistente apresentou menor desenvolvimento em relação às plantas susceptíveis, sendo um fator importante em se tratando de uma eliminação de plantas daninhas. Plantas de Brachiaria plantaginea resistente possuem maior transpiração apenas nas primeiras seis horas dificultando a eliminação por herbicida. O herbicida imazapic controlou o biótipo susceptível mesmo após a uma aplicação de pós-emergência. O biótipo resistente possui um maior transporte de elétrons podendo ser este o seu fator de resistência em relação ao biótipo susceptível / Abstract: Brachiaria plantaginea is among the most common species as weeds in many cultures. The objective of this work was to study the morphological and physiological characteristics of species B. plantaginea for resistance to herbicides. The experiments were conducted from January to August of 2009 in a greenhouse with plants grown in pots of 3.0 L black plastic substrate Plantimax ® and in laboratory tests were performed according to each requirement necessary in Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - Campus II UNESP de Ilha Solteira. Experimental design was used, with a germination test, vigor test, transpiration in detached leaves hydrated and estimation of leaf area: 2x2 factorial, with two masses of seed and two biotypes of B. plantaginea (susceptible and resistant to herbicides), and test materials to the selectivity of herbicides: 2x3 factorial, two biotypes (susceptible and resistant to herbicides), two herbicides (ametryne imazapic) and no herbicide. It was observed that both seed mass as the character resistance to herbicide influence the behavior of the species B. plantaginea morphophysiological. Seeds with larger masses showed higher germination responses, even after an aging period of the seed. The resistant cultivar showed less developed compared to susceptible plants being an important factor when it comes to removing a weed. Brachiaria plantaginea resistant have a higher transpiration only for six hours making it difficult to eliminate by the herbicide. The imazapic controlled biotype likely even after the application of a post-emergence. The resistant biotype has a higher electron transport and this may be your resistance factor relative to susceptible biotype / Orientador: Fernando Tadeu de Carvalho / Coorientador: Pedro Jacob Christoffoleti / Banca: Edson Lazarini / Banca: Francisco de Assis Rolim Pereira / Mestre
112

Carbures nanocomposites issus de précurseurs sol-gel et impacts sur la sélectivité optique / Nanocomposites Carbides from Sol-Gel Precursors_Impact on the Optical Selectivity

Coulibaly, Moustapha 17 December 2015 (has links)
Les carbures de métaux de transition (MC) sont des matériaux réfractaires et présentant une sélectivité optique intrinsèque qui se caractérise par une grande absorbance dans l’uv-visible tout en ayant une faible émittance dans l’infrarouge. Cette particularité leur vaut de faire l’objet de nombreuses études où ils sont envisagés comme matériau absorbeur dans les centrales solaires à concentration (CSP). Cependant, compte tenu des températures de fonctionnement de ces dispositifs (au-delà de 1000°C), les carbures de métaux de transition présentent une limitation majeure liée à leur relative tenue à l’oxydation. L’idée de la présente étude est donc d’associer ce type de matériau au carbure de silicium (SiC) qui à l’heure actuelle est utilisé comme absorbeur de ces technologies notamment du faite de sa grande réfractarité et de sa tenue à l’oxydation (jusqu’à 1400°C). La première partie de la démarche expérimentale a donc consisté en l’identification parmi une série de carbures (HfC, ZrC et TiC) celui présentant les meilleures caractéristiques en terme de sélectivité optique. Puis dans une deuxième partie, différentes voies de synthèse (colloïdale, moléculaire) mettant en œuvre des précurseurs métalliques (alcooxydes, colloïdes) et des sucres, ont été étudiées pour synthétiser des composites de type SiC-MC. L’influence des paramètres expérimentaux ainsi que de la composition ont été étudiées sur d’une part l’aptitude de chaque méthode à conduire aux phases recherchées et d’autre part sur la microstructure ainsi que leurs propriétés optiques. L’analyse de ces dernières a été effectuée d’abord sur des poudres afin de discriminer les échantillons sur la base de leur composition puis sur des pastilles qui ont été obtenues par deux procédés de frittage (HP et SPS) dont l’analyse des résultats constitue la dernière partie de l’étude.Ce travail de recherche a permis de conclure que l’association d’un carbure de métal de transition au carbure de silicium permettait d’aboutir à un composite SiC-MC présentant une certaine sélectivité spectrale et donc susceptible de jouer le rôle d’absorbeur dans les CSP. / Transition metal carbides (MC) belong to the category refractory materials. They have an intrinsic optical selectivity, which is characterized by a high absorbance in the UV-visible region and a low emittance in the infrared range. This feature is at the origin of many studies on these materials where they were expected to play the role of absorber in an Concentrating Solar Power plant (CSP). However, given the operating temperatures of such devices (beyond 1000 ° C), the transition metal carbides have a major limitation related to their relatively low resistance to oxidation. The idea of this study is to associate such material to the silicon carbide (SiC), which currently is used as absorber in CSP systems due to its good thermomechanical properties and resistance to oxidation (up to 1400 ° C).Therefore, the first part of the experimental approach consisted in the identification among a series of carbides (HfC, ZrC and TiC) the one presenting the best characteristics in terms of optical selectivity. Then, in the second part of the study, many synthesis routes (molecular, semi-molecular and colloidal) implementing different metal precursors (alcooxydes and colloidal solution) and a carbon source (sugar) were studied according to their ability to conduct to SiC-MC type composites. The influence of the experimental parameters as well as the one of the chemical composition has been investigated. The aim was first to evaluate the ability of each synthesis routes to conduct to the expected phases and also their impact on the microstructure and the optical properties. These latter have been first studied on powders in order to discriminate the samples on the base of their compositions and then the analysis have been made on densified materials by HP or SPS.This research has permitted to conclude that the combination of a transition metal carbide with silicon carbide conduct to a composite MC-SiC presenting a certain spectral selectivity and that such a material could play the role of absorber in CSP system.
113

Tolerância de cana-de-açúcar a herbicidas avaliada pela diferença testemunha pareada e tratamento

Schiavetto, Ana Regina [UNESP] 25 November 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:54:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 schiavetto_ar_me_jabo.pdf: 1906023 bytes, checksum: f74f3d8916abc28806f1a1138918fa89 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com o objetivo de avaliar a tolerância de cultivares de cana-de-açúcar a misturas de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência inicial da cultura o experimento foi conduzido em área de produção comercial da Usina São Martinho, localizada no município de Pradópolis, SP. O estudo foi desenvolvido em campo no delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial com 48 tratamentos em duas repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas cultivares (RB855453; RB845257, SP90-3414, SP90-1638, SP89-1115; SP81-3250, IAC91-2218 e IAC91-5155) e pelos herbicidas T1=(sulfentrazone (500 g ha-1) + diuron (842,4 g ha-1) + hexazinone (237,6 g ha-1); T2=metsulfuron-methyl (6 g ha-1) + sulfentrazone (750 g ha-1); T3=diuron (842,4 g ha-1) + hexazinone (237,6 g ha-1) + clomazone (900 g ha-1); T4=metribuzin (1920 g ha-1) + diuron (842,4 g ha-1) + hexazinone (237,6 g ha-1); T5=diuron (1599 g ha-1) + hexazinone (201 g ha-1) + MSMA (360 g ha-1); T6=ametryn (1097,25 g ha-1) + trifloxysulfuron-sodium (27,75 g ha-1) + diuron (702 g ha-1) + hexazinone (198 g ha-1)) e uma testemunha pareada para cada parcela. Os herbicidas foram aplicados sobre a palha oriunda da colheita da cana-de-açúcar em pré-emergência das plantas daninhas e pós-emergência inicial da cultura. Todas as parcelas mantidas na ausência de plantas daninhas durante todo período experimental. Cada parcela foi constituída por seis linhas, sendo uma central de meia parcela, tratada (TH); e a central da outra meia parcela, testemunha pareada (TP). As outras linhas foram bordaduras Foram avaliados aos 20 e 50 dias após aplicação (DAA) os sintomas visuais de fitointoxicação, o teor relativo de clorofila total e a razão de fluorescência da clorofila a; medições de altura foram feitas aos 30, 90 e 180 DAA e de estande aos 30, 90 e 180 DAA. Por ocasião da colheita aos 210 DAA foram avaliados o diâmetro dos colmos, os teores... / The experiment was conducted sugarcane commercial area from Sao Martinho will in Pradópolis, SP, in order to evaluate the tolerance of sugarcane cultivars to the association of herbicides applied post-emergence culture. The study was conducted in the field in a randomized block design in factorial with 48 treatments in two replications. The treatments consisted of cultivars (RB855453, RB845257, SP90-3414, SP90-1638, SP89-1115, SP81-3250, and IAC91-2218 IAC91-5155) and the herbicide T1=(sulfentrazone (500 g ha-1) + diuron (842,4 g ha-1) + hexazinone (237,6 g ha-1); T2=metsulfuron-methyl (6 g ha-1) + sulfentrazone (750 g ha-1); T3=diuron (842,4 g ha-1) + hexazinone (237,6 g ha-1) + clomazone (900 g ha-1); T4=metribuzin (1920 g ha-1) + diuron (842,4 g ha-1) + hexazinone (237,6 g ha-1); T5=diuron (1599 g ha-1) + hexazinone (201 g ha-1) + MSMA (360 g ha-1); T6=ametryn (1097,25 g ha-1) + trifloxysulfuron-sodium (27,75 g ha-1) + diuron (702 g ha-1) + hexazinone (198 g ha-1)) and a paired control for each plot. Herbicides were applied over the straw coming from the crop of sugarcane in pre-emergence weed and post-emergence of the crop, all plots being maintained in the absence of weeds throughout the experimental period. Which plot was formed by 6 rows of sugarcane. The central one of each 3 rows were used as treated (TH) and paired control (TP). The other rows were borders. Were evaluated at 20 and 50 days after application (DAA) visual symptoms, total chlorophyll and the ratio of chlorophyll a fluorescence; height measurements were made at 30, 90 and 180 DAA and stand at 30, 90 and 180 DAA. At harvest at 210 DAS were evaluated for stem diameter, the brix, purity, pol, sugars (AR) in the juice, cane fiber, total sugar recovered (ATR) and production of the stems (t ha-1). The mean difference, TP-TH, was subjected to the t tests, using the hypothesis of the difference with zero... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
114

Patogenicidade de fungos a mosca-negra-dos-citros e compatibilidade entre agrotóxicos e Purpureocillium lilacinum / Pathogenicity fungi citrus blackfly and compatibility of pesticides and Purpureocillium lilacinum

Medeiros, Fabíola Rodrigues [UNESP] 31 May 2016 (has links)
Submitted by FABÍOLA RODRIGUES MEDEIROS null (fabiolaagro.rm@gmail.com) on 2016-07-04T18:46:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE COMPLETA. Fabíola.pdf: 1684416 bytes, checksum: e228b31fb49e956aa68ce3f52d2b5a12 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-07T17:25:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 medeiros_fr_dr_bot.pdf: 1684416 bytes, checksum: e228b31fb49e956aa68ce3f52d2b5a12 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T17:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 medeiros_fr_dr_bot.pdf: 1684416 bytes, checksum: e228b31fb49e956aa68ce3f52d2b5a12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A mosca-negra-dos-citros constitui-se uma ameaça à fruticultura, por ser uma praga com grande potencial de dano econômico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a patogenicidade e virulência de isolados de fungos entomopatogênicos sobre a mosca-negra-dos-citros, Aleurocanthus woglumi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em condições de laboratório, e o efeito de diferentes produtos fitossanitários sobre o desenvolvimento do fungo Purpureocillium lilacinum in vitro e semicampo. No teste de patogenicidade, foram utilizadas dez ninfas de segundo e terceiro ínstares de Aleurocanthus woglumi e os fungos Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Lecanicillium muscarium, Fusarium proliferatum e Purpureocillium lilacinum. Para determinação da concentração letal 50 (CL50) e do tempo letal médio 50 (TL50) foi escolhido o fungo P. lilacinum, sendo cada tratamento representado por uma concentração 1 x 106, 5 x 106, 1 x 107, 5 x 107, 1 x 108 e 5 x 108 conídios/mL. Nos testes de compatibilidade de agrotóxicos sobre o fungo P. lilacinum, foram testados os produtos Ampligo® (clorantraniliprole + lambda-cialotrina), Kohinor 200 SC® (imidacloprido), Provado 200 SC® (imidacloprido), Recop® (oxicloreto de cobre), Iharol® (óleo mineral), Talstar 100 EC® (bifentrina), Stimulate® (ácido 4-indol-3-ilbutírico + ácido giberélico + cinetina) e Neenmax® (azadiractina), nas doses recomendadas para campo. No experimento em casa de vegetação, mudas de limão Cravo foram pulverizadas com os produtos e o patógeno P. lilacinum (4,76 x 107 conídios/mL) de três formas diferentes, primeiramente os agrotóxicos e depois o fungo; primeiro o fungo e posteriormente o agrotóxico e os dois simultaneamente. As mudas foram mantidas em estufa telada, e, após as pulverizações, 24, 48 e 72 horas, foi feita a contagem de colônias para determinar o número de unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC). Em relação aos testes de patogenicidade e virulência, concluiu-se que os isolados de B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, L. muscarium, F. proliferatum e P. lilacinum foram patogênicos às ninfas de A. woglumi e que as concentrações avaliadas do fungo P. lilacinum foram patogênicas às ninfas A. woglumi. Nos testes de compatibilidade os agrotóxicos Ampligo, Kohinor 200 SC, Provado 200 SC, Talstar 100 EC, Stimulate e Neenmax, sob condições laboratoriais, foram compatíveis com P. lilacinum e os produtos Recop e Iharol foram considerados moderadamente tóxicos. Em condições de semicampo, o fungo P. lilacinum não foi afetado pelos produtos, independentemente do tempo de coleta e da forma como foram aplicados. / Citrus blackfly is a threat to fruit, to be a plague with great potential for economic damage. The objective this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi on citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) under laboratory conditions, and effect of different pesticides on the development of fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum in vitro and greenhouse. In pathogenicity test were used ten nymphs second and third instars of Aleurocanthus woglumi and fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Lecanicillium muscarium, Fusarium proliferatum and Purpureocillium lilacinum. To determine the lethal concentration 50 (CL50) and median lethal time 50 (TL50) the fungus P. lilacinum was chosen, each treatment represented by a concentration 1 x 106, 5 x 106, 1 x 107, 5 x 107, 1 x 108 and 5 x 108 conidia/mL. In compatibility tests the fungus P. lilacinum were tested products, Ampligo® (clorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin), Kohinor® (imidacloprid), Provado® (imidacloprid), Recop® (copper oxychloride), Iharol® (oil mineral), Talstar® (biphenthrin), Stimulate® (indole butyric acid + gibberellic acid + kinetin) e Neenmax® (azadirachtin), the recommended dose for field. The experiment in greenhouse, rangpur lemon seedlings were sprayed with the products and the pathogen P. lilacinum (4,76 x 107 conidia/mL) in three different ways, first the pesticide and then the fungus; first the fungus and then the pesticide and the two simultaneously. Seedlings were kept in screened greenhouse, and after spraying, 24, 48 and 72 hours, the colony count was done to determine the number of colony forming units (CFU). With respect to pathogenicity and virulence tests, it was concluded that the isolates of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, L. muscarium, F. proliferatum and P. lilacinum were pathogenic to nymphs of A. woglumi and the evaluated concentrations of the fungus P. lilacinum were pathogenic to nymphs. In compatibility tests Ampligo, Kohinor, Provado, Talstar, Stimulate e Neenmax under laboratory conditions, they were compatible with P. lilacinum and Recop and Iharol products were moderately toxic. In greenhouse conditions, the fungus P. lilacinum was not affected by the products regardless of the time of collection and the way they were applied.
115

Diferenças no metabolismo das plantas que determinam resistência a herbicidas em Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc

Moretti, Talita Breda [UNESP] 01 March 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:39:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moretti_tb_me_ilha.pdf: 894602 bytes, checksum: 59c600d518a57a77a24160795f527ccd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A Brachiaria plantaginea está entre as espécies de maior ocorrência como plantas daninhas em diversas culturas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar as características morfofisiológicas da espécie B. plantaginea quanto à resistência a herbicidas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no período de janeiro à agosto do ano de 2009 em casa de vegetação com as plantas em vasos plásticos pretos de 3,0 L contendo substrato Plantimax® e em laboratório de análises foram realizadas conforme cada exigência necessária realizadas.na Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira – Campus II UNESP de Ilha Solteira. Foi usado delineamento experimental, sendo: teste de germinação, teste de vigor, transpiração em folhas destacadas hidratadas e estimativa da área foliar: fatorial de 2x2, sendo duas massas de sementes e dois biótipos de B. plantaginea (susceptível e resistente a herbicidas), e o teste de seletividade dos materiais aos herbicidas: fatorial de 2x3, sendo dois biótipos (susceptível e resistente a herbicidas),dois herbicidas (ametrina, imazapic) e uma testemunha sem herbicida. Observou-se que tanto a massa das sementes como o caráter resistência ao herbicida influenciaram no comportamento morfofisiológico da espécie B. plantaginea. Sementes com massas maiores apresentaram maiores respostas de germinação, mesmo após um período de envelhecimento da semente. O cultivar resistente apresentou menor desenvolvimento em relação às plantas susceptíveis, sendo um fator importante em se tratando de uma eliminação de plantas daninhas. Plantas de Brachiaria plantaginea resistente possuem maior transpiração apenas nas primeiras seis horas dificultando a eliminação por herbicida. O herbicida imazapic controlou o biótipo susceptível mesmo após a uma aplicação de pós-emergência. O biótipo resistente possui um maior transporte de elétrons podendo ser este o seu fator de resistência em relação ao biótipo susceptível / Brachiaria plantaginea is among the most common species as weeds in many cultures. The objective of this work was to study the morphological and physiological characteristics of species B. plantaginea for resistance to herbicides. The experiments were conducted from January to August of 2009 in a greenhouse with plants grown in pots of 3.0 L black plastic substrate Plantimax ® and in laboratory tests were performed according to each requirement necessary in Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira – Campus II UNESP de Ilha Solteira. Experimental design was used, with a germination test, vigor test, transpiration in detached leaves hydrated and estimation of leaf area: 2x2 factorial, with two masses of seed and two biotypes of B. plantaginea (susceptible and resistant to herbicides), and test materials to the selectivity of herbicides: 2x3 factorial, two biotypes (susceptible and resistant to herbicides), two herbicides (ametryne imazapic) and no herbicide. It was observed that both seed mass as the character resistance to herbicide influence the behavior of the species B. plantaginea morphophysiological. Seeds with larger masses showed higher germination responses, even after an aging period of the seed. The resistant cultivar showed less developed compared to susceptible plants being an important factor when it comes to removing a weed. Brachiaria plantaginea resistant have a higher transpiration only for six hours making it difficult to eliminate by the herbicide. The imazapic controlled biotype likely even after the application of a post-emergence. The resistant biotype has a higher electron transport and this may be your resistance factor relative to susceptible biotype
116

Toxicidade e efeito subletal dos principais inseticidas utilizados na cultura da soja para Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) / Toxicity and sublethal effect of the main insecticides used in soybean crop to Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Ana Clara Ribeiro de Paiva 16 February 2016 (has links)
Helicoverpa armigera é uma espécie que até 2013 era considerada praga quarentenária A1 no Brasil. Tratamentos com inseticidas são indispensáveis para o manejo de H. armigera em quase todas as culturas do mundo. Uma alternativa à utilização de inseticidas sintéticos para o controle de pragas é o uso de parasitoides do gênero Trichogramma. Em consideração a grande quantidade de aplicações de agroquímicos no sistema de produção de grãos, torna-se essencial avaliar a seletividade dos inseticidas utilizados, garantindo informações que auxilie na manutenção do T. pretiosum na área, podendo potencializar o controle biológico de H. armigera, sendo isto, importante para o estabelecimento do manejo integrado de pragas nas grandes culturas. Portanto, objetivou-se com esse trabalho: estudar a toxicidade aguda e a persistência de inseticidas sobre o parasitoide; estudar o efeito de inseticidas sobre a fase pupal do parasitoide; determinar a interferência dos inseticidas na capacidade de parasitismo. Dos inseticidas testados em condições laboratoriais, Nomolt®, Avatar®, Belt®, Premio® e Intrepid® foram considerados inócuos para adultos. Lorsban® e Engeo Pleno® são nocivos à fase de pupa, enquanto Acefato®, Pirate® e Belt® apesar de inócuos afetam as gerações seguintes. Pirate®, Lorsban® e Engeo Pleno interferem na capacidade de parasitismo, e Acefato® tem efeito deletério na geração que tem contato com o resíduo. Os inseticidas Nomolt®, Avatar®, Belt®, Acefato®, Premio® e Intrepid® foram classificados como inseticidas de vida curta (classe 1). Lorsban® tem efeito moderadamente persistente (classe 3) e Engeo Pleno® e Pirate® classificados como persistentes (classe 4). Portanto, visando um bom programa de MIP, deve-se optar pelo uso de inseticidas seletivos, ou inseticidas nocivos para adultos do parasitoide podem ser utilizados no campo desde que estes não estejam ocorrendo naturalmente ou que não coincida com épocas de liberação do mesmo. / Helicoverpa armigera is a specie that until 2013 was considered A1 quarantine pest in Brazil. Treatments with insecticides are indispensable for the management of H. armigera in almost every crops in the world. An alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides for pest control is the use of parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma. Considered the large number of agrochemical applications in grain yield, it is essential assess the selectivity of insecticides used, providing informations to assist in the maintenance of T. pretiosum in the area and can enhance the biological control of H. armigera, this being important for the establishment of integrated pest management in field crops. Therefore, the aim of this work was study the acute toxicity and the duration of the harm effects of insecticides on the parasitoid, study the effect of insecticides on the pupal stage of the parasitoid and determine the interference of insecticides on the parasitism capacity. Insecticides tested in laboratory conditions, Nomolt®, Avatar®, Belt®, Premio® and Intrepid® were considered innocuous to the adults. Lorsban® and Engeo Pleno® were harmful to the pupal stage, while Acefato®, Pirate® and Belt® although were considered innocuous they affect the next generations. Pirate®, Lorsban® and Engeo Pleno® interfered on the parasitism capacity, and Acefato® have a deleterious effect on the generation that has contact with the insecticide residue. The insecticides Nomolt®, Avatar®, Belt®, Acefato®, Premio® and Intrepid® were classified as short live (class 1). Lorsban® was moderately persistent (class 3) and Engeo Pleno® and Pirate® were classified as persistent (Class 4). Therefore, for an effective IPM program, it is important to use the selective insecticides. Insecticides that were harmful to the parasitoid adults could be used in the field, provided that the parasitoids do not occur naturally and the chemical applications do not coincide with the parasitoids release.
117

Estudo dos efeitos de etapas de pré-tratamento na hidrólise ácida de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar / Study of the effects of pretreatment steps in acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse

Guilherme Bueno Christofoletti 18 August 2010 (has links)
De forma sustentável o setor sucroalcooleiro nacional apresenta grande potencial para o desenvolvimento tecnológico de fontes alternativas de energia. A partir das novas concepções de emprego de energias alternativas, o resíduo industrial do processamento da cana-de-açúcar passa a ser uma matéria-prima com grande potencial e valor. De forma ilustrativa da potencialidade deste material, os dados de produção de bagaço de cana e suas aplicações estão destacados na parte introdutória, compreendendo a possível integração das usinas com as biorrefinarias. A utilização do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar como combustível para co-geração de energia atende à necessidade de mercado, sendo que a rentabilidade de energia elétrica é altamente viável. Porém, considerando-se que esta matéria-prima apresenta características peculiares para a biorrefinaria, objetivou-se o fracionamento da biomassa. As metodologias são investigadas por abranger a conversão da biomassa(bagaço e palha de cana-de- açúcar) para uma variedade de produtos de maior valor agregado (energia, biomateriais e produtos químicos). As etapas de fracionamento, ou seja, de pré-tratamentos foram: préhidrólise, deslignificação e branqueamento. A pré-hidrólise apresentou-se seletiva para a remoção das hemiceluloses, já para a etapa de deslignificação, mostrou-se mais seletiva para a remoção de ligninas, embora houvesse grande remoção também das hemiceluloses. Para a etapa de branqueamento, a remoção residual de lignina foi atingida, porém também foi removido celulose. A avaliação das etapas de pré-tratamentos foi realizada pela determinação dos rendimentos de processos, da seletividade reacional, bem como pela quantificação dos produtos e resíduos obtidos. Os materiais obtidos nas etapas de pré-tratamentos foram caracterizados e posteriormente submetidos ao processo de hidrólise ácida. São apresentados os resultados de rendimento de obtenção de glicose a partir de celulose, em base celulose inicial e em base celulose reagida. Na primeira parte, discutiram-se os rendimentos gravimétricos das reações de hidrólise ácida que para o material in natura resultaram em maiores rendimentos de hidrólise. Os maiores rendimentos obtidos no estudo de hidrólise de celulose foram obtidos para substratos derivados do bagaço integral na concentração de ácido de 0,14%. Os resultados da quarta, relativa a obtenção de coprodutos, HMF e furfural revelou a geração de baixas concentrações desses inibidores da fermentação etanólica. De forma conclusiva, a associação dos resultados dos processos de pré-tratamentos com os resultados obtidos nas reações de hidrólise poderá ser empregada para compreender as vantagens e desvantagens de cada etapa, mostrando caminhos para um melhor aproveitamento da biomassa vegetal, em especial o bagaço de cana de açúcar. Considerando-se a produção de etanol de segunda geração, determinaram-se também as quantidades de inibidores de fermentação etanólica. / Sustainably the Brazilian sugarcane sector presents great potential for technological development of alternative sources of energy. From the new concepts of employment of alternative energy sources, industrial waste from processing of sugarcane becomes a raw material with great potential and value. Illustratively of the potential of this material, the production data of sugarcane bagasse and their applications are highlighted in the introductory section, including the possible integration of the sugarcane mills to biorefineries. The utilization of crushed sugarcane as fuel for co-generation of energy meets the market need, and the profitability of electricity is highly feasible. However, considering that this raw material has peculiar characteristics to the biorefinery, this work aimed at the fractionation of biomass. The methodologies are investigated for covering the conversion of biomass (bagasse and straw from sugarcane). For a variety of products with higher added value (energy, biomaterials and chemicals). The steps of fractionation, or pre-treatments were pre-hydrolysis, delignification and bleaching. The pre-hydrolysis showed up selective removal of hemicelluloses. On the other hand, the delignification step was more selective for the removal of lignin, although there was also large removal of hemicelluloses. For the bleaching stage, the removal of residual lignin was achieved, but some cellulose was also removed from the pulps. The evaluation of the pre-treatments steps were performed by determined the yields of the processes, the selectivity and the quantification of the reaction products and wastes obtained. The materials obtained by the pre-treatment steps were characterized and further submitted to acid hydrolysis. It were presented the results of glucose yields of production base on initial cellulose and reacted cellulose. The first part of the work discusses the gravimetric yield of the acid hydrolysis reaction that produced the highest yield for the in natura material. The highest yields obtained in this study of cellulose hydrolysis were obtained for substrates derivates from integral bagasse at acid concentration of 0.14%. The results of the fourth step, concerning the production of HMF and furfural, revealed the production of low concentrations of these inhibitors of ethanol fermentation. Conclusively, the association of the results obtaining in the pre-treatment processes with that ones obtained by the hydrolysis processes can be used to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the individual steps, showing trends towards a better utilization of vegetal biomass, especially crushed sugarcane. In terms of second generation ethanol, it was presented the results of the quantification of potential inhibitors of ethanolic fermentation.
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Avaliação do efeito anticâncer dos derivados tiazacridínicos LPSF/AC-34 e LPSF/AC-129

LINS, Thiago Ubiratan Lins e 23 January 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-13T14:01:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Thiago Ubiratan Lins e Lins - Tese de Doutorado.pdf: 3503659 bytes, checksum: 9ffe7a8c957730db868f05707e01fef4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-13T14:01:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Thiago Ubiratan Lins e Lins - Tese de Doutorado.pdf: 3503659 bytes, checksum: 9ffe7a8c957730db868f05707e01fef4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-23 / FACEPE / Os derivados tiazacridínicos (Z/E)-5-(acridin-9-il) metileno-3-(3-cloro-benzil)-tiazolidin-2,4-diona (LPSF/AC-34) e (Z)-5-(acridin-9-il) metileno-3-(3-cloro-benzil)-4-tioxo-tiazolidin-2-ona (LPSF/AC-129) foram sintetizados. O produto da reação continha 72% do derivado (Z) LPSF/AC-129 e 22% do derivado (Z/E) LPSF/AC-34, com rendimento de 94%. As estruturas químicas dos derivados foram determinadas por espectroscopia no infravermelho, espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio e espectrometria de massas e a pureza por HPLC-MS. A citotoxicidade da mistura LPSF/AC-34 + LPSF/AC-129 foi avaliada frente a linhagens de células tumorais aderentes e não-aderentes pelo método de MTT. Os valores obtidos para o IC50 foi de 3,98 μM (linfoma de Burkitt - RAJI); 35,6 μM (leucemia de células T - Jurkat); 8,05 μM (leucemia promielocítica aguda - HL-60); 14,27 μM (leucemia linfoblástica aguda - CCRF-CEM); 55,77 μM (glioblastoma - NG97); >100 μM (mama - T47D). A seletividade dos compostos foi avaliada em células mononucleadas do sangue periférico (PBMC) de voluntários sadios e apresentou uma IC50>100μM. Em seguida, avaliou-se por citometria de fluxo o efeito dos derivados no ciclo celular e indução de morte. Observou-se que a mistura LPSF/AC-34 + LPSF/AC-129 na dose de 3,98 μM não causou alterações significativas no ciclo celular e induziu a morte por apoptose na linhagem de linfoma RAJI. Em paralelo, avaliou-se por RT-PCR o efeito dos derivados na expressão dos genes GADD153, PPARγ, Bcl-2, SOD1, Beclin, Bid, p21 e RIP3 nas linhagens HL-60 e CCRF-CEM em comparação às células não tratadas. Após 10 horas de exposição da linhagem HL-60 aos derivados, na dose de 8,05 μM (n=3), observou-se a modulação dos genes GADD153 (12,47 vezes, p=0,0808) e PPARγ (4,82 vezes, p=0,2277). Na linhagem CCRF-CEM (dose de 14,27 μM; n=3) observou-se a modulação dos genes Bcl-2 (0,97 vezes, p=0,4409), Bid (1,62 vezes, p=0,3911), RIP3 (0,97 vezes, p=0,3722) e SOD1 (1,29 vezes, p=0,0172) indicando interferência no estresse oxidativo. Avaliou-se também o efeito dos derivados na expressão protéica de NFkB, Bax, pPTEN e GADD153 por Western Blotting. Observou-se na linhagem HL-60 a modulação de NFkB (p=0,3012; n=3) e de Bax (p=0,9221; n=3). Na linhagem CCRF-CEM observou-se o aumento de NFkB (p=0,0053; n=3) e Bax (p=0,6956; n=3). Os resultados mostraram que os derivados LPSF/AC-34 + LPSF/AC-129 apresentam atividade frente às linhagens de tumores hematopoiéticos e sólidos, modulando expressão gênica e proteica. / The (Z / E) -5- (acridin-9-yl) methylene-3- (3-chloro-benzyl) thiazolidin-2,4-dione (LPSF / AC-34) and (Z) -5 - (acridin-9-yl) methylene-3- (3-chloro-benzyl) -4-thioxo-thiazolidin-2-one (LPSF / AC-129) thiazacridinic derivatives were synthesized. The reaction product contained (Z) LPSF / AC-129 (72%) and (Z / E) LPSF / AC-34 (22%), with 94% of yield. The derivatives chemical structures were determined by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry hydrogen and the purity was determined by HPLC-MS. The mixture LPSF / AC-34 + LPSF / AC-129 cytotoxicity was evaluated against adherent and non-adherent tumor cell lines throught MTT method. The IC50 values obtained was 3,98 μM (Burkitt lymphoma - RAJI); 35,6 μM (T-cell leukemia - Jurkat); 8,05 μM (acute promyelocytic leukemia - HL-60); 14,27 μM (acute lymphoblastic leukemia - CCRF-CEM); 55,77 μM (glioblastoma - NG97); > 100 μM (breast - T47D). The compounds selectivity was assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy volunteers and showed an IC50> 100μM. Then, the derivative effect on cell cycle and induction of death was assayed by flow cytometry. It was observed that the 3,98 μM dose of mixture LPSF / AC-34 + LPSF / AC-129 caused no significant changes in cell cycle and induce death by apoptosis in lymphoma cell line RAJI. In parallel through RT-PCR, it was evaluated the derivatives effect on GADD153, PPAR gamma, Bcl-2, SOD1, Beclin, Bid, RIP3, p21 genes expression in HL-60 and CCRF-CEM tumor cell lines compared to untreated cells . After submitting HL-60 line to 10 hours exposure of 8.05 μM derivatives dose (n = 3), we observed the modulation of GADD153 (12,47 fold, p=0.0808) and PPAR gamma (4,82 fold, p=0.2277) genes. On CCRF-CEM cell line (14,27 μM dose; n=3) it was observed modulation of Bcl-2 (0,97 fold, p = 0,4409), Bid (1,62 fold, p = 0,3911), RIP3 (0,97 fold, p=0,3722) and SOD1 (1,29 fold, p=0,0172) genes indicating interference on oxidative stress. It is also evaluated the derivatives effect on protein expression of NFkB, Bax, GADD153 and pPTEN by Western blotting. It was observed, in HL-60 cell line, the NFkB (p=0,3012; n=3) and Bax (p=0,9221; n=3) modulation. In CCRF-CEM cell line was observed NFkB (p=0,0053; n=3) and Bax (p=0.6956; n=3) increase. The results showed that the derivatives LPSF / AC-34 + LPSF / AC-129 had activity against hematopoietic and solid tumor cell lines by modulating gene and protein expression.
119

Molecular Characterization of the Mitochondrial Presequence Translocase

Denkert, Niels 24 November 2017 (has links)
No description available.
120

Fractionation of thermomechanical pulp in pressure screening:an experimental study on the classification of fibres with slotted screen plates

Ämmälä, A. (Ari) 01 March 2001 (has links)
Abstract Pressure screening, nowadays the most widely used method for cleaning pulp, has been traditionally investigated as a debris removal process. The aim of this thesis, however, was to study it with a view to the fractionation of pulps, examining systematically and extensively the effects of screening parameters on fractionation under actual working conditions in order to provide an insight into its possibilities and limitations as a fractionation method. The experimental work was performed with a full-scale two-stage pressure screen connected to an industrial TMP process. Fractionation of the pulp was analysed in terms of consistency, freeness, optical fibre length distribution, coarseness index and Bauer-McNett fractions. Two sampling systems were used during the screening experiments, manual and semiautomatic. The latter was assessed to be more reliable, as reflected in lower stochastic variation and the absence of a systematic bias in the mass balance errors over the screen. The poorer reliability of the manual sampling system was offset by the large number of screening tests, however. The results of the screening experiments showed that with a given design of the screen plate, the separation of each fraction was dependent almost exclusively on the mass and volumetric reject rates. The mass flow of fines, defined as the Bauer-McNett P200 fraction, was dependent mostly on the volumetric reject rate, while the mass flow of fibrous fractions (R200, R50, R30, R16) depended mostly on the mass reject rate. The mass reject rate obtained in pressure screening was a result of the choice of operating parameters, but fractionation efficiency could not be affected by using different combinations of these parameters (feed consistency, rotor tip speed and slot velocity) if the mass and volumetric reject rates were kept constant. The slot width together with the contouring of the screen plate affected the fractionation efficiency as compared with the situation at constant mass and volumetric reject rate. Increased fractionation was obtained by reducing the slot width and contouring. The pulp passage ratio, which combines the mass and volumetric reject rates into one parameter, was found to be a expedient way of expressing the fractionation of pulp, as it was possible to present fractionation uniformly as a function of this ratio. The change in freeness was found to correlate quite well with that in Bauer-McNett fractions, and it was a good indicator of fractionation efficiency in screening. Apart from fractionation according to length (or Bauer-McNett fractions), the slotted pressure screen was also found to classify the fibres according to their coarseness. The coarseness difference was partially dependent on the fibre length, but additionally the coarseness in the accept pulp for any given fibre length class was always lower than that in the reject pulp. The difference obtained seemed to depend on the passage ratio of the pulp. This thesis provides new information for the modelling of pulp quality and the design of fractionation experiments, fractionation processes and screen room control strategies.

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