The present study focuses on students at two Swedish secondary schools and the pronunciation errors that are the most prominent during reception and production of specific speech sounds. The primary focus of this degree paper is to establish whether or not certain speech sounds such as e.g. the /tʃ/ sound, which do not occur in the Swedish language in initial position are difficult or not and whether or not they act as an obstacle for Swedish students learning English as their L2. The aim was to establish which specific pronunciation errors that occurred in the L2 language classroom. Since this was the aim, primarily quantitative studies were carried out at two secondary schools in southern Sweden. The results from the four different tests show that the tested Swedish L2 students seem to have a greater difficulty with speech sounds placed in initial position than in final position of a specific word. According to this degree paper this is due to the fact that the Swedish language does not have an equivalent to the difficult speech sound in initial position, therefore making it difficult and often resulting in negative transfer from the L1. Furthermore, the English sounds that posed the biggest problems for the students were ones that sometimes can be found in the Swedish language. These sounds were very similar to native sounds creating a challenge for the Swedish students when perceiving and producing the English sounds. However, it was shown that when these sounds were presented in a context, they proved to be less challenging for the students to receive and produce. Moreover, although the syllabus only mentions that communication should be functional, there still needs to be an element of focus on form in order to become a proficient language user.

No description available.

This thesis investigates the effect of incorporating various information visualisation techniques and non-speech sounds (i.e. auditory icons and earcons) in email browsing. This empirical work consisted of three experimental phases. The first experimental phase aimed at finding out the most usable visualisation techniques for presenting email information. This experiment involved the development of two experimental email visualisation approaches which were called LinearVis and MatrixVis. These approaches visualised email messages based on a dateline together with various types of email information such as the time and the senders. The findings of this experiment were used as a basis for the development of a further email visualisation approach which was called LinearVis II. This novel approach presented email data based on multi-coordinated views. The usability of messages retrieval in this approach was investigated and compared to a typical email client in the second experimental phase. Users were required to retrieve email messages in the two experiments with the provided relevant information such as the subject, status and priority. The third experimental phase aimed at exploring the usability of retrieving email messages by using other type of email data, particularly email threads. This experiment investigated the synergic use of graphical representations with non-speech sounds (Multimodal Metaphors), graphical representations and textual display to present email threads and to communicate contextual information about email threads. The findings of this empirical study demonstrated that there is a high potential for using information visualisation techniques and non-speech sounds (i.e. auditory icons and earcons) to improve the usability of email message retrieval. Furthermore, the thesis concludes with a set of empirically derived guidelines for the use of information visualisation techniques and non-speech sound to improve email browsing.

Bakalauro darbo tikslas išanalizuoti ketverių metų vaikų gebėjimą tarti kalbos garsus. Tyrimu siekiama išanalizuoti vaikų gebėjimą tarti kalbos garsus skiemenyse, žodžiuose, sakiniuose, sudėtingos skiemeninės struktūros žodžiuose. Analizuojant tyrimo duomenis, fiksuoti garsų tarimo trūkumai, jų gausos ir įvairovės. Tyrimo metodu buvo pasirinkta tarties tikrinimo kortelė. Tyrime dalyvavo 100 ketverių metų amžiaus vaikų. Jie buvo pasirinkti atsitiktinai. Tirti buvo tie, kurie tuo metu lankė darželį. Tyrimu nustatyta, kad dauguma keturmečių tardami įvairius kalbos vienetus susiduria su sunkumais. Tik trečdalis vaikų tardami atskirus garsus, skiemenis, žodžius, sakinius, sudėtingos skiemeninės struktūros žodžius nesusiduria su sunkumais, taria juos taisyklingai. Analizuojant garsų grupių tarimo trūkumus, nustatyta, kad santykis tarp vienos ir kelių garsų grupių tarimo trūkumų yra beveik vienodas. Sunkesnius garsus tiriamieji keičia kitais, praleidžia, papildomai įveda, iškraipo arba neišlaiko skiemeninės žodžio struktūros. Pastebėta, kad dažniausia tarimo trūkumų forma sigmatizmas ir rotacizmas. Rečiau pasitaikė kapacizmo, gamacizmo, jotacizmo atvejų. / The purpose of The Bachelor Thesis was to analyze the four – year – old children‘s ability to pronounce spesch sounds. The research deals with children's ability to pronounce speech sounds in syllables words, sentences and in words with a complex syllabic structure. Defects of the sounds pronunciation, their abundance and diversity were recorded when analyzing the survey data. Method of the research was pronunciation testing card. There were 100 four-year-old children in this research. Children, who attended kindergarten at the time, were selected at random. The results of research showed that most four-year-old children have difficulties with the pronunciation of various speech units. Only a third of the children do not face difficulties in pronunciation of individual speech sounds, syllables, words, sentences, words with a complex syllabic structure. They pronounce them correctly. Analysis of the sound’s groups pronunciation defects revealed that the ratio of the pronunciation between one and several groups of sounds is nearly equal. The respondents replaced more complicated sounds to others, elided, added extra, mangled or failed the syllabic structure of the words. It was noticed that the most common form of pronunciation defects were sigmatism and rhotacism. Cases of kapacism, gamacism, jotacism were rear.

This thesis investigates the effect of incorporating various information visualisation techniques and non-speech sounds (i.e. auditory icons and earcons) in email browsing. This empirical work consisted of three experimental phases. The first experimental phase aimed at finding out the most usable visualisation techniques for presenting email information. This experiment involved the development of two experimental email visualisation approaches which were called LinearVis and MatrixVis. These approaches visualised email messages based on a dateline together with various types of email information such as the time and the senders. The findings of this experiment were used as a basis for the development of a further email visualisation approach which was called LinearVis II. This novel approach presented email data based on multi-coordinated views. The usability of messages retrieval in this approach was investigated and compared to a typical email client in the second experimental phase. Users were required to retrieve email messages in the two experiments with the provided relevant information such as the subject, status and priority. The third experimental phase aimed at exploring the usability of retrieving email messages by using other type of email data, particularly email threads. This experiment investigated the synergic use of graphical representations with non-speech sounds (Multimodal Metaphors), graphical representations and textual display to present email threads and to communicate contextual information about email threads. The findings of this empirical study demonstrated that there is a high potential for using information visualisation techniques and non-speech sounds (i.e. auditory icons and earcons) to improve the usability of email message retrieval. Furthermore, the thesis concludes with a set of empirically derived guidelines for the use of information visualisation techniques and non-speech sound to improve email browsing. / Taibah University in Medina and the Ministry of Higher Education in Saudi Arabia.

Previous research has shown that L2 students have difficulties producing and even recognising sounds that do not exist in their mother tongue. It has also been concluded that accented speech not only compromises intelligibility but also makes the listener negatively biased towards the speaker. The present study explores how proficient Swedish students are in producing the speech sounds /dʒ/, /j/, /v/, /w/, /ʃ/and /tʃ/, of which /dʒ/, /w/ and /tʃ/do not exist in Swedish. In addition, it explores whether their pronunciation of these sounds improves after a brief pronunciation lesson, if this improvement is lasting and whether they tend to learn the pronunciation of words as separate units or are able to generalise the rules of pronunciation and appropriately apply them. It also investigates whether a difference in the structure of the pronunciation lesson affects the students’ results. The study revealed that the students do have difficulties with correctly producing in particular /tʃ/, /dʒ/ and /j/. More specifically, they tended to confuse /dʒ/ and /j/ whereas many students appeared to have been unaware that /tʃ/ exists and used the /ʃ/-sound instead, which exists in Swedish. After the pronunciation lesson, however, the students significantly improved their pronunciation. This improvement was shown to be lasting and the students were generalising rules rather than learning words as separate units. What the study failed to show was a significant difference in results caused by a difference in the structure of the pronunciation lesson.

No description available.

This thesis is a comparative study of Pai and Swati. The Pai language is spoken in the easten1 parts of the Mpumalanga Province of the Republic of South Africa. The study concentrates on the correspondences and differences of the speech sounds of these two languages and reference is also made to the morphology. The previous comprehensive work on Pai was by Ziervogel (1956) where he classified the Pai language as one of the three dialects of Eastern Sotho. He also considered the Swati elements present in Pai to be merely borrowings. The present investigation into the history of the Pai people indicates that Pai may have had links with languages other than those belonging to the Sotho group and, from the evidence, an Nguni connection has become a distinct possibility. The speech sounds of Pai are described in detail in chapter two and corresponding speech sounds in Swati are included. The vowels of both languages receive special attention because Pai apparently has a seven-vowel system and Swati a five-vowel system. The corresponding consonants in these two languages soon points towards a relationship that is based on more than just borrowed items. In chapter three the Ur-Bantu sounds of Meinhof and their reflexes in Swati and Pai are described and compared. The wide variety of attestations in Pai and the instability of some phonemes are indicative of a language that has been subjected to many outside influences and that is at the moment in a state of flux. In chapter four some aspects of the morphology are described in order to highlight the peculiar characteristics of Pai as an individual language. The relationship with Swati is again emphasized by the findings in this chapter. A statistical analysis of the speech sounds of Pai and Swati in chapter five indicates that an Nguni core of sounds exists that is shared by both these languages. A re-classification of Pai within the language context of that area may therefore be necessary. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This thesis is a comparative study of Pai and Swati. The Pai language is spoken in the easten1 parts of the Mpumalanga Province of the Republic of South Africa. The study concentrates on the correspondences and differences of the speech sounds of these two languages and reference is also made to the morphology. The previous comprehensive work on Pai was by Ziervogel (1956) where he classified the Pai language as one of the three dialects of Eastern Sotho. He also considered the Swati elements present in Pai to be merely borrowings. The present investigation into the history of the Pai people indicates that Pai may have had links with languages other than those belonging to the Sotho group and, from the evidence, an Nguni connection has become a distinct possibility. The speech sounds of Pai are described in detail in chapter two and corresponding speech sounds in Swati are included. The vowels of both languages receive special attention because Pai apparently has a seven-vowel system and Swati a five-vowel system. The corresponding consonants in these two languages soon points towards a relationship that is based on more than just borrowed items. In chapter three the Ur-Bantu sounds of Meinhof and their reflexes in Swati and Pai are described and compared. The wide variety of attestations in Pai and the instability of some phonemes are indicative of a language that has been subjected to many outside influences and that is at the moment in a state of flux. In chapter four some aspects of the morphology are described in order to highlight the peculiar characteristics of Pai as an individual language. The relationship with Swati is again emphasized by the findings in this chapter. A statistical analysis of the speech sounds of Pai and Swati in chapter five indicates that an Nguni core of sounds exists that is shared by both these languages. A re-classification of Pai within the language context of that area may therefore be necessary. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Dans un contexte sonore constitué de plusieurs sources sonores, l’analyse de scène auditive a pour objectif de dresser une représentation précise et utile des sons perçus. Résoudre ce type de scènes consiste à regrouper les sons provenant d’une même source et de les séparer des autres sons. Ce travail de thèse a eu pour but d’approfondir nos connaissances du traitement de ces scènes auditives complexes par le système auditif. En particulier, il s’agissait d’étudier l’influence potentielle des indices spatiaux sur la ségrégation. Une attention particulière a été portée tout au long de cette thèse pour intégrer des éléments réalistes dans toutes les études menées. Dans un environnement réel, la salle et la tête entraînent des distorsions des signaux de parole en fonction des positions de la source et du récepteur. Ce phénomène est appelé coloration. Comme première approximation de la parole, des bruits avec un spectre de parole ont été utilisés pour évaluer l’effet de la coloration. Les résultats ont montré que les fines différences spectrales monaurales induites par la coloration due à la tête et à la salle peuvent engendrer de la ségrégation. De plus, cette ségrégation peut être renforcée en ajoutant les indices binauraux associés à une position donnée (ILD, ITD). En particulier, une deuxième étude a suggéré que les variations monaurales d’intensité au cours du temps à chaque oreille étaient plus utiles pour la ségrégation que les différences interaurales de niveau. Les résultats ont également montré que le percept de latéralisation, associé à un ITD donné, favorise la ségrégation lorsque ce percept est suffisamment saillant. Par ailleurs, l’ITD per se peut induire de la ségrégation. La capacité naturelle à résoudre perceptivement une scène auditive est pertinente pour l’intelligibilité de la parole. L’objectif était de répliquer ces premières expériences, donc évaluer l’influence des indices spatiaux sur la ségrégation de signaux de parole à la place de bruits gelés. Une caractéristique de la parole est la grande variabilité de ses paramètres acoustiques qui permettent de transmettre de l’information. Ainsi, la première étape a été d’étudier dans quelle mesure la ségrégation basée sur une différence de fréquence peut être influencée par l’introduction de variabilité spectrale au sein des stimuli. L’étape suivante a été d’évaluer la différence de fréquence fondamentale requise pour séparer des flux de parole. En effet, il a été supposé que des indices de position pourraient être utiles pour renforcer la ségrégation basée sur un indice plus robuste comme une différence de F0 du fait de leur stabilité au cours du temps dans des situations réelles. Les résultats de ces expériences préliminaires ont montré que l’introduction d’une large variabilité spectrale au sein de flux de sons purs pouvait entraîner un percept compliqué, probablement constitué des multiples flux sonores. De plus, les résultats ont indiqué qu’une différence de F0 comprise entre 3 et 5 demi-tons permettait de séparer des signaux de parole. Les résultats de ces expériences pourront être utilisés pour concevoir la prochaine expérience visant à étudier dans quelle mesure un percept ambigu peut évoluer vers de la ségrégation par l’introduction d’indices de position. / In a context of competing sound sources, the auditory scene analysis aims to draw an accurate and useful representation of the perceived sounds. Solving such a scene consists of grouping sound events which come from the same source and segregating them from the other sounds. This PhD work intended to further our understanding of how the human auditory system processes these complex acoustic environments, with a particular emphasis on the potential influence of spatial cues on perceptual stream segregation. All the studies conducted during this PhD endeavoured to rely on realistic configurations.In a real environment, the diffraction and reflection properties of the room and the head lead to distortions of the sounds depending on the source and receiver positions. This phenomenon is named colouration. Speechshaped noises, as a first approximation of speech sounds, were used to evaluate the effect of this colouration on stream segregation. The results showed that the slight monaural spectral differences induced by head and room colouration can induce segregation. Moreover, this segregation was enhanced by adding the binaural cues associated with a given position (ITD, ILD). Especially, a second study suggested that the monaural intensity variations across time at each ear were more relevant for stream segregation than the interaural level differences. The results also indicated that the percept of lateralization associated with a given ITD helped the segregation when the lateralization was salient enough. Besides, the ITD per se could also favour segregation.The natural ability to perceptually solve an auditory scene is relevant for speech intelligibility. The main idea was to replicate the first experiments with speech items instead of frozen noises. A characteristic of running speech is a high degree of acoustical variability used to convey information. Thus, as a first step, we investigated the robustness of stream segregation based on a frequency difference to variability on the same acoustical cue (i.e., frequency). The second step was to evaluate the fundamental frequency difference that enables to separate speech items. Indeed, according to the limited effects measured in the two first experiments, it was assumed that spatial cues might be relevant for stream segregation only in interaction with another “stronger” cue such as a F0 difference.The results of these preliminary experiments showed first that the introduction of a large spectral variability introduced within pure tone streams can lead to a complicated percept, presumably consisting of multiple streams. Second, the results suggested that a fundamental frequency difference comprised between 3 and 5 semitones enables to separate speech item. These experiments provided results that will be used to design the next experiment investigating how an ambiguous percept could be biased toward segregation by introducing spatial cues.