The paper, with a brief summary of timber floating in Sweden and also of some previous re-search in this field, contains a study on costs for timber-floating in the river Dalälven located in central Sweden. The public used timber-floating system in Dalälven and the historical background about this activity is described. The study is focused on the total costs for timber-floating in the public open floating system in Dalälven from 1900 to 1970, the year before the timber-floating was definitively closed down. Also the costs for separating the logs of a specific owner when they reached the point where they could be separated from the timber of other owners are analyzed.

I Sverige fanns, mellan 1874 och 1994, ett förbud mot att bygga bostadshus med fler än två våningar i trästomme. Under denna tid försvann större delen av hantverks- och ingenjörskunnandet och man fick därför börja från början då förbudet hävdes. Byggandet gick till en början trögt, men tog fart i och med regeringens nationella träbyggnadsstrategi och utvecklandet av byggande med massivträ i början av 2000-talet. Limnologen i Växjö är ett bra exempel på hur långt fram Sverige ligger i utvecklingen, men det pekar också på områden inom tekniken som behöver förbättras. Den här uppsatsen behandlar översiktligt hur trähusbyggandet har sett ut i Sverige och beskriver sedan Limnologen med fokus på entreprenadform, stabilisering, brandskydd och akustik. Vidare beskrivs hur massivträtekniken har utvecklats och hur byggsystemet för massivträ har tagits fram. / Between 1874 and 1994, Swedish legislation limited the use of timber in load- bearing structures of residential buildings. The use of timber was prohibited in buildings of more than two storeys. During this period, much of the knowledge of the craftsmen and engineers was lost. Therefore, when legislation changed, there was a large need for regaining old and developing new knowledge in the field of timber construction and timber engineering. The number of multi- storey projects was not very large during the first years. Partly due to that the Swedish government developed a national strategy for the increased use of wood in construction in the beginning of the 21st century, progress was made in developing new techniques and the number of projects increased. The project Limnologen in Växjö is a good example of the current status of Swedish timber engineering, but also points to the fields where there is still some work to be done. This essay reports briefly on the building of wooden houses in Sweden in general, and describes the project Limnologen in particular. Issues like type of contract, stabilization, fire protection and solutions to prevent sound from transmitting are dealt with. Also a description of the development of cross- laminated timber (CLT) and how concepts based on CLT have been developed is given.

<p>I Sverige fanns, mellan 1874 och 1994, ett förbud mot att bygga bostadshus med fler än två våningar i trästomme. Under denna tid försvann större delen av hantverks- och ingenjörskunnandet och man fick därför börja från början då förbudet hävdes. Byggandet gick till en början trögt, men tog fart i och med regeringens nationella träbyggnadsstrategi och utvecklandet av byggande med massivträ i början av 2000-talet. Limnologen i Växjö är ett bra exempel på hur långt fram Sverige ligger i utvecklingen, men det pekar också på områden inom tekniken som behöver förbättras.</p><p>Den här uppsatsen behandlar översiktligt hur trähusbyggandet har sett ut i Sverige och beskriver sedan Limnologen med fokus på entreprenadform, stabilisering, brandskydd och akustik. Vidare beskrivs hur massivträtekniken har utvecklats och hur byggsystemet för massivträ har tagits fram.</p> / <p>Between 1874 and 1994, Swedish legislation limited the use of timber in load- bearing structures of residential buildings. The use of timber was prohibited in buildings of more than two storeys. During this period, much of the knowledge of the craftsmen and engineers was lost. Therefore, when legislation changed, there was a large need for regaining old and developing new knowledge in the field of timber construction and timber engineering. The number of multi- storey projects was not very large during the first years. Partly due to that the Swedish government developed a national strategy for the increased use of wood in construction in the beginning of the</p><p>21st century, progress was made in developing new techniques and the number of projects increased. The project Limnologen in Växjö is a good example of the current status of Swedish timber engineering, but also points to the fields where there is still some work to be done.</p><p>This essay reports briefly on the building of wooden houses in Sweden in general, and describes the project Limnologen in particular. Issues like type of contract, stabilization, fire protection and solutions to prevent sound from transmitting are dealt with. Also a description of the development of cross- laminated timber (CLT) and how concepts based on CLT have been developed is given.</p>

Ett sekellångt förbud mot att bygga hus med trästomme högre än två våningar har gjort att värdefulla kunskaper om träbyggandet gått förlorat samtidigt som andra material istället etablerat sig på marknaden.För utvecklingen av flervåningshus i trä har Växjö blivit en förebild för andra städer i Sverige och resten av världen. Med denna studie vill författarna skapa en uppfattning om var i utvecklingen vi står idag samt tillvarata erfarenheter från fyra representativa projekt.Målet har varit att ta fram faktorer i produktionsprocessen som påverkar tid, kvalitet och ekonomi för flervåningshus i trä. Dessutom har det undersökts i vilken grad och på vilket sätt erfarenheter från tidigare projekt omsatts i senare projekt.Arbetet resulterar i ett antal punkter som är viktiga att ta ställning till vid en byggnation av flervåningshus med en träbaserad stomme. Dessa punkter berör bl a vad som behöver beaktas vid hög prefabriceringsgrad, varför och hur väderskydd bör användas samt hur sättningar påverkar en träbyggnad. Utvecklingen är starkt beroende av kontinuitet och av att fler hus av denna sort byggs. Detta skapar förutsättningar för att det skall gå snabbare och bli mindre kostsamt att bygga med trä.

Glued connections are relatively new in structural timber engineering. They are expected to show high connection stiffness as well as a high connection strength compared to mechanical connections e.g. dowel‐type connections.The main aim of this thesis is to characterize the behavior of glued timber connections under pure tension by conducting experiments as well as numerical simulations. Hereby the influence of different parameters is studied such as the geometry (bond-line length and thickness) and the material properties (e.g. adhesives of highly diverse stiffness). Additionally, reference tests on a dowel-type connection are made. The purpose is to see the differences between dowelled and glued connections and to see if there are some advantages in using glued timber connections (the base geometry was chosen acc. to Eurocode 5).Finite element models were created in the software ABAQUS. The models were used to predict the connection stiffness and compare this to the experimental results. In addition, parametric studies were performed on e.g. overlapping lengths. The comparison between experiments and simulations showed good agreement.It was found that glued connections with the adhesives SikaPower-4720 and SikaFast-5215 NT (an epoxy and an acrylate, respectively) had higher stiffness than the dowel connections, whereas connections with the silicone adhesive SikaSil SG-500 had a lower stiffness. A general conclusion drawn from this work is that the glued timber connections simulated in this project should also be suitable for application to complex connections and situations involving other loading situations than pure tension.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Harvard Business School, 1991? / Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, 1997. / Errata slip inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-186).

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma análise do comportamento de estruturas em pórtico de madeira levando-se em conta a influência da ação diafragma da cobertura, que será verificada por meio da realização de ensaios em painéis de diafragma e por análise numérica. Além disso, apresenta os procedimentos de cálculo para o projeto de edificações considerando a ação diafragma de cobertura. Fornece informações para a produção de estruturas treliçadas de cobertura em nível industrial, utilizando-se chapas com dentes estampados, com maior controle de qualidade técnica dos projetos e economia de material. / The aim of this work is to analyze the behavior of post-frame of timber structures taking in account the influence of the roof diaphragm action, which will be verified by tests in diaphragm panels and in computational theoretical model. Furthermore, it will be show the design criteria considering the diaphragm action. Also, important information is presented for increase the production of trusses for roofs in industrial scale using metal plate connectors in conjunction with a better control of the technical quality of design and economy of material.

As pontes protendidas transversalmente de madeira vêm sendo pesquisadas no Brasil desde o ano 1995, com madeiras de reflorestamento e outros materiais nacionais. Os resultados mostram a viabilidade da utilização desse sistema na construção de pontes de madeira, sejam em vias rurais, urbanas e até mesmo em rodoviárias no país, a fim de viabilizar melhoras ao acesso onde se faz necessário, além de contribuição nos quesitos de segurança estrutural, em função do trafego. Este trabalho tem como objetivos os estudos teórico e experimental de pontes de madeiras protendidas transversalmente com cordoalhas engraxadas, focando, principalmente, a análise do desempenho da ponte e os estudos das influências da temperatura e da umidade no mecanismo de perda de protensão de tabuleiros laminados com madeiras. / Since 1995 Stress-Laminated Timber Bridge built with reforestation wood and other national materials have been researched in Brazil. The results show feasibility to use this system for build timber bridges, in rural and urban roads, and even in federal highways, in order to facilitate access improvements where needed, plus contribution as safe structural depending on the traffic. The aims of this paper is analyze of theoretical and experimental stress-laminated Timber Bridge with wire rope, focusing, mainly, bridges field performance and thermal response and moisture content as influence in stress relaxation in wood lumber slab.

O CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) ou MLCC (Madeira Laminada Colada Cruzada) é um painel compósito estrutural formado por lamelas de madeira unidas com adesivos próprios para uso estrutural, com as camadas montadas de maneira perpendicular à camada anterior. É utilizado como elemento estrutural principal em edificações térreas e multipavimentos por ter características estruturais semelhantes ao concreto armado. Os objetivos gerais deste trabalho foram desenvolver uma metodologia de ensaios para a caracterização estrutural de painéis de MLCC visando a contribuição para a normatização do produto no Brasil e o estudo da rigidez de um painel modelo. Foi fabricado um painel com dimensões estruturais utilizando madeira de Pinus elliotti e adesivo estrutural à base de melamina-ureia formaldeído. Os ensaios mecânicos realizados foram adequados para caracterização estrutural de painéis de MLCC e podem compor uma futura normatização. Os valores de rigidez para o painel avaliado apresentaram módulo de elasticidade abaixo dos especificados pela norma americana ANSI/APA PGR 320 e pela especificação técnica europeia ETA06/0138, porém os módulos de rigidez do rolling shear e de compressão obtiveram valores similares aos recomendados. / The CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) is a structural composite panel formed by wooden slats together with own stickers for structural use, with the layers mounted perpendicular to the previous layer. It is used as the main structural element in single-story buildings with one or more floors for having structural features similar to reinforced concrete. The aims of this study were to develop a test methodology for structural characterization of MLCC panels aimed at contributing to the standardization of the product in Brazil and the study of rigidity of a panel model. A panel with structural dimensions using wood of Pinus elliotti and structural adhesive melamine urea formaldehyde base was manufactured. The mechanical tests were suitable for structural characterization of MLCC panels and can compose a future standardization. The stiffness values reported for the modulus of elasticity panel presented below specified by the US standard ANSI/APA PGR 320 and the European Technical Specification ETA06/0138, but the stiffness of the rolling shear and compression modules obtained similar to recommended values.