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A great deal of research has demonstrated that Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) play a crucial role in the livelihoods of the rural poor, and are particularly important to the most marginalised people throughout the developing world. However, these livelihood benefits are not without cost to the natural resource base that rural communities depend so heavily upon. The continued dependence on NTFPs as a major livelihood source must be contingent upon the minimisation of the level of disturbance created through this dependency. This study assesses the level of disturbance created through natural resource harvesting in eight study sites around South Africa, and applies a predictive conceptual model created by Shankaar et al. (2004b) to try and ascertain under what conditions the level of disturbance created through natural resource harvesting will be high. It assesses the three key factors that Shankaar et al. (2004b) identified (level of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK), level of dependency and access to markets) in relation to the level of disturbance found at each of the study sites. It was found that there was a statistically significant relationship between the level of dependency and the level of disturbance, but there was no statistically significant relationship between either access to markets or the level of LEK and disturbance. Regulation of land use is a key issue, with weak local institutions in communal areas making effective resource management difficult. The significance of these findings is discussed, and priorities for future research are identified. This study adds to the body of knowledge related to NTFP harvesting and critically analyses the conflicts between the livelihood gains and the level of disturbance created through NTFP harvesting in an attempt to ascertain how livelihoods can be safeguarded. And in the longer-term, so that management strategies can be identified where resource extraction is not at the cost of undermining the very livelihoods that depend upon the natural resource base.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-15T14:44:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Elâine_Ribeiro_TESE_PPGBV.final_V2.pdf: 8805946 bytes, checksum: 49c5072b57c8b0d0264ac0e02e425dc3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-15T14:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Elâine_Ribeiro_TESE_PPGBV.final_V2.pdf: 8805946 bytes, checksum: 49c5072b57c8b0d0264ac0e02e425dc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / FACEPE / Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar quais os efeitos de perturbações antrópicas crônicas (e.g. coleta de madeira e de produtos florestais não madeireiros, pastoreio extensivo, caça e danos causados à vegetação pela introdução de espécies exóticas que ocorrem em áreas remanescentes de floresta) sobre a diversidade taxonômica e filogenética da flora lenhosa da Caatinga. Inicialmente, investigamos como se dá a questão da perturbação crônica da flora e seus efeitos sobre a biodiversidade através da revisão de 51 artigos que tratam do tema. Verificamos que estes estudos, em sua maioria, foram realizados em países em desenvolvimento, cujas populações humanas utilizam a floresta para subsistência e comércio. Os efeitos da perturbação foram acessados principalmente ao nível de populações e comunidades, sendo a coleta de produtos florestais não madeireiros a fonte de impacto mais analisada. Os efeitos sobre a biodiversidade foram em geral negativos, mas efeitos neutros e positivos também foram registrados. O segundo capítulo traz um estudo de caso que verifica a influência das perturbações humanas crônicas sobre a diversidade e composição taxonômica da flora lenhosa da Caatinga, realizado em várias propriedades privadas na cidade de Parnamirim-PE, Brasil. Neste estudo foram amostradas comunidades lenhosas de adultos, jovens e plântulas, e como preditores da perturbação crônica utilizaram-se a densidade de pessoas e animais domésticos (caprinos e bovinos), além de indicadores de acessibilidade às áreas, como a distância ao centro urbano mais próximo, à estrada mais próxima e à propriedade rural mais próxima às parcelas amostradas. Esses preditores tiveram em geral efeitos negativos sobre a diversidade taxonômica independente do estágio ontogenético, sendo a densidade de pessoas e de animais os preditores mais importantes desses efeitos. Verificouse ainda que a composição das espécies nas áreas perturbadas foi distinta, sendo pouco representada pela abundância de espécies de madeira densa nas áreas mais perturbadas. O terceiro e último capítulo verificou como as comunidades lenhosas de adultos, jovens e plântulas da Caatinga, amostradas no capítulo anterior, são afetadas pela perturbação crônica do ponto de vista de diversidade e estrutura filogenética. Neste capítulo, utilizaram-se os mesmos preditores da perturbação citados anteriormente, porém agora combinados em um índice de perturbação crônica. A diversidade de famílias esperadas para história evolutiva da região e a distância média entre os indivíduos dessas comunidades, medida em anos, foi reduzida em ambientes mais perturbados e para todos os estágios ontogenéticos. As comunidades de jovens e de plântulas apresentaram maior grau de parentesco em áreas mais perturbadas, sendo os táxons Euphorbiaceae e Cnidoscolus responsáveis por esse aumento de parentesco. Os resultados desta tese demonstram que as perturbações antrópicas crônicas na Caatinga não podem ser negligenciadas, pois conferem efeitos negativos importantes à diversidade taxonômica e filogenética da flora lenhosa. Dessa forma, estratégias de manejo que conciliem o uso dessas florestas e a manutenção da biodiversidade da Caatinga são urgentes. / The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic anthropogenic disturbances (e.g. harvesting of timber and non-timber forest products, hunting, livestock, and damage to vegetation caused by exotic species that occur in natural remnant forests) on the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of wood flora from Brazilian Caatinga. Initially, 51 scientific papers were revised in order to investigate how chronic anthropogenic disturbances affect the flora of natural ecosystems. Most studies were conducted at developing countries, where human populations use forest resources for subsistence and commerce. Chronic disturbance effects were accessed mainly at population and community levels, and harvesting of nontimber forest products was the disturbance source more frequently analyzed in those papers. Effects of the chronic disturbances were in general negative, however positive and neutral effects were also documented. The second chapter brings a case study that evaluates the influence of chronic disturbances on the taxonomic diversity and composition of Caatinga wood flora from private propreties at the municipality of Parnamirim-PE, Brazil. Adult, sapling and seedling of wood plant communities were sampled, and the density of people and livestock (goats and catle) near the plot were used as predictors of chronic disturbance, as well as the distances to the nearest urban centre, road and rural property. In general, these disturbance predictors showed negative effects on taxonomic diversity irrespective to ontogenetic stage. Moreover, the density of people and livestock near the plot were the main predictors of these negative effects. Species composition differed between plots with low and high level of disturbance, especially in relation to hard wood species, which were rare in the plots highly disturbed. The third and last chapter analyzed how the adult, sapling and seedling communities, surveyed previously, were affected by chronic disturbances from the viewpoint of the phylogenetic diversity and structure. In this chapter the chronic disturbance predictors described above were combined into a chronic disturbance index. The diversity of families expected to the local evolutionary history and the mean phylogenetic distance between the individuals were reduced in plots with higher level of disturbance for all ontogenetic stages. Sapling and seeedling communities had higher degree of relatedness in most disturbed sites, being Euphorbiaceas and Cinidoscolus taxa responsible for this increasing in the relatedness degree. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that chronic anthropogenic disturbance at Caatinga could not continue to be neglected, as it imposes deleterious effects to the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of wood plant assemblages. Management strategies conciliating forest use and the maintenance of Caatinga biodiversity are urgent.

There is growing acknowledgement that forests and forest products are central to rural livelihoods, but their role in lifting households out of poverty remains contentious. This study tested the assertion by proponents of forest based poverty alleviation that changing conditions in the use and management of forests and forest products has created opportunities for poor rural households to lift themselves out of poverty. The study used detailed annual income data from various household sectors in two contrasting sites in Zambia, namely Mufulira and Kabompo districts, analyzing the relative contribution of forest income to household livelihood, the effect of household wealth status on forest use, factors driving household participation in forest product trade, and the influence of distance to urban markets on trends in the use of forest products. The study found that forest based activities play a central role in the livelihoods of households in the two study sites, contributing close to half of total household income, and dwarfing the contribution of agricultural sectors such as cropping and livestock rearing which are generally regarded as the main income sources for rural households. Forest based sectors were also found to be particularly valuable sources of household cash, often coming at critical times to meet basic needs. The findings also revealed that without the contribution of forest income, the proportion of households that would fall below the poverty line would increase sharply in both study sites. Wealthier households earned higher magnitudes of both subsistence and cash income from forest based activities than their poorer counterparts. Even the share of total household income coming from forest based activities was also higher among these better-off households, confirming that these activities are lucrative and they are improving the wealth status of households. Household participation in forest product trade was found to be influenced by demographic factors such as number of productive household members, age and the education level of the household head. Economic factors such as the level of income from wage labour, household poverty level, and ownership of key assets such as a bicycle were found to be important. Distance of homestead from the forest was also found to be an important contextual variable. The influence of urban demand on the use of forest products by rural households was significant in the study area. Although local sales played an important part as a source of cash for households, the most preferred channels for trade were linked to urban markets, either through roadside markets, middlemen or direct sales to urban buyers. The study concluded that with improved local organization and support for product development and marketing, some forest based activities provide a viable poverty alleviation option for poor rural households who otherwise have limited economic opportunities to escape poverty.

O uso múltiplo florestal é apontado na literatura científica como mais uma das estratégias win-win de conservação e desenvolvimento local. Porém, pode haver limitações, as quais ainda não foram totalmente elucidadas. A ausência de múltiplos produtos florestais não madeireiros (PFNM) disponíveis em um contexto local e a falta do interesse e capacidade das pessoas de coletarem tais produtos restringe o sucesso dessa estratégia. Este estudo teve, portanto, o objetivo de avaliar como diferentes fatores afetam esses aspectos citados e, consequentemente, a viabilidade da coleta de múltiplos PFNM, assim como o potencial de geração de renda monetária. Foram avaliados fatores ambientais, socioeconômicos, culturais e de percepção no contexto de sete localidades da Reserva Mamirauá, na Amazônia Central. A disponibilidade (ocorrência e abundância) dos PFNM fornecidos por cinco espécies de importância comercial na região (frutos de açaí, buriti e camu-camu, e sementes de andiroba e murumuru), o potencial econômico desses PFNM e os fatores ambientais foram avaliados no nível da localidade. O interesse e a capacidade das pessoas coletarem os múltiplos PFNM, bem como o fator de percepção (gosto pela coleta), foram avaliados no nível do indivíduo. Já os fatores socioeconômicos e culturais foram avaliados no nível da unidade doméstica. Para avaliar a disponibilidade, foram estabelecidos um total de 24 transectos entre as sete localidades, onde também foram estimados três fatores ambientais (radiação solar, topografia e quantidade de matéria orgânica no solo). O potencial econômico foi estimado a partir da abundância das espécies, da taxa anual da produção de frutos e sementes e do preço dos produtos. O interesse e a capacidade dos indivíduos de coletar, bem como os fatores socioeconômicos, culturais e de percepção (gosto pela coleta) foram estimados através de survey, por meio de entrevistas. Ao todo foram realizadas 195 entrevistas, sendo 75 no nível da unidade doméstica e 120 no nível do indivíduo. Notou-se que a ocorrência e abundância das espécies variaram entre as localidades, sendo que apenas E. precatoria e A. murumuru são abundantes em todas as localidades. Além disso, a disponibilidade dos PFNM também varia de acordo com a frutificação das espécies, que pode ser baixa em determinado ano. Portanto, a disponibilidade de PFNM pode ser o primeiro fator limitante para geração de renda monetária com a coleta de múltiplos PFNM. As variações nos fatores ambientais parecem afetar a concentração dos indivíduos das espécies, que possuem distribuição agregada. Em todas as localidades, a maioria dos indivíduos declarou interesse em coletar os cinco PFNM pesquisados, exceto o murumuru. Além das pessoas terem mais interesse em coletar os produtos que são mais consumidos e vendidos, o gosto pela coleta também é importante. Por último, a maioria dos indivíduos das sete localidades é apta a coletar todos os produtos avaliados, apesar das dificuldades envolvidas na coleta. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que os principais fatores limitantes para a coleta de múltiplos PFNM nas sete localidades da RDS Mamirauá estão relacionados a pouca quantidade de árvores ou palmeiras e à falta de interesse em coletar, que é desencadeada, por sua vez, pela falta do gosto de coletar, assim como pelo não costume de consumir e pela dificuldade de comercializar os PFNM. / The use of multiple forest resources has been pointed in the scientific literature as one of the most win-win strategies for conservation and local development. However, the limitations of this approach have not been completely determined. The unavailability of diverse non-timber forest products (NTFP) in a local context as well as the lack of motivation and ability of people to collect such products limits the success of this strategy. In this regard, our study aimed to evaluate the contribution of different factors to the above mentioned aspects, including the feasibility of the collection of multiple NTFP and its potential generation of monetary income. We evaluated the environmental, the socioeconomic, the cultural and the perception factors in seven sites of the central Amazon, at Mamirauá Reserve. In a local context, the economic potential and availability (presence and abundance) of NTFP provided by fruits and seeds of five important species found specifically in that region (açaí, buriti, camu-camu, andiroba and murumuru) were examined. In an individual level, we evaluated the personal motivation and ability of collecting the multiple NTFP, in addition to the perception factor (characterized by the pleasure of collecting). Further, we investigated the socioeconomic and cultural factors in the context of the domestic units. In order to measure the availability, 24 transects where established in seven Amazon sites. Environmental factors such as solar radiation, topography and the amount of organic compounds in the soil were also accessed. In order to estimate the economic potential, we considered the abundance of the species, the annual rate of fruits and seeds production and the product prices. To better address the individual motivation and ability in collecting the products and the socioeconomic, cultural and perception factors, surveys and interviews were performed. A total of 195 interviews were done: 75 at the domestic unit level and 120 at the individual level. Our study demonstrates that the presence and abundance of the species vary among the different localities, being the E. precatoria and A. murumuru the common species found in all the localities. Moreover, the availability of NTFP vary seasonally, according to the characteristics of fructification of every species. Hence, the availability of the NTFP might be the first limiting factor compromising the generation of monetary income. Changes in the environmental factors were found to affect the concentration of the individual of the species, which show an aggregated distribution. In all the localities, the vast majority of the subjects demonstrated to be interested in collecting the species, except the murumuru. We observed a higher motivation of people in collecting that products with a higher consumption and commercial rates. Finally, we found that a significant amount of subjects in the seven sites were able to collect all the products evaluated, regardless the difficulties underlain the collection process. In conclusion, our data suggest that the main limiting factors for the collection of multiple NTFPs in the seven localities of the Mamirauá RDS are related to a small number of trees or palms and the lack of motivation in collecting, which is triggered in turn by the lack of pleasure of collecting as well as for the non-habit of consuming and for the difficulty of commercializing.

Participatory monitoring of ecological and socioeconomic effects of harvesting and trading natural resources is advocated as a promoter of natural resource conservation and local communitiy empowerment. Nevertheless, the strategys success depends upon peoples willingness and availability to participate. Yet little is known about the factors that drive local communities to volunteer in participatory monitoring, particularly in relation to small-scale communities living in remote locations. This thesis investigated whether a number of candidate factors were able to predict peoples participation in monitoring. To do so, we conducted a study in a forest community of the Brazilian Amazon that harvested and traded Carapa guianensis (andiroba), a non-timber forest product (NTFP). Two methods of data gathering were employed: (i) an interview-based survey of 166 adults ( 18 y.o.; 51 households) to estimate peoples self-stated intention to participate and the drivers of their participation, and (ii) experimentally-implemented monitoring tasks of the effects of harvesting and trading C. guianensis to measure peoples actual participation. Results are presented in three chapters. In Chapter 1, we evaluated whether economic benefits received from the NTFP trade or, alternatively peoples cooperativeness, were more important in predicting peoples participation. Results indicated that both variables raised peoples intention and actual levels of participation in monitoring, but cooperativeness was a stronger and better predictor across monitoring tasks. In Chapter 2, we investigated the psychology of engaging in monitoring, departing from the theoretical framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) for understanding whether the variables in the model were appropriate to predict the willingness to volunteer in monitoring tasks. We found that the TPB model, in general, was able to predict peoples intention to volunteer in monitoring tasks. Specifically, one of the attitude indicators (attitude pleasure) explained the intention to engage in all monitoring tasks assessed. Subjective norms were also important to predict the intention to collect data on natural resource populations and to interview community inhabitants, whereas perceived behavioral control predicted the intention to collect data on natural resources and to deal with data management and storage. Finally, in Chapter 3 we hypothesized that the awareness of ecological and socioeconomic impacts of NTFP harvest and trade should explain peoples participation in monitoring. Results indicated that both factors were important, particularly regarding to peoples actual participation, although factors such as gender, age and schooling were occasionally stronger predictors. Nevertheless, there is evidence that combining monitoring of ecological and socioeconomic factors will boost the practices success. The study conclusions contribute to lessons aimed at stimulating participation in monitoring. Among those, we highlight the importance of strategies to increase levels of cooperativeness among people, spreading information about the possible negative effects of natural resource harvest and trade, and granting financial compensations equivalent to the opportunity costs of participation. / O monitoramento participativo dos efeitos ecológicos e socioeconômicos da coleta e do comércio de recursos naturais é uma estratégia considerada promotora tanto da conservação ambiental, quanto do empoderamento das comunidades locais. O sucesso da estratégia, todavia, depende, sobretudo, da disponibilidade e disposição dos indivíduos em participarem. Apesar disso, sabe-se pouco sobre os fatores que determinam a participação voluntária no monitoramento, especialmente em comunidades de pequena escala habitantes de áreas remotas. Sendo assim, esta tese teve por objetivo investigar o efeito de determinantes da participação no monitoramento. Para tal, foi estudada uma comunidade da Amazônia brasileira que coleta e comercializa Carapa guianensis (andiroba), um produto florestal não madeireiro (PFNM). Dois métodos de coleta de dados foram utilizados: (i) survey por meio de entrevistas a 166 adultos ( 18 anos; 51 unidades domésticas) para estimar a intenção de participar e os determinantes da participação, e (ii) implementação de monitoramento experimental dos efeitos da coleta e do comércio de C. guianensis para quantificar a participação real no monitoramento. Os resultados são apresentados em três capítulos. No Capítulo 1, avaliamos se os benefícios econômicos obtidos com o comércio de PFNM ou, alternativamente, o comportamento cooperativo são determinantes mais importantes da participação. Os resultados indicaram que as duas variáveis aumentam a intenção e a participação real no monitoramento. Porém, o comportamento cooperativo foi um indicador mais forte da participação entre as diferentes atividades de monitoramento avaliadas. No Capítulo 2, investigamos os fatores psicológicos que afetam a participação, utilizando como base a Teoria do comportamento planejado (TCP) e avaliando o efeito das variáveis deste modelo sobre a probabilidade da participação voluntária no monitoramento. Os resultados indicaram que, em geral, o modelo da TCP é adequado para prever a intenção de participar em diferentes etapas do monitoramento avaliadas. Em particular, um dos indicadores de atitude (prazer) é capaz de explicar a participação nas quatro etapas de monitoramento. Normas subjetivas também foram importantes preditores da intenção de participar da coleta de dados da população de andiroba e entrevistar outros moradores da comunidade. Já o controle comportamental percebido previu a intenção de participar da coleta de dados sobre a população do recurso natural e a entrada e armazenamento de dados. No Capítulo 3, partimos da hipótese de que a percepção dos impactos ecológicos e socioeconômicos da coleta e do comércio de PFNM pode explicar a participação no monitoramento. Os resultados indicaram que a percepção dos dois tipos de impactos é importante, sobretudo para a participação real. Porém, outros fatores como gênero, idade e escolaridade são determinantes mais fortes da participação em algumas atividades. Ademais, encontramos evidências de que aliar o monitoramento de impactos ecológicos e socioeconômicos aumenta o sucesso da prática. As conclusões do estudo contribuem com lições práticas para aumentar a participação no monitoramento. Destacamos, dentre elas, a importância de estratégias para aumentar a cooperação entre os comunitários, a disseminação de informações sobre os possíveis impactos negativos da coleta e do comércio de recursos naturais, e o fornecimento de compensações financeiras equivalentes ao custo de oportunidade de participação

This working paper was developed with the intention to provide a guideline for participatory analysis and development of commercial forest product value chains, in the context of developing countries. Basically, it was designed for identification and implementation of interventions or upgrading measures for the improvement of commercial forest product (Bamboo, Natural gum and resin, and Gum Arabic) value chains in Ethiopia and Sudan within the framework of a collaborative research project - CHAnces IN Sustainability: promoting natural resource based product chains in East Africa (CHAINS). The PIP instrument could also be applied for other commercial non-timber forest products (NTFPs), by adjusting to the local contexts and environments. It can be an important guide for value chain analysts, especially in the process of designing and verifying upgrading actions through the application of tools like interviewing actors, group discussions, or facilitated workshops. This working paper particularly provides: - Background information on basic concepts of value chain analysis and development; - Review of methodological frameworks for participatory value chain analysis and development; - Practical details for participatory value chain analysis as implemented by the CHAINS project, including checklists, diagrams, and tools used in the participatory process; - Critical reflection on the practical application of the approach / Das als Leitfaden gestaltete Arbeitspapier beschreibt Schritt für Schritt das Vorgehen bei der Implementierung von ‚Participative Innovation Platforms‘ (PIP). Das PIP Methodenpaket zur partizipativen Analyse und Entwicklung von Wertschöpfungsketten in Entwicklungsländern wird an Beispielen von kommerziellen Nichtholz-Waldprodukten aus Trockenwäldern Ostafrikas erklärt und gibt praktische Unterstützung zur Durchführung der PIP Workshops mit dem Ziel, Aktivitäten und Interventionen für Innovationen mit Relevanz für die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette gemeinsam mit den beteiligten Akteuren zu vereinbaren. Das PIP Konzept wurde im Rahmen des entwicklungsorientierten Forschungsprojekts CHAINS (CHAnces IN Sustainability: promoting natural resource based product chains in East Africa) entwickelt, um Bambus -, Weihrauch- und Gummi arabicum Wertschöpfungsketten in Äthiopien und dem Sudan zu verbessern. Das PIP Instrument stellt die Akteure in den Mittelpunkt und kann deshalb sehr flexibel auch für andere Produkte angewendet werden. Der Leitfaden bietet: - Hintergrundinformationen zum Konzept von Wertschöpfungsketten; - Einführung in den methodischen Rahmen für partizipative Analyse und Entwicklung von Wertschöpfungsketten; - Praktische Anleitung für die partizipative Analyse von Wertschöpfungsketten nach dem im CHAINS Projekt entwickelten Methodenpaket, einschließlich Checklisten, Diagrammen und Methoden; - Kritische Reflektion zu Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des PIP Methodenpakets.

Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates how information on plant products can be used to incorporate local users into joint forest management planning by developing guidelines for sustainable collaborative management in Derre miombo woodland in the Zambézia Province in Mozambique. From the participatory appraisal, it was found that 46 woody miombo species were used in the five villages for at least 29 different purposes. Five of these species (Brachystegia boehmii, B. spiciformis, Pterocarpus angolensis, Terminalia sericea and Swartzia madagascariensis) were selected for analysis because of their multiple uses and the unknown impact of their harvesting on the future survival of those hardwood trees species. In order to determine the impact of human resource extraction on the forest and on the dynamics of tree canopy populations an inventory of woody plants was.carried out for two categories of forest land-use, namely selective harvesting and fallow land (approximately 15 years old). This was done for Golombe and Arame villages and for selective harvesting only for Mphoto village, on 23, I-ha random selected plots in the woodland adjacent to the three villages. The population structure of the five species T sericea, S. madagascariensis, P. angolensis, B. boehmii and B. spiciformis showed different trends in each of the three villages. Size class distribution of the first tree species gave evidence that the species were being harvested for building poles. This study has shown that, through plant species products, miombo contribute to the livelihoods of the local communities living in Derre woodlands. In this study it was found that usually more than one species were used for one product as well as most of the species being trees with multiple uses. This study has also provided some evidence that P. angolensis and S. madagascariensis can benefit from shifting cultivation and fire, which encourages coppice regeneration. More research is required to further validate this evidence. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die moontlikhede wat inligting oor spesifieke plantprodukte bied, in die betrekking van plaaslike gemeenskappe in die proses van gesamentlike bosbestuurs- en beplanningspraktyke. Verder word riglyne opgestel aangaande die volhoubaarheid van die gesamentlike bestuurs- en beplanningspraktyke in die Derre miombo bosveld, in die Zambézia Provinsie in Mozambique. Inligting verkry vanuit die deelnemende opname dui aan dat in die vyf nedersettings wat ondersoek is, 46 houtagtige miombo spesies vir ten minste 29 verskillende doeleindes aangewend word. Vyf van die spesies (Brachystegia boehmii, B. spiciformis, Pterocarpus angolensis, Terminalia sericea en Swartzia madagascariensis) is geselekteer vir gebruik in analises as gevolg van hul benutbaarheid deur plaaslike inwoners en die feit dat minimale inligting beskikbaar is oor die impak van gebruik van die harde hout spesies op hul volhoubare benutting en voortbestaan. 'n Opname van houtagtige spesies is uitgevoer in areas wat val in een van twee bosgrondgebruiks kategoriee nl. areas wat selektief geoes en benut word, en braaklande (ongeveer 15 jaar oud). Dit is gedoen om die impak wat verwydering van boshulpbronne deur mense op die boomkruin populasies het, vas te stel. Die opname strategie is gevolg in 23 ha persele, uitgelê in die gebiede wat die Golombe, Arame en Mphoto nedersettings omring - in die geval van laasgenoemde nedersetting is slegs die impak van selektiewe benutting ondersoek. Die populasie struktuur van die vyf studiespesies (T sericea, S. madagascariensis, P. angolensis, B. boehmii en B. spiciformis) het verkil vir elk van die drie nedersettings wat ondersoek is. Die verspreiding van grootte klasse vir die eerste spesie, het aangedui dat die spesie vir gebruik as konstruksie pale geoes word. Die miombo bosveld plantegroei-tipe dra by tot die lewensonderhoud van plaaslike gemeenskappe in die vorm van plant produkte, in die Derre omgewing. Daar is verder gevind dat meer as een spesie dikwels vir dieselfde doel aangewend kan word en die meeste van die spesies wat benut word is boomagtig met meer as een gebruik. In die studie is verder aanduidings gevind dat P. angolensis en S. madagascariensis kan baatvind by grondverbouings praktyke wat gereeld verskuif word en ook brande, omdat beide praktyke kreupelhout regenerasie stimuleer. Verdere navorsing word egter benodig om dié bevinding te ondersteun.

[Partial abstract]: This study was carried out to determine the contribution of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to household total income, other livelihood sectors were also examined simultaneously. The contribution of agriculture involved livestock and crop production. Wages and government grants were other livelihood sectors that were looked into. This study was important in determining the change in livelihood strategies in the last decade and to quantify the NTFPs used at the two sites. It was carried out in Guquka and Koloni, both part of the central Eastern Cape. Information on direct use value of the NTFPs used, the quantities and local price; crop production outputs and inputs and the costs. Data were collected via a questionnaire.

La présente étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de la recherche d’une meilleure compréhension de l’analyse de la valorisation des PFNL des plateaux Batéké en périphérie de Kinshasa en vue d’envisager un mode d’exploitation qui garantisse la conservation et l’utilisation durable et d’apporter les éléments indispensables à la gestion des PFNL. Les enquêtes par sondages sur une base de 280 ménages ont été renforcées par 22 entretiens par focus group. Des observations directes sur le terrain, des enquêtes socioéconomiques, ethnoécologiques sur les stratégies d’exploitation des PFNL, l’étude de la filière PFNL et les études d’impacts d’activités d’exploitation des PFNL ont été conduites entre juin 2005 et novembre 2006 dans 7 villages de Plateaux de Batéké: Mbankana, Dumi, Mampu, Mutiene, Kinzono, Inzolo et 4ème Cité CADIM à plus de 140 km à l’Est de la ville Kinshasa.<p>L’étude de la valorisation des PFNL des Plateaux de Batéké a montré que 169 espèces de PFNL appartenant à 65 familles des plantes sont valorisées. Cinq espèces de PFNL sont les plus exploitées dans la zone d’étude. Il s’agit de Pteridium sp, du vin indigène (de palmier à huile et de raphia), de Dioscorea praehensilis, de Talinum triangulare et du rotin. La détermination des facteurs explicatifs du choix de l’exploitation des PFNL les plus exploités dans la zone a été estimé par la régression multiple modèle Probit. Ce modèle a l’avantage d’inclure dans sa structure mathématique, la dépendance mutuelle et des informations sur la pertinence des variables explicatives présentes dans le modèle final. La consommation du Pteridium sp. par le ménage, son prix de vente, sa disponibilité dans les écosystèmes, la distance à parcourir par rapport aux lieux de prélèvement, le statut matrimonial du chef de ménage, la distance par rapport au marché et l’appartenance à une structure locale sont des facteurs explicatifs déterminant dans le choix de l’exploitation du Pteridium sp. Pour l’exploitation du vin indigène, la distance par rapport aux lieux de prélèvement, la taille de ménage, les connaissances endogènes sur le vin indigène, la distance par rapport au marché et le revenu en sont des facteurs explicatifs. Le revenu issu de la vente, les connaissances endogènes, le prix de vente et la consommation sont des facteurs explicatifs déterminants pour l’exploitation de Dioscorea praehensilis. Pour Talinum triangulare, le revenu issu de la vente, la consommation, la distance par rapport au lieu de prélèvement, le prix de vente et les connaissances endogènes en sont les facteurs déterminants. Pour le rotin, la consommation, le prix de vente, les connaissances endogènes et la disponibilité en rotins dans les écosystèmes en sont les déterminants. Les PFNL vendus sur les marchés et points de ventes des Plateaux de Batéké proviennent des jachères forestières, des forêt-galeries et des savanes. Le coût total moyen d’exploitation d’un kg du PFNL est estimé à 0,08 $ US pour le Pteridium sp. 0,05 $ US pour le vin indigène, 0,05 $ US pour le Dioscorea praehensilis, 0,05 $ US pour le Talinum triangulare et à 0,20 $ US pour le rotin. Un exploitant villageois réalise par journée de travail, un revenu moyen de près de 2 $ US pour le Pteridium sp, 9 $ US pour le vin indigène, 1 $ US pour le Dioscorea praehensilis, 0,26 $ US pour le Talinum triangulare et près de 4 $ US pour le rotin. Hormis la valeur socio-économique que la valorisation des PFNL apporte à l’écosystème, certains méfaits sur la durabilité des écosystèmes sont occasionnés. Enfin, cette étude démontre qu’il y a des interactions entre les paysans enquêtés et leurs milieux. La définition d’une politique raisonnée de valorisation des PFNL intégrée à l’approche interdisciplinaire du développement durable reste incontournable pour la zone d’étude. <p><p><p>The present study aims to improve the understanding of the valorisation of the NTFP of the Batéké Highlands situated in the periphery of Kinshasa in order to develop an exploitation mode that guarantees the conservation and a sustainable use and to provide the necessary elements to the management of the NTFP. The investigations by polls on a basis of 280 households have been reinforced by 22 interviews by means of focus groups. Direct observations in situ, socio-economic and ethno-ecological analyses of the exploitation of the NTFP, an analysis of the NTFP processing pathway and an impact study of the exploitation of the NTFP have been carried out between June 2005 and November 2006 in 7 villages of the Batéké Highlands: Mbankana, Dumi, Mampu, Muti-mutiene, Kinzono, Inzolo and 4th City CADIM situated at more than 140 km to the East of Kinshasa. The study of the valorisation of the NTFP of the Batéké Highlands showed that 169 species of NTFP belonging to 65 plant families are valorised. Five species of NTFP are the most exploited in the study area: Pteridium sp, indigenous wine (of palm oil and raffia), Dioscorea praehensilis, Talinum triangulare and rattan. The determination of the factors of the choice of the most exploited NTFP have been estimated by multiple regression and the Probit model. This model has the advantage to include mutual dependence in its mathematical structure as well as information on the relevance of the explanatory variables in the final model. The consumption of Pteridium sp. by household, its selling price, its availability in the ecosystems, the distance to the places of collection, the matrimonial status of the household chief, the distance to the market and the adherence to a local structure are the explanatory factors determining the choice of Pteridium sp. For the exploitation of the indigenous wine, the distance to the places of collection, the size of household, endogenous knowledge on the indigenous wine, the distance to the market and the income are the explanatory factors. The income generated by the sale, endogenous knowledge, the selling price and the consumption rate are the explanatory factors for Dioscorea praehensilis. For Talinum triangulare, the income generated by the sale, the consumption, the distance to the place of collection, the selling price and endogenous knowledge are the determining factors. For rattan, the consumption, the selling price, endogenous knowledge and the availability of rattan in the ecosystems are the determinants of the choice. The NTFP sold on the markets and points of sales of the Batéké Highlands are collected in forest fallow lands, forest-galleries and savannas. The overall average cost of exploitation of one kg of NTFP is estimated at 0.08 $ US for Pteridium sp. at 0.05 $ US for indigenous wine, at 0.05 $ US for Dioscorea praehensilis, at 0.05 $ US for Talinum triangulare and at 0.20 $ US for rattan. A local collector obtains per working day an average income of about 2 $ US for Pteridium sp, 9 $US for the indigenous wine, 1 $ US for Dioscorea praehensilis, 0.26 $ US for Talinum triangulare and about 4 $ US for rattan. Besides the socioeconomic value that the valorisation of the NTFP brings to the ecosystem, some bad practices for the durability of the ecosystems are observed. Finally, this study demonstrates that there are close interactions between the peasants questioned and their environment. The development of a reasonable policy of valorisation of the NTFP integrated with an interdisciplinary approach of sustainable development remains crucial for our study site.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished