Cette étude est consacrée au droit privé fédéral et à l'interaction entre la législation fédérale et le droit privé des provinces. Elle porte plus précisément sur le rôle des tribunaux dans le cadre de cette interaction. Elle a pour objectif de vérifier comment les juges procèdent à l'unification du droit privé fédéral en évitant de recourir formellement au droit provincial à titre supplétif. Dans un premier temps, elle établit le cadre juridique gouvernant l'interprétation du droit privé fédéral, de même que l'exercice du pouvoir judiciaire dans ce contexte. Dans un deuxième temps, elle analyse à travers un ensemble de jugements les procédés employés par les juges pour réaliser l'unification du droit privé fédéral. Elle conclut que ces procédés peuvent effectivement permettre de réaliser, au plan pratique, une telle unification. Cependant, ces interventions judiciaires sont ponctuelles et sont limitées à certains aspects de la conception ou de l'application des normes de droit privé. Dans les cas plus problématiques, elles peuvent avoir pour effet soit de nier le vide normatif rendant nécessaire le recours aux sources supplétives provinciales, soit de nier la pluralité formelle de ces sources dans le contexte fédéral. / This study is devoted to federal private law and the interaction between federal legislation and provincial private law. In particular, it is devoted to the role of the courts in such interaction. Hs objective is to assess how judges proceed with the unification of federal private law by avoiding formal reference to provincial law to supplement federal legislation. Firstly, the study considers the legal framework governing the interpretation of federal private law, as well as the exercise of judicial power in this context. Secondly, the study reviews means employed by judges, through a series of judgments, to proceed with the unification of federal private law. The study concludes that unification can effectively be achieved through such means. However, these judicial interventions are limited to sorne aspects of the elaboration and application ofprivate norms. In more complex cases, the effect of these interventions may be to disregard normative gaps that make necessary to supplement federal legislation with sources of provincial law, or to deny the plurality of these sources in the federal context.

This thesis is focused on a detailed analysis of the mechanisms of electromagnetic wave propagation in anechoic chambers. The analysis takes into account the influence of the measurement distance, setup of anechoic chamber and other parameters. Furthermore, the work deals with a validation of both types of anechoic chambers and examines the impact of selected parameters on the measurement results. Based on the theoretical analysis and practical measurement, the comparation between semi and fully anechoic chamber, or a three and ten meter measuring distance was made. This thesis also contains a detailed analysis of sources of the uncertainty.

<p>Cerebral radiation necrosis as a consequence of radiation therapy is often observed in patients several months to years after treatment. Complications include painful headaches, seizures, and in the worst-case death. Radiation necrosis is an irreversible condition with the options available to manage it all having noticeable downsides. As such, there is a critical need for better ways of either preventing the onset of necrosis and/or managing its symptoms. As radiation necrosis cannot be induced in humans for ethical reasons, a mouse model that mirrors the features of radiation necrosis observed in patients would allow for new techniques to be tested before being used in human clinical trials. This thesis will explain how our lab designed a murine model of cerebral radiation necrosis that uses a 320 keV cabinet irradiator to produce radiation necrosis and MRI and histology to evaluate the development of radiation necrosis at multiple time points.</p><p><br></p> <p> </p> <p>Our model required the development of a mouse positioning apparatus that could be used in the cabinet irradiator used as well as the machining of lead shields so that focal semi-hemispheric irradiations could be conducted with other critical structures spared. The MRI scans used as well as the algorithm used to draw radiation necrosis lesions were based off what has been used in previous Gamma Knife models of radiation necrosis. Our initial work showed that since the cabinet irradiator has a relatively flat dose distribution unlike the Gamma Knife, the radiation lesion volumes produced in the former either plateaued or decreased, unlike in the case of the latter where lesion volumes tended to decrease over time. Further work analyzed the effects of fractionation and found minimal sparing using four different fractionation schemes. The effects of strain and sex on the development of radiation necrosis were also analyzed, with strain being found to be a statistically significant parameter while sex was not. Future research should focus on testing the effects of new drugs and techniques for better dealing with radiation necrosis.<b></b></p>

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur la conception, la réalisation et d'une nouvelle génération de MOEMS (Micro-Optical-Electrical-Mechanical System) pour le contrôle actif du faisceau laser émis par des matrices de VCSELs (Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers). Le microsystème à base de polymères que nous avons conçu est compatible avec une intégration monolithique en post-processing. Il est composé d'une membrane suspendue associée à une microlentille réfractive. Le plan de focalisation est contrôlé dynamiquement grâce au déplacement vertical de la membrane grâce à un actionnement électrothermique. La géométrie du MOEMS a été optimisée à l'aide notamment de simulations électro-thermo-mécaniques pour minimiser l'énergie de commande et fiabiliser les dispositifs. Nous avons ensuite développé l'ensemble des briques technologiques pour la fabrication collective de ce dispositif sur des matrices de VCSELs. En particulier, une technique originale de transfert thermique doux de films secs photosensibles épais a été mise au point au moyen d'un équipement de nano-impression, pour permettre un dépôt uniforme et précis sur des substrats fragiles ou de faible taille. En outre, nous avons développé un procédé simple et totalement planaire pour la fabrication du MOEMS et optimisé un procédé de dépôt par jets d'encre pour l'intégration finale des microlentilles, avec la possibilité de choisir la distance focale la plus adaptée à la fin du process. La caractérisation des microsystèmes que nous avons réalisés a conduit à l'obtention de déplacements mécaniques de 8µm pour seulement 12.5mW appliqués, ce qui constitue une validation de nos résultats de modélisation. Enfin, des premiers résultats de focalisation dynamique du faisceau VCSELs sont présentés. / This thesis deals with the study and the fabrication of a novel type of polymer MOEMS (Micro Optical Electrical Mechanical Systems) to achieve passive or active beam shaping of Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs). To improve the photonic integration of these compact laser sources in optical communication and detection systems (sensors, biomedical analysis), we designed a polymer-based optical microsystem that is suitable with a post-processing integration on VCSELs. Its operation principle is based on the out-of-plane displacement of a suspended SU-8 membrane including a polymer refractive microlens at its surface. Thanks to electro-thermal actuation, the vertical displacement of the membrane allows to dynamically modify the microlens-source distance and leads to a vertical shift of the laser beam waist position. MOEMS actuation power and reliability were optimized owing to a comprehensive tri-dimensional thermo-electro-mechanical model that takes into account SU-8 material properties and precise geometry of the device. Technological steps necessary for the collective fabrication of such MOEMS on VCSELs arrays were also developed. In particular, we report on a new photoresist film transfer method we developed to achieve a highly uniform fabrication of high aspect ratio MOEMS on small-sized or fragile samples such as GaAs-based VCSELs wafers. This method that we call "soft thermal printing" is based on the use of a thermal nano-imprint set-up. Moreover, a simple and planar process for MOEMS fabrication was successfully tested. A dedicated inkjet printing process for drop-on-demand deposition of the microlens on the membrane center was also developed. Finally, the fabricated MOEMS were characterized. A vertical displacement as high as 8µm was observed for only 12.5mW applied, in good agreement with our 3D modeling results and first results on 850nm VCSEL dynamic beam focusing were obtained, demonstrating the interest of our approach.

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Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and roughstalk bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) are among the most troublesome grass weeds on golf courses throughout the United States. Herbicides for selective control of these weeds in cool-season fairways are limited and ineffective. Methiozolin is a new isoxazoline herbicide that controls annual bluegrass on putting greens and shows promise for possible weed control in fairways. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is among the most common turfgrass species used for golf fairways in the Northern United States and its response to methiozolin has scarcely been tested. A 2.5-yr field study was conducted at four Virginia locations to evaluate methiozolin efficacy for selective annual bluegrass and roughstalk bluegrass control in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) or Kentucky bluegrass fairways. Another study evaluated the response of 110 Kentucky bluegrass varieties to three rates of methiozolin. Annual bluegrass has long been presumed to impact putting green trueness, or the ability of the greens canopy to provide a smooth and directionally-consistent ball roll. Although much research has evaluated the impact of greens management on ball roll distance, no peer-reviewed research has evaluated how canopy surface factors, such as weedy annual bluegrass, will influence ball roll direction. Laboratory and field research was conducted to elucidate and overcome experimental errors that may be limiting assessment of ball directional imprecision caused by greens canopy anomalies. Techniques to minimize experimental error were employed in field studies at two Virginia golf courses to determine the influence of annual bluegrass on ball directional imprecision, bounce, and acceleration. Study results suggest that annual bluegrass patches in a creeping bentgrass putting surface can cause subtle increases in ball directional imprecision and bounce but several sources of error must be controlled before these effects can be measured. By using a mechanical putter to avoid directional errors associated with simulated-putt devices, selecting golf balls with balanced centers of gravity, eliminating legacy or "tracking" effects of repeated ball rolls via canopy brushing, and scoring ball direction 30 cm prior to terminal acceleration, we were able to detect an increase in ball directional imprecision of 8 mm m⁻¹ when balls rolled over a single patch of annual bluegrass compared to adjacent rolls on visually-pure creeping bentgrass. In herbicide efficacy studies, methiozolin-only treatments did not significantly injure creeping bentgrass or Kentucky bluegrass, reduce quality, or reduce normalized difference vegetative index regardless of application timings and rates. In general, fall applications of methiozolin reduced roughstalk bluegrass and annual bluegrass cover more than the spring-only treatments. At 1 year after the last treatment, methiozolin at 1500 g ha⁻¹ applied four times in fall at 2-wk intervals for two consecutive years controlled roughstalk bluegrass and annual bluegrass ≥85% and more consistently than other herbicides or treatment regimes. Spanning 110 Kentucky bluegrass varieties, a commercially-acceptable threshold of 30% Kentucky bluegrass injury required between 3.4 to more than 10 times the methiozolin rate needed for annual bluegrass control. Results indicate that annual bluegrass increases directional imprecision and bounce of golf balls rolling across a greens canopy. Methiozolin could be a viable herbicide for managing annual and roughstalk bluegrass in Kentucky bluegrass and creeping bentgrass fairways but weed control efficacy may be dependent on application timing. By measuring small differences in ball directional imprecision as influenced by greens canopy factors, future research efforts will aim to help turf managers choose appropriate greens management techniques. / Ph. D.

<div>Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing enables the fabrication of metal parts with complex geometry and elaborates internal features, the simplication of the assembly process, and the reduction of development time. However, the lack of consis-tent quality hinders its tremendous potential for widespread application in industry. This limits its ability as a viable manufacturing process particularly in the aerospace and medical industries where high quality and repeatability are critical. A variety of defects, which may be initiated during the powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing process, compromise the repeatability, precision, and resulting mechanical properties of the final part. The literature review shows that a non-uniform temperature distribution throughout fabricated layers is a signicant source of the majority of thermal defects. Therefore, the work introduces an online thermography methodology to study temperature distribution, thermal evolution, and thermal specications of the fabricated layers in powder-bed fusion process or any other thermal inherent AM process. This methodology utilizes infrared technique and segmentation image processing to extract the required data about temperature distribution and HAZs of the layer under fabrication. We conducted some primary experiments in the FDM process to leverage the thermography technique and achieve a certain insight to be able to propose a technique to generate a more uniform temperature distribution. These experiments lead to proposing an innovative chessboard scanning strategy called tessellation algorithm, which can generate more uniform temperature distribution and diminish the layer warpage consequently especially throughout the layers with either geometry that is more complex or poses relatively longer dimensions. In the next step, this work develops a new technique in ABAQUS to verify the proposed scanning strategy. This technique simulates temperature distribution throughout a layer printed by chessboard printing patterns in powder-bed fusion process in a fraction of the time taken by current methods in the literature. This technique compares the temperature distribution throughout a designed layer printed by three presented chessboard-scanning patterns, namely, rastering pattern, helical pattern, and tessellation pattern. The results conrm that the tessellation pattern generates more uniform temperature distribution compared with the other two patterns. Further research is in progress to leverage the thermography methodology to verify the simulation technique. It is also pursuing a hybrid closed-loop online monitoring (OM) and control methodology, which bases on the introduced tessellation algorithm and online thermography in this work and Articial Neural Networking (ANN) to generate the most possible uniform temperature distribution within a safe temperature range layer-by-layer.</div>

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des points entiers et rationnels de certaines courbes et variétés modulaires. Après une brève introduction décrivant les motivations et le cadre de ce genre d'études ainsi que les résultats principaux de la thèse, le manuscrit se divise en trois parties. Le premier chapitre s'intéresse aux Q-courbes, et aux morphismes Gal(Q/Q) -> PGL2(Fp) qu'on peut leur associer pour tout p premier. Nous montrons que sous de bonnes hypothèses, pour p assez grand par rapport au discriminant du corps de définition de la Q-courbe, ce morphisme est surjectif, ce qui résout un cas particulier du problème d'uniformité de Serre (toujours ouvert en général). Les outils principaux du chapitre sont la méthode de Mazur (basée ici sur des résultats d'Ellenberg), la méthode de Runge et des théorèmes d'isogénie, suivant la structure de preuve de Bilu et Parent. Le second chapitre consiste en des estimations analytiques de sommes pondérées de valeurs de fonctions L de formes modulaires, dans l'esprit de techniques développées par Duke et Ellenberg. La motivation de départ d'un tel résultat est l'application de la méthode de Mazur dans le premier chapitre. Le troisième chapitre est consacré à la recherche de généralisations de la méthode de Runge pour des variétés de dimension supérieure. Nous y redémontrons un résultat de Levin inspiré de cette méthode, avant d'en prouver une forme assouplie dite "de Runge tubulaire", plus largement applicable. Dans l'optique de recherche de points entiers de variétés modulaires, nous en donnons enfin un exemple d'utilisation à la réduction d'une surface abélienne en produit de courbes elliptiques. / This thesis concerns the study of integral and rational points on some modular curves and varieties. After a brief introduction which describes the motivation and the setting of this topic as well as the main results of this thesis, the manuscript follows a threefold development. The first chapter focuses on Q-curves, and on the morphisms Gal(Q/Q) -> PGL2(Fp) that we can build with a Q-curve for every prime p. We prove that, under good hypotheses, for p large enough with respect to the discriminant of the definition field of the Q-curve, such a morphism is surjective, which solves a particular case of Serre's uniformity problem (still open in general). The main tools of the chapter are Mazur's method (based here on results of Ellenberg), Runge's method, and isogeny theorems, following the strategy of Bilu and Parent. The second chapter covers analytic estimates of weighted sums of L-function values of modular forms, in the fashion of techniques designed by Duke and Ellenberg. The initial goal of such a result is the application of Mazur's method in the first chapter. The third chapter is devoted to the search for generalisations of Runge's method for higherdimensional varieties. Here we prove anew a result of Levin inspired by this method, before proving an enhanced version called "tubular Runge", more generally applicable. In the perspective of studying integral points of modular varieties, we finally give an example of application of this theorem to the reduction of an abelian surface in a product of elliptic curves.