Un code de simulation de plasma à deux dimensions électrostatique à coordonnées cartésiennes Particle-in-cell/ Monte Carlo Collision (PIC/MCC) est présenté, incluant un nouveau traitement de l'équilibre des charges aux limites diélectriques. Il est utilisé pour simuler un plasma dans le gaz Ar dans un réacteur à plaques parallèles à couplage capacitif à radiofréquence a géométrie symétrique avec une paroi latérale diélectrique épaisse. La paroi latérale diélectrique protège efficacement le plasma du champ électrique augmenté au niveau de la jonction entre l'électrode alimentée et l'électrode à la masse, dont on a montré précédemment qu'elle produisait une augmentation localise de la densité de plasma. Néanmoins, un réchauffement accru des électrons est observé dans une région adjacente à la limite diélectrique, conduisant à des maxima de le taux d'ionisation, de la densité du plasma et du flux ionique vers les électrodes dans cette région. Les différents composants du chauffage électronique sont dérivés des simulations PIC/MCC et montrent que cette augmentation du chauffage électronique provient d'un chauffage ohmique accru dans la direction axiale lorsque la densité électronique diminue vers la paroi latérale. Nous avons étudié la validité de différentes formules analytiques pour estimer le chauffage ohmique en les comparant aux résultats PIC. Le chauffage des électrons à composantes x a proximité des coins a été observé aux fréquences d'excitation plus élevées, provenant d'un champ RF oscillant important dans la direction x. / A Cartesian-coordinate two-dimensional electrostatic Particle-in-cell/Monte-Carlo Collision (PIC/MCC) plasma simulation code is presented, including a new treatment of charge balance at dielectric boundaries. It is used to simulate an Ar plasma in a symmetric radiofrequency capacitively-coupled parallel-plate reactor with a thick dielectric side-wall. The dielectric side-wall effectively shields the plasma from the enhanced electric field at the powered-grounded electrode junction, which has previously been shown to produce locally enhanced plasma density. Nevertheless, enhanced electron heating is observed in a region adjacent to the dielectric boundary, leading to maxima in ionization rate, plasma density and ion flux to the electrodes in this region. The electron heating components are derived from the PIC/MCC simulations and show that this enhanced electron heating results from increased Ohmic heating in the axial direction as the electron density decreases towards the side-wall. We investigated the validity of different analytical formulas to estimate the Ohmic heating by comparing them to the PIC results. The x component electron heating near the corners was observed at higher driving frequency, which is caused by a significant RF oscillating field in the x direction.

Centrifugal broadcaster spreaders are equipments that revolutionized the application technology application of solid material in agriculture, for presenting a great field capacity for operational field and being able to apply a large range of application rate. However, this equipment presents some inconveniences, such as the difficulty in applying the material evenly in the width used for a specific work, even when adjusting is a relatively simple task. Moreover, another problem is its behaviour variability according to the characteristics of the product that is used and the application conditions. The objective of this work was to compare treatments regarding operational adjustments in order to balance and uniform the transversal pattern of distribution, with a higher operational field capacity, for different solid products. The machine evaluated was a centrifugal broadcaster for solid material equipped with two spinning disks. The study proposal is to investigate the effect of the incomplete combination between the product type, the opening of the hopper metering system and the distribution disks impellers position. Results showed that the medium and high speeds of the conveying chain for lime distribution and the low speed for oat distribution gave a large and sufficient range of application rate by varying the opening of the metering device. According to the analysed conditions, a combination of opening position 15, impellers radial position, effective width of 10 meters and alternate application system, presented the best uniformity of lime distribution. For the oat, on the other hand, the best uniformity of distribution was reached when combining opening position 1, impellers in radial position, effective width of 10 meters and alternate application system. I increasing the flow and advancing the impellers position gave a higher field capacity. That was due to the possibility of a larger effective width as well as a higher travel speed for both lime and oat, thus preserving the transversal distribution uniformity. The maximum widths recommended are 13.5 meters for lime and for oat application. / Os distribuidores centrífugos são equipamentos que revolucionaram a tecnologia de aplicação de produtos sólidos na agricultura por apresentarem grande capacidade de campo operacional e pela grande amplitude de dosagens que conseguem aplicar. No entanto, este equipamento apresenta alguns inconvenientes como a dificuldade em aplicar homogeneamente o material na largura de trabalho utilizada, mesmo com uma aparente facilidade de regulagem. Soma-se a este problema, a variação de comportamento do equipamento com as características do produto utilizado e as condições de aplicação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar tratamentos relacionados a regulagens operacionais buscando equilibrar e uniformizar o perfil transversal de distribuição, com a maior capacidade de campo operacional possível, para os diferentes produtos sólidos. A máquina avaliada foi um distribuidor centrífugo de produtos sólidos, equipada com esteira de alimentação de fundo de depósito, comporta vertical de controle de fluxo e dois discos distribuidores providos de aletas. A proposta do trabalho foi estudar o efeito da combinação incompleta entre o tipo de produto, a abertura da comporta dosadora de produto e a posição das aletas no disco de distribuição. Os resultados mostraram que as velocidades média e alta da esteira transportadora, para a distribuição de calcário, e a velocidade baixa, para a distribuição de aveia, fornecem uma ampla e suficiente faixa de dosagens com a variação de abertura da comporta dosadora. Nas condições analisadas, a combinação de abertura de comporta 15, posição radial das aletas, largura útil de 10 metros e sistema de aplicação alternado, apresentou a melhor uniformidade de distribuição de calcário. Para aveia, a combinação de abertura de comporta 1, posição radial das aletas, largura útil de 10 metros e sistema de aplicação alternado, apresentou a melhor uniformidade de distribuição. O aumento da vazão e do adiantamento da posição das aletas possibilita maior capacidade de campo operacional ao conjunto mecanizado, pela possibilidade de operar com maior largura útil de aplicação e maior velocidade de deslocamento, tanto para o calcário como para a aveia, preservando os padrões de uniformidade de distribuição transversal. A largura de aplicação máxima recomendada foi de 13,5 metros para o calcário e para a aveia.

Abstract The uniformity of conductive materials is an important property in thin film electronic applications such as solar cells and light emitting diodes (LED). Such uniformity variations are often very small, invisible or below the surface of the film and thus are difficult to detect even when using high-resolution characterization devices. Thus, surface measurement instruments such as profilometer, atomic force microscope, or scanning electron microscope can all encounter remarkable challenges. The uniformity of films can also be analyzed by conductivity measurements. However, they do not provide the precise spatial uniformity information of a large area sample. To be able to investigate systematically the defects of conductive thin films an appropriate sample preparation method was constructed. In addition, a synchronized heating and IR-imaging based system (called synchronized thermography = ST) was developed to overcome the limitations of existing characterization methods. ST performance was tested and analyzed by measuring the single and multi-layer structures. In this work, Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiopene):poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) were used as examples of conductive thin films. Obtained results show that ST is capable of localizing even small defects from thin film structures based on a single IR-image. In order to make automatic identification of the defect locations and the sizes of the defects, a data processing algorithm was implemented. The performed experiments have proven ST capable of determining the conductivity of the films and the critical bending curvature of ITO. Based on thin film multi-layer PEDOT:PSS measurements, the results suggest use of the ST-method is also suitable for thickness measurements. ST with automatic data processing is a simple method to localize small defects in large-area thin film structures. This approach opens up new possibilities in measuring industrial scale manufacturing processes. / Tiivistelmä Johtavien materiaalien tasalaatuisuus on tärkeä ominaisuus ohutkalvoelektroniikan sovelluksissa kuten aurinkokennoissa ja valoa emittoivissa diodeissa (LED). Tasalaatuisuuserot ovat usein erittäin pieniä, näkymättömiä tai ne sijaitsevat pinnan alla, joten niiden havaitseminen on vaikeaa jopa korkean resoluution karakterisointivälineillä. Niinpä pintaa mittaavat laitteet kuten profilometri, atomivoimamikroskooppi ja skannaava elektronimikroskooppi kohtaavat merkittäviä haasteita. Pinnan tasalaatuisuutta voidaan analysoida myös johtavuusmittauksilla. Ne eivät kuitenkaan anna täsmällistä spatiaalista informaatiota suurista näytteistä. Johtavien ohutkalvojen rikkoutumien systemaattista tutkimista varten kehitettiin oma näytteiden käsittelymenetelmä. Lisäksi kehitettiin synkronoituun lämmitykseen ja infrapunakuvantamiseen perustuva mittaussysteemi (menetelmän nimi: synkronoitu termografia = ST), jolla pyritään ratkaisemaan nykyisten menetelmien rajoitukset. ST-menetelmää testattiin ja analysoitiin mittaamalla yksi- ja monikerroksisten kalvojen rakenteita. Indiumtinaoksidia (ITO) ja poly(3,4-etyleenidioksi-tiofeeni):poly(styreeni-sulfonaatti):a (PEDOT: PSS) käytettiin esimerkkeinä johtavista kalvoista. Tulokset osoittavat, että ST kykenee paikallistamaan pienetkin virheet ohutkalvorakenteista jopa yhden infrapunakuvan perusteella. Automaattisen tiedonkäsittelyn algoritmi implementoitiin identifioimaan virheiden paikkariippuvuuksia ja kokoja. Tehdyt kokeet osoittavat, että ST-menetelmä soveltuu kalvojen johtavuuden ja ITO:n kriittisen taivutussäteen määrittämiseen. Monikerroksisiin PEDOT:PSS rakennemittauksiin perustuen ST-menetelmä näyttäisi soveltuvan myös ohutkalvojen paksuuksien määrittämiseen. ST-menetelmä yhdistettynä automaattiseen mittaustiedon prosessointiin on yksinkertainen menetelmä paikallistamaan pieniä virheitä suuripinta-alaisilla näytteillä. Tämä lähestymistapa avaa uusia mittausmahdollisuuksia teollisuuden tuotantoprosesseihin.

Property taxes serve as a vital revenue source for local governments. The revenues derived from the property tax function as the primary funding source for a variety of critical local public service systems. Property tax appeal systems serve as quasi-administrative-judicial mechanisms intended to assure the public that property tax assessments are correct, fair, and equitable. Despite these important functions, there is a paucity of empirical research related to property tax appeal systems. This study contributes to property tax literature by identifying who participates in the property tax appeal process and examining their motivations for participation. In addition, the study sought to determine whether patterns of use and success in appeal systems affected the distribution of the tax burden. Data were collected by means of a survey distributed to single-family property owners from two Florida counties. In addition, state and county documents were analyzed to determine appeal patterns and examine the impact on assessment uniformity, over a three-year period. The survey data provided contextual evidence that single-family property owners are not as troubled by property taxes as they are by the conduct of local government officials. The analyses of the decision to appeal indicated that more expensive properties and properties excluded from initial uniformity analyses were more likely to be appealed, while properties with homestead exemptions were less likely to be appealed. The value change analyses indicated that appeals are clustered in certain geographical areas; however, these areas do not always experience a greater percentage of the value changes. Interestingly, professional representation did not increase the probability of obtaining a reduction in value. Other relationships between the variables were discovered, but often with weak predictive ability. Findings from the assessment uniformity analyses were also interesting. The results indicated that the appeals mechanisms in both counties improved assessment uniformity. On average, appealed properties exhibited greater horizontal and vertical inequities, as compared to non-appealed properties, prior to the appeals process. After, the appeal process was completed; the indicators of horizontal and vertical equity were largely improved. However, there were some indications of regressivity in the final year of the study.

Le lambda-calcul avec ressources est une variante du lambda-calcul fondée sur la linéarité : les lambda-termes avec ressources sont aux lambda-termes ce que sont les polynômes aux fonctions réelles, c'est à dire des approximations multi-linéaires. En particulier les réductions dans le lambda-calcul avec ressources peuvent être vues comme des approximations des beta-réductions, mais la contrainte de linéarite a des conséquences importantes, notamment la forte normalisation de la réduction avec ressources. Pour ainsi dire, la beta-réduction est obtenue par passage à la limite des réductions avec ressources qui l'approximent. Cette thèse étudie les aspects combinatoires, très riches, du lambda-calcul avec ressources. On commence par définir précisément la notion de réduction avec ressource associée à une beta-réduction: étant donné un lambda-terme $t$, un approximant $s$ de celui-ci et $t'$ une beta-réduction de $t$, on lui associe une réduction avec ressources (appelée gamma-réduction) de $s$ qui réduit les «mêmes» redex que celle de $t$ et produit un ensemble $S'$ d'approximants de $t'$. Cette définition permet de retrouver une preuve légèrement plus intuitive de l'un des théorèmes fondamentaux de la théorie, qui permet également de le généraliser. Dans un second temps on étudie les relations «familiales» entre termes avec ressources, la question centrale étant de caractériser le fait que deux termes avec ressources sont des réduits d'un même terme. Ce problème central et difficile n'est pas pleinement résolu, mais la thèse présente plusieurs résultats préliminaires et développe les bases d'une théorie pour arriver à cette fin. / The resource lambda-calculus is a variant of lambda-calculus based on linearity: resource lambda-terms are to lambda-terms as polynomials are to real functions. In particular reductions in resource lambda-calculus can be viewed as approximations of beta-reductions. But the linearity constraint has important consequences, especially the strong normalisation of resource reduction. So to speak, beta-reduction is obtained by passage to the limit of resource reduction which approximates it. This thesis is a study of the combinatory aspect of resource lambda-calculus. First, we define precisely the notion of resource reduction associated to beta-reduction: let t be a lambda-term, s an approximant of t and t' a beta-reduction of t, we associate a resource reduction (called gamma-reduction) of s which reducts the "same" redex as the beta-reduction of t and this generates a set S' of approximants of t'. This definition allows to find a new proof (who is more intuitive) of one of the fundamental theorems of this theory and it also allows to generalize it. Then we study the "family" relations between resource lambda-terms. The main question is to characterize the resource lambda-terms which are reducts of same term. This central problem is hard and not completely resolved, but this thesis exhibits several preliminary results and lays the foundations of a theory aimed at resolving it.

Optimalizace procesu vrtání kovových materiálů vyžaduje minimální tvorbu otřepů a jednotný vzhled vrtaných děr. Cílem práce bylo pochopit roli různých klíčových faktorů, jako řezných podmínek, způsobu upnutí obrobku a geometrie vrtáku, na tvorbu otřepů při vrtání 2 mm plechů tvářené hliníkové slitiny Al99.7Mg0.5Cu-H24, za použití vrtáků o průměru 1,6 a 2 mm, pro dosažení minimalizace tvorby otřepů a zajištění jednotnosti získaných povrchů pro velký počet vrtaných děr v obrobku. Tohoto cíle bylo dosaženo provedením 3 experimentálních testů. První experimentální test byl proveden za účelem sledování vlivu řezné rychlosti a posuvu za otáčku, jakožto rozpoznaných řezných parametrů nejvýznamněji ovlivňujících tvorbu otřepů, na výsledné velikosti vzniklých otřepů a jednotnosti vrtaných děr. V druhém experimentu byl zkonstruován vakuový upínací přípravek, za účelem upnutí vrtaného hliníkového plechu a omezení prostoru pro tvorbu otřepů na výstupní straně vrtání na obrobku, a jeho vlivu na tvorbu otřepů bylo vyhodnoceno. V třetím testu byl vyhodnocen efekt rozdílných geometrií vrtáků na tvorbu otřepů, spolu s dosaženou jednotností vrtaných děr. Výsledky z prvního experimentu prokázaly, že výška a tloušťka otřepů je redukována na obou stranách vrtaného plechu za použití vyšších řezných rychlostí. Při použití vyšších posuvů byla viděna zvětšující se výška a tloušťka otřepů na obou stranách vrtání, s výjimkou výšky otřepů na vstupní straně vrtáku do obrobku, která byla minimálně snížena. Druhý experiment prokázal, že vhodně konstruovaný vakuový upínací přípravek může významně omezit vznik otřepů na výstupní straně vrtáku z obrobku. V třetím experimentu, za použití 3 břitého vrtáku a vhodně konstruovaného vakuového upínací ho přípravku, bylo dosaženo eliminace tvorby otřepů z obou stran vrtaného plechu, společně s naplněním požadavků na jednotný vzhled vrtaných děr a vysoké výrobní produktivity. Takovýto optimalizovaný proces, bez nutnosti použití přídavné operace na odstranění vzniklých otřepů, poskytuje významnou redukci výrobních nákladů. Mimoto jsou poskytnuta doporučení pro další výzkum k dosažení zlepšení ve výrobě.

In this thesis, methods for improving charge carrier mobility and deposition conditions for the solution shearing of organic semiconductors for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are investigated. Electrical performance for OFETs is currently still limited by the charge carrier mobility, especially when high fabrication speeds are required. In this work, adaptations are made to the solution shearing method to enhance charge carrier mobility values and to increase the deposition speed and film uniformity of semiconductor films. The solution shearing method can be easily adapted to large-scale roll-to-roll fabrication, a low-cost and high throughput fabrication process. In this work, the fabrication of OFETs with both crystalline small-molecule and donor-acceptor polymer semiconductors as the active layer is performed, and significant improvements in charge carrier mobility and film formation are achieved. Specifically, the crystalline small-molecule semiconductor TIPS-pentacene is blended with the inert dielectric polystyrene, and solution shearing parameters are optimized to obtain highly-aligned crystalline films. The thin film with optimized morphology is deposited on a very thin polymer dielectric film, demonstrating the feasibility of high-performance OFETs (effective mobility of ~1.2 cm2 V-1s-1) and an ultra-low operating voltage (~1 V) – at the time a record value. To improve crystal growth, the solution shearing method is modified to add vibrations to the liquid during the coating process. The new coating method, named “piezoshearing”, allows the application of vibrations to the liquid during deposition through the attachment of a piezo actuator to the shearing blade. The piezoshearing is implemented to enhance crystal growth during the solution shearing of crystalline materials, and tests of piezoshearing for the material 2,7-Dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT) demonstrate that substrate coverage can be increased due to induced stick-and-slip caused by the piezoshearing. Due to the unfavorable wetting conditions of semiconducting donor-acceptor polymer solutions on the commonly used low surface energy OFET substrates, conventional solution shearing is problematic. With piezoshearing, film deposition can be significantly improved. In particular, through piezoshearing the so-called stick-and-slip instabilities are mitigated, allowing the doubling of the shearing speed, and the deposition of smooth and ultrathin films (~7 nm). In addition to enabling higher coating speeds, piezoshearing also lowers the polymer material consumption by up to ~ 70% in comparison to the conventional solution shearing method. For some materials, piezoshearing is also found to increase the charge carrier mobility in OFET devices by up to two orders of magnitude. The piezoshearing is utilized for viscous polymer solutions, which are challenging to coat, and usually, result in non-uniform films. Three donor-acceptor polymer systems were tested, and morphology changes are observed for all materials when piezoshearing is applied. For one of the polymeric solutions, an increase in crystallinity is achieved, possibly accompanied by a change in the degree of alignment of the polymer chains. For two other polymer solutions with higher molecular weight chains, very smooth films were obtained with the piezoshearing – saving 30% of material. Without the application of vibrations, such materials yield very non-uniform films, with significant thickness variations, which is unsuitable for OFET devices. In summary, this work leads to significant improvements in the solution shearing of organic semiconductor materials by adding vibrations in the kHz range to the deposition process. The effects and benefits of utilizing the piezoshearing are demonstrated, and suggestions for further improvement and studies are made.:Contents 7 1.Introduction 11 Motivation 11 Outline 12 2.Theoretical Principles of Organic Electronic Materials and Devices 13 Organic Electronics 13 Organic Semiconductors 14 Charge Transport Mechanisms in Organic Semiconductors 16 Organic Field-effect Transistors 19 Operation 19 The Metal-Semiconductor Interface 22 The Dielectric 25 Film Morphology and Charge Transport in OFETs 27 Small Molecules 27 Semicrystalline Polymers 29 3.Solution Shearing and Control of Film Morphology 33 The Solution Shearing Method 34 Capillary Flow and the Pinned Contact Line. 36 Marangoni Flow 36 Shear Flow 37 Film Formation in Solution Shearing 38 Small Molecules 38 Polymers 43 Stick-and-slip Instabilities 50 Contact Angle Hysteresis and Stick-and-slip 52 Vibration-assisted Thin-film Solution Fabrication Methods 53 Effects on a Liquid stemming from Vibration 53 Relevant Characteristics 57 Vibrations and Thin-film Formation 58 Combining the Solution Shearing and Vibrations 61 4.Experimental Methods 63 Device Fabrication 63 Substrate Preparation 63 Electrode Evaporation . 65 Piezoshearing Setup 65 Thin-film Characterization 68 Cross-Polarized Optical Microscopy 68 Grazing Incidence Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering 71 Electrical characterization 77 Characterization 77 Mobility estimation and overestimation discussion 77 5.Alignment Improvement from Blending the Small molecule TIPS- pentacene with an inert Polymer 81 Introduction 81 Optimization of film morphology for TIPS-pentacene . 82 Device Fabrication 82 Electrical Characterization .. 83 Film morphology characterization 86 Fabrication of Ultra-low-voltage Operation Devices 96 Figure of Merit of this Study 97 6.Piezoshearing of Crystalline Materials 101 Introduction 101 Piezoshearing of Pristine TIPS-pentacene 102 Film Fabrication 102 Thin-film Characterization 102 TIPS-pentacene blended with PS in Toluene: Better Performing Devices 104 Piezoshearing of C8-BTBT 105 7.Addressing Stick-and-Slip Instabilities in solution-sheared films for Introduction 109 Device Fabrication 110 The Effect of Piezoshearing on Stick-and-Slip Instabilities 111 Increasing Shearing Speed 111 Thin-film Characterization 114 Electrical Characterization 116 Energy Barriers and Overcoming them with Vibration 119 Acceleration Threshold for Mitigating Stick-and-slip 122 8.Piezoshearing of Viscous Polymer Solutions 127 Introduction 127 Device Fabrication 128 DPP4DE-TT and Film Morphology 129 DPP6DO-TT, DPP6DO-T, and Faraday Instabilities 137 Thin-film Characterization 141 Piezoshearing as a Parametric Oscillator System 145 Solid Friction 146 Viscosity 146 Transition Between Regimes 147 9.Conclusion and Outlook 149 Conclusion 149 Outlook 150

Ljus påverkar människan psykiskologiskt och fysiskt, trots detta är de krav som idag finns på belysningen inte tillräckliga för att beakta de miljöegenskaper ljuset bidrar med. Ett visst ljus i kombination med en viss färg och material påverkar människan på olika sätt. De krav som ställs tar bara hänsyn till de tekniska aspekterna. Hur ljus estetiskt påverkar ett rum är en faktor detta arbete tar hänsyn till, då det påverkar människans välmående. Detta projekt behandlar två olika rum, ett rum för träning och behandling samt ett väntrum på en sjukgymnastikavdelning tillhörande Södersjukhuset i Stockholm. Dessa två rum har genomgått en ljusstudie och ljusplanering med syfte att skapa en ljussättning som är anpassad för sitt ändamål och som upplevs trivsam och behaglig. Vissa skillnader mellan projektets framtagna förslag och ett verkligt projekterat förslag har även jämförts. För att genomföra ljusstudien och ljusplaneringen har beräkningar utförts i belysningsprogrammet RELUX. På grund av att ljus inte enbart kan simuleras med hjälp av datorprogram har även fysiska modeller byggts för att analysera valet av färgtemperatur. Studiebesök på sjukgymnastpraktiker och träningsanläggningar har gjorts för att få inspiration. Även intervjuer med sjukgymnaster har gjorts för att få förståelse för vilka faktorer som måste tas hänsyn till vid en ljusplanering för denna typ av verksamhet. Litteraturstudier har gjorts för att få en djupare kunskap i hur ljus agerar i olika miljöer. Ljusplaneringen har resulterat i en jämn och god belysning i de två rummen. Kraven för belysning enligt SS-EN 12464–1:2011, har uppfyllts. Ljuskällornas färgtemperaturer har fastställts med hänsyn till färgerna i rummen, varmvit i väntrummet och neutral i tränings-/behandlingsrummet. Armaturer med uppljus och nedljus har valts i syfte att minska bländning och luminansskillnader. Downlights har valts för att belysa väggar och föremål. För att skapa en upplivande atmosfär i rummen har även dekorbelysning använts. Slutsatsen av detta arbete har visat att det är viktigt att ta hänsyn till en jämn belysning, anpassa belysningen och ljuskällans färgtemperatur efter färgsättning och material samt att anpassa belysningen efter alla synuppgifter som kan komma att krävas av personen som skall utföra arbetsuppgifter i rummet. / Light affects humans psychologically and physically, despite this the lighting requirements does not pay regard to the environmental characteristics that light contributes with. A specific light in combination with a specific color and material affects the human being in different ways. The lighting requirements only takes the technical aspects into account. In this project consideration will be given to how the light aesthetic affects the well-being. In this project two rooms will be processed, a waiting room as well as a room meant for rehabilitation. The rooms are placed in a building that includes physiotherapy at Södersjukhuset in Stockholm. The rooms have participated in a light study to create a light environment that is adjusted to its purpose as well as it is pleasantly perceived. Some differences between this lighting project and an actual lighting project have been compared. To perform this light study, various calculations have been done in the lighting planning software RELUX. Light can not solely be simulated with computer software, therefore physical models have been built to analyze the choice of color temperature. Visits to physiotherapy practices and training facilities have been done for inspirational purposes. Interviews with physiotherapists have also been done to reach a better understanding of what factors are needed to be taken under consideration while planning the lighting. Literature studies have been made to get a deeper knowledge in how light reacts in different environments. The lighting planning has resulted in an even lighting in both rooms. The requirements for lighting according to SS-EN 12464-1:2011 have been fulfilled. The different color temperatures of the light sources have been determined regarding the colors of the rooms, warm white in the waiting room and neutral in the rehabilitation room. Armatures with up and down lights have been chosen with the purpose of decreasing glare luminary differences. Downlights have been chosen to lighten up the walls and various objects. To create an uplifting atmosphere in the room, decor lighting have also been used. The conclusion of this work has shown that it is important to take luminance uniformity, adapt the light and color temperature to the room and its colors and materials into account. It is also important to adapt the light to all the different visual works that can take place in the room.

S-boxes are key components of many symmetric cryptographic primitives. Among them, some block ciphers and hash functions are vulnerable to attacks based on differential cryptanalysis, a technique introduced by Biham and Shamir in the early 90’s. Resistance against attacks from this family depends on the so-called differential properties of the S-boxes used. When we consider S-boxes as functions over finite fields of characteristic 2, monomials turn out to be good candidates. In this Master’s Thesis, we study the differential properties of a particular family of monomials, namely those with exponent 2ͭᵗ-1 In particular, conjectures from Blondeau’s PhD Thesis are proved. More specifically, we derive the differential spectrum of monomials with exponent 2ͭᵗ-1 for several values of t using a method similar to the proof Blondeau et al. made of the spectrum of x -<img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Crightarrow" /> x⁷. The first two chapters of this Thesis provide the mathematical and cryptographic background necessary while the third and fourth chapters contain the proofs of the spectra we extracted and some observations which, among other things, connect this problem with the study of particular Dickson polynomials.

<p>Firstly, select a nozzle and get all its parameters like spray angle, mass flow rate, dipersion angle and nozzle diameter. Create a domain in which 2 nozzles can fit, as shown in thesis. Divide the domain in 2 zones and perform fine mesh on the top surface of solid surface where spray will heat. Write a function for slab temperature variation and give it as the solid part input. Use DPM model, to create injectors inside the domain and solve.</p>