This thesis argues that international copyright law should play a stronger role in the implementation of authors’ and users’ international human rights. In international human rights law, authors’ and users’ human rights are two sides of the same coin: both derive from human dignity and contribute to the development of the human personality. Authors have a set of moral and material interests that entitle them, as a minimum, to an adequate standard of living, to be (or not to be) associated with their intellectual works, and to object to any distortion or mutilation of those works. These entitlements receive a viable back up protection from authors’ human rights to freedom of expression and property. At the same time, users have human rights in culture, arts, and science that entitle them to access, use, and share intellectual works. Also, their human rights to freedom of expression and education reinforce these entitlements. Authors’ and users’ human rights are reciprocal, mutually-reinforcing, and mutually-limiting. Thus, their balanced implementation—by means of legislation or adjudication—depends on three rules: authors’ and users’ human rights are limited, they are not hierarchal, and they are interdependent on and indivisible from other human rights and freedoms. On the other hand, despite its practicality and predominance, the exclusive-right system of international copyright law does not necessarily enable authors to achieve an adequate standard of living, and TRIPS has explicitly overlooked their moral interests. Similarly important, the nature and nurture of international copyright law do not give due weight to users’ human rights. International copyright law includes very few mandatory exceptions and limitations, which are supposed to address users’ rights by granting them some liberties or immunities when using intellectual works, but states’ ability to devise new exceptions and limitations is curtailed by the three-step test. Overall, international copyright law fails to meet the balance requirements of international human rights law since it creates a set of hierarchies between the rights it regulates, sometimes fails to recognize the limited nature of authors’ rights, and is inattentive of copyright’s impact on the whole corpus of international human rights. The thesis suggests that international copyright law should become clearer— and more interested—in implementing the international human rights of authors and users of intellectual works. It can do so by incorporating as an objective the implementation of authors’ and users’ human rights in a balanced manner. This objective can function as a ground rule on which further measures necessary for the implementation of authors’ and users’ human rights may rely. In addition, it can provide normative support to some scholars’ proposals for reforming international copyright law. The new objective of international copyright law may become part of the regime through amending TRIPS, interpreting its provisions by the WTO panels and Appellate Body, or establishing a new international copyright instrument.

This study attempted to determine if there is a relationship between user's psychological personality types, measured by the Myers Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®) and distinct measures of usability measured by the Software Usability Measurement Inventory (SUMI). The study was expected to provide an answer to the following basic research question: When interacting with a typical user interface, do different users perceive usability differently? Specific hypotheses were formulated to answer this research question. Hypotheses were tested to determine if there was any statistically significant relationship between specific MBTI® personality types and individual measure of usability as measured by the SUMI. Each hypothesis was tested using ANOVA analysis in two ways. The 16 MBTI® types were condensed together using two letters of the full MBTI® type. First, the data was grouped by MBTI® function pair: STs, SFs, NFs and NTs, then by Keirsey temperament: SJs, SPs, NFs and NTs. By grouping data, the effects of small numbers of certain individual types from the sample should be minimized. When grouping by MBTI® function pair statistical analysis indicated all six hypotheses were supported, indicating no significant relationship between personality type as measured by the MBTI®, and usability as measured by the SUMI in this sample. When grouping by Keirsey temperament, statistical analysis indicated five hypotheses were supported, indicating no significant relationship between personality type as measured by the MBTI®, and usability as measured by the SUMI in this sample. Data analysis showed a significant relation between MBTI® personality type and the SUMI sub-scale of Helpfulness in this sample. Since only a limited relationship was found between MBTI® types and SUMI usability scales, developers may need to rethink the process of including individual differences as a component of interface design, at least based on personality. However, this study used only one measure of personality- the MBTI®. Different personality measures could offer different results. Finally, this research provided another analysis of how the typical computer user envisions usability and provides a basic summary of usability scales by personality MBTI® types.

The increasing demand for mobile apps is out the current capability of mobile app developers. In addition, the growing trend in smartphone ownership and the time people spend on mobile apps has raised several opportunities and risks for users and developers. The average time everyday a user spend on smartphones to use mobile apps is more than two hours. The worldwide mobile app revenue increase is estimated to grow 33%, $19 billion. Three quarter of the time used on mobile apps is solely for using game and social networking apps. To provide more customized services and function to users, mobile apps need to access to personal information. However, 80% of mobile apps put people's information privacy at risk. There is a major gap in the literature about the privacy concerns of mobile device users in the context of mobile apps. This dissertation addresses one fundamental research question: how does individuals' privacy change in the context of mobile apps? More precisely, the focus of this dissertation is on information privacy role in individuals' and mobile app developers' protective behaviors. We investigate the information sensitivity level influence on mobile app developers' emphasis on privacy across mobile app categories. The results show information sensitivity level has a significant impact on developers' emphasis on secondary usage of information. Moreover, we analyze the privacy trade-off dynamism in using a new social networking app and how it could result in emotional attachment. Results show initial use and initial disclosure influence the privacy trade-off from pre-use to initial-use period. Finally, the effect of privacy concern and engagement on emotional attachment is demonstrated. This dissertation addresses one fundamental research question: how does individuals' privacy change in the context of mobile apps? More precisely, the focus of this dissertation is on information privacy role in individuals' and mobile app developers' protective behaviors. We investigate the information sensitivity level influence on mobile app developers' emphasis on privacy across mobile app categories. The results show information sensitivity level has a significant impact on developers' emphasis on secondary usage of information. Moreover, we analyze the privacy trade-off dynamism in using a new social networking app and how it could result in emotional attachment. Results show initial use and initial disclosure influence the privacy trade-off from pre-use to initial-use period. Finally, the effect of privacy concern and engagement on emotional attachment is demonstrated.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第18465号 / 社医博第55号 / 新制||社医||8(附属図書館) / 31343 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 中原 俊隆, 教授 髙折 晃史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM

Background: Aftercare services with an aftercare program in the Czech Republic significantly help to integrate persons with addictological problems into the majority society. However, according to the National Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction, more than 50 % of users of these services are unsuccessful in their aftercare. Objective: The aim of the research is to find out the needs of clients in the area of housing at selected after-treatment centers. Identify whether these needs are met and whether clients' success in aftercare programs is not affected by unmet housing needs. Methodology: The theoretical and practical part of the thesis delimits the research findings. The theoretical part deals with aftercare services with aftercare program and the effect of relapse and relapse in aftercare for addiction.The practical part defines the area of research and with the use of quantitative methods of research comes up with statistical data, which are subsequently interpreted. Results: 7 residential facilities with a capacity of 85 beds participated in the research. The research sample consisted of 76 respondents. The research sample found that a significant proportion of clients did not meet the housing needs and in 44,7 % would use the sociohealth services only for housing. In the research...

Att snusa är något som kan leda till ett beroende och kan innebära en ökad risk för att få sjukdomar. Studien syftar till att dels undersöka snusares attityder och förklaringar till fortsatt användning av snus, dels förklaringar till att börja snusa. Sammanlagt åtta intervjuer genomfördes och analyserades med tematisering. I intervjuerna var det framträdande att gemenskap var anledningen till att börja snusa. Respondenterna utryckte flera faktorer till snusandet idag som ett bättre välmående, vanor eller att personen är beroende.  En slutsats är att en persons snusande verkar bero på attityden och inställningen till snus. Deltagarna framhåller att avgörande för om en person börjar snusa är de egna egenskaperna men också det sociala inflytande som andra har på personen. Studien bidrar med kunskaper om hur föräldrar, skolan och politiker kan jobba preventivt, det bidrar också till lärdomar i olika tobaksavvänjande miljöer.

No description available.

I denna studie undersöks relationen mellan biblioteksplaner och folkbibliotekets icke-användaremed hjälp av en metodtriangulering. Syftet med studien är att skapa en större förståelse förvarför icke-användare avstår folkbiblioteket, samt att peka ut vilka specifika användaranpassadeutvecklingsområden beskrivna i biblioteksplanerna som kan prioriteras baserat på anledningarnatill varför icke-användarna avstår. Datainsamling och analys utfördes i en domino-liknandeordning där en dokumentundersökning av biblioteksplanerna följdes av en online-enkät, som isin tur följdes upp med kvalitativa intervjuer med icke-användare. Resultaten visar att det finnsen brist på specifika åtgärder beskrivna i biblioteksplanerna som riktar sig till icke-användare,men att planerna beskriver flera metoder för att nå fler användare. Ur enkätsvaren gjordes entolkning att både användare och icke-användare har relativt lite kunskap om folkbiblioteketsverksamhet, ett problem som i studien föreslås kunna åtgärdas med hjälp av en mer synligmarknadsföring. Intervjusvaren diskuteras med en teoretisk modell över folkbiblioteketssamhällsroller, vilket resulterar i slutsatsen att de intervjuade icke-användarna främst serfolkbiblioteket som ett kunskapscentrum som de på många sätt förknippar med skola ochstudier. / This study examines the relationship between the public library plans and the non-users, using amethod triangulation. The purpose of the study is to gain understanding to why the non-usersabstain the public library, and also point out specific user based developing areas described inthe plans which can be prioritized based on the reasons to why the non-users abstain. Thecollection and analysis of data was performed in an order similar to a domino effect, where thedocument research of the library plans was followed by an online survey, which was followedby qualitative interviews with non-users. The results show that there is a lack of specificmeasures described in the library plans directed to the non-users, but that the plans are filledwith methods of how to reach more users. The survey showed that there seems to be a relativelysmall knowledge of the daily activities and function of the public library among both users andnon-users. The answers from the interviews are discussed with a theoretical model of the rolesthe public library can have in society, which results in the conclusion that the non-usersinterviewed in this study solely see the public library as a knowledge centre which in manyways are associated with school and studies.

No description available.

People are nomadic; traveling from place to place. As a user travels, he may need access to his digital information, including his data, applications, and settings. A convenient way to supply this access is to have the user carry that digital information in a portable computer such as a laptop or smart phone. As Moore's Law continues to operate, devices such as smart phones can easily perform the computing necessary for a user's work. Unfortunately, the amount of data a human can receive and convey through such devices is limited. To receive more information humans require more screen real estate. To transmit more information humans need rich input devices like mice and full-sized keyboards. To allow users to carry their digital information in a small device while maintaining opportunities for rich input, this research takes the approach of allowing users to carry a small portable device and then annex screens, keyboards, and mice whenever those devices are available in a user's environment. This research pursued the "carry it with you" paradigm first by building an ideal annexing framework which helps maximize the screen real estate while minimizing the resources—RAM, CPU, and wireless radio—consumed on the personal device. The resource consumption is demonstrated through a comparison with existing remote rendering technologies. Next, a privacy-aware framework was added to the annexing framework to help protect the user's sensitive data from damage and theft when he annexes a potentially malicious device. A framework like this has not existed before, and this research shows how the user's sensitive data is protected by this framework. Third, legacy machines and software are allowed to participate in the carry-it-with-you experience by scraping pixels from the user's existing applications and transmitting those pixels to an annexed display. Finally, when a user encounters a display space he does not own, but which he needs to control (e.g. by preventing anyone else from annexing it simultaneously, or by constraining each user to a different section of the display space), rather than forcing the user to learn and use control software supplied by the display, the user can bring his own control software and use it to enforce the user's desired control paradigm. This dissertation shows the carry-it-with-you paradigm is a powerful potential avenue which allows users to confidently use display spaces with varying configurations in an assortment of environments.