<p>The purpose of this thesis is to improve our knowledge of substance users in the normal population. The main concern is with how the meaning of drug use is constructed. To answer this, the thesis draws on different theoretical principles and mixed methods design.</p><p>The thesis is made up of four sub-studies, with interconnected foci. The first three papers are based on a qualitative research project in which 44 socially integrated drug users in Stockholm were interviewed. The fourth paper is a cross-national quantitative analysis of nationally representative student samples.</p><p>The first of the three qualitative papers explores the construction of the informant’s self-identity. The second paper analyses the informant’s perceptions of drug-related risk, whilst the third paper analyses the drug users’ perception of differences between men’s and women’s drug use. The fourth paper sets the detailed analyses of the first three papers in a broader comparative frame, exploring differences in the correlates of drug use, in light of the different levels of drug use in Sweden and Switzerland.</p><p>The thesis reveals that the drug users are striving to be understood as normal integrated citizens of Swedish society. They present themselves as inherently different from drug abusers and the informants’ risk perceptions are based on a modified form of core Swedish cultural ideals of conscientiousness. The informants also waver back and forth when called upon to discuss gender and drug-taking. On the one hand they were explicit about existing differences between men’s and women’s drug use; on the other hand they were quite uncomfortable having to explicitly explain them, as this meant that they needed to draw on conservative gender roles, something which in Swedish society is a strong sign of being politically incorrect. Furthermore, the thesis shows that young drug abstainers and cannabis users are quite similar in regards to conventional social bonds.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cambridge, 1994. / Title from Web site (viewed on Oct. 19, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

This study describes a questionnaire survey of seven university libraries across the country. The study was conducted to determine the perceptions of librarians in regards to unaffiliated users, and how well librarians understand the policies at their institutions. The results show that while affiliated patrons are seen most in instructional sessions and at the reference desk, there is no dominating area of interaction with unaffiliated patrons. And despite the multitude of opinions surrounding how unaffiliated users are and should be treated compared to those associated with an institution, librarians still show a strong desire to treat all patrons as fairly as possible.

This dissertation relates and analysis the development of the Swedish mobile telephone industry from 1950-98. Based on a research of entrepreneurial theories three forms of entrepreneurship are formulated, the individual as entrepreneur, the company as entrepreneur, and the network as entrepreneur. The mobile telephone industry is seen as a technological system incorporating a broad spectrum of participants, and the account analysis how the entrepreneurs carry out different types of innovations. It starts out as a technical project, with market related innovations becoming a greater force in the final phase. The source of entrepreneurship varies over time and the individual plays a significant role early on while the network becomes of a greater importance as the system develops. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

One of the assumptions made when mental problems are defined as a medical problem is that certain problems, certain diagnoses, are chronic. Nevertheless, a substantial number of follow-up studies have shown that the course of development in patients with these diagnoses is neither uniform nor chronic. The aim of this dissertation is to summarise the state of the art in the knowledge about recovery from severe mental disorders and to examine in depth which factors people who have recovered regard as having helped them in their recovery, and in which ways. These two aims have resulted in two separate but complementary presentations of results. The review of the state of the art, which focuses on the diagnosis schizophrenia, shows that some two-thirds of the patients who received this diagnosis have recovered, either totally or socially. The variation in the percentage of persons who have recovered is explained in the study by such factors as fluctuations in national and local unemployment rates, in definitions of the diagnoses and in access to psychiatric care. On the other hand, the introduction of various treatment interventions seems to have had no noticeable effect on the recovery rate, although it has affected the relapse frequency. There is still a long way to go towards understanding the recovery process and how it can be facilitated. The interview study with persons who have been treated for severe mental disorders and recovered show the patients themselves to be a crucial factor in their own recovery. Throughout the whole course of the disorder, they struggle to find ways to manage both their symptoms and the factors that cause them. What appears to others as symptoms might instead be theperson’s unsuccessful attempts to manage existential problems. Entering into and maintaining relationships with other people is another crucial factor in recovery work. Professionals from a variety of backgrounds as well as family members and other laypersons can contribute to recovery, first and foremost in that they represent continuity between diverse facets of the person’s life; they engage with the person in his/her full complexity, not as someone reduced to a diagnosis and a given patient role, nor by denying the fact of the person’s suffering. Still another factor in recovery work is material conditions which impact on the person’s possibility to regain an identity as a full member of the community. Lastly, the descriptions that the respondents give of their recovery practice have certain constructed meanings in common. These meanings can be categorised as medical, therapeutic, spiritual and interactional. In many of the life stories collected in this study, several of these categories of meaning appear in unison, co-existing in one and the same life story. There is a recurrent theme running through these practice stories of recovery: that people in their everyday lives are not reducible to their problems, but at the same time these problems must not be denied. That people have both weaknesses and strengths, sometimes existing within the same spheres of life and occurring simultaneously; but that in relationships with other people they are given scope to manage and live with these contradictions is of central importance for recovery practice.

Spatial information presented visually is not easily accessible to visually impairedusers. Current technologies, such as screen readers, cannot intuitively conveyspatial layout or structure. This lack of overview is an obstacle for a visuallyimpaired user, both when using the computer individually and when collaboratingwith other users. With the development of haptic and audio technologies, it ispossible to let visually impaired users access to three-dimensional (3D) VirtualReality (VR) environments through the senses of touch and hearing.The work presented in this thesis comprises investigations of haptic and audiointeraction for visually impaired computer users in two stages.The first stage of my research focused on collaborations between sighted andblind-folded computer users in a shared virtual environment. One aspect Iconsidered is how different modalities affect one’s awareness of the other’sactions, as well as of one’s own actions, during the work process. The secondaspect I investigated is common ground, i.e. how visually impaired people obtaina common understanding of the elements of their workspace through differentmodalities. A third aspect I looked at was how different modalities affectperceived social presence, i.e. their ability to perceive the other person’sintentions and emotions. Finally, I attempted to understand how human behaviorand efficiency in task performance are affected when different modalities are usedin collaborative situations.The second stage of my research focused on how the visually impaired access3D multimodal virtual environment individually. I conducted two studies basedon two different haptic and audio prototypes concerning understanding the effectof haptic-audio modalities on navigation and interface design. One prototype thatI created was a haptic and audio game, a labyrinth. The other is a virtualsimulation environment based on the real world of Kulturhuset in Stockholm. Oneaspect I investigated in this individual interaction is how it is possible for users toaccess the spatial layout through a multimodal virtual environment. The secondaspect I investigated is usability; how the haptic and audio cues help visuallyimpaired people understand the spatial layout. The third aspect concernsnavigation and cognitive mapping in a multimodal virtual environment.This thesis contributes to the field of human-computer interaction for thevisually impaired with a set of studies of multimodal interactive systems, andbrings new perspectives to the enhancement of understanding real environmentsfor visually impaired users through a haptic and audio virtual computerenvironment. / QC20100701

The purpose of this thesis is to improve our knowledge of substance users in the normal population. The main concern is with how the meaning of drug use is constructed. To answer this, the thesis draws on different theoretical principles and mixed methods design. The thesis is made up of four sub-studies, with interconnected foci. The first three papers are based on a qualitative research project in which 44 socially integrated drug users in Stockholm were interviewed. The fourth paper is a cross-national quantitative analysis of nationally representative student samples. The first of the three qualitative papers explores the construction of the informant’s self-identity. The second paper analyses the informant’s perceptions of drug-related risk, whilst the third paper analyses the drug users’ perception of differences between men’s and women’s drug use. The fourth paper sets the detailed analyses of the first three papers in a broader comparative frame, exploring differences in the correlates of drug use, in light of the different levels of drug use in Sweden and Switzerland. The thesis reveals that the drug users are striving to be understood as normal integrated citizens of Swedish society. They present themselves as inherently different from drug abusers and the informants’ risk perceptions are based on a modified form of core Swedish cultural ideals of conscientiousness. The informants also waver back and forth when called upon to discuss gender and drug-taking. On the one hand they were explicit about existing differences between men’s and women’s drug use; on the other hand they were quite uncomfortable having to explicitly explain them, as this meant that they needed to draw on conservative gender roles, something which in Swedish society is a strong sign of being politically incorrect. Furthermore, the thesis shows that young drug abstainers and cannabis users are quite similar in regards to conventional social bonds.

In a new reform in 2001, Swedish authorities emphasized the need for support for persons with psychiatric disabilities living in the community. This reform included the establishment of a new occupation: the Swedish case manager, personligt ombud (PO). In examining this new occupation, the overall aim of this thesis is to analyze how the Swedish case manager, PO, as an evolving occupation, affects and is affected by the organisational and professional field in which it enters. More specifically, the aim is to describe and analyse, using organisational and professional theories, the changing processes that the PO con-tributes to in the welfare system and the practice of social policy, the field of social psychiatry focusing on the discretion for professionals and in the under-standing of the professional role to help as described by clients. Three studies have been carried out. The first study, for the licentiate´s degree, focused on the PO occupational role and functions for the welfare system as well as for mental health service users. In the second study, the results from the first study were analyzed together with the results of another reform, namely, the Swedish care manager reform, in order to investigate their joint implications for social policy and its practice. The third study focused on what meaning the PO has for the clients and particularly what features of the service the clients find to be helpful. In summary, the results indicate that the PO contributes to the development of a negotiated rights model, by taking on the assignment of advocacy as a client representative, and then defining the social worker as a representative for the organisation with the assignment of needs assessment. In the field of social psychiatry, the PO fills a vacancy by supporting the legitimacy of the professionals as well as their organisations. Furthermore, the PO has a function of providing organised transparency through restricting the discretion of other professionals. The discretion of the PO itself has weak boundaries allowing for great liberty of action. Finally, the PO service has led to a new understanding of the professional role, as built on reciprocity with the client, using knowledge evolving from the interaction between the professional PO and the client. These findings suggest that the PO could be understood as a new occupation evolving from weak professional traits to, as suggested, a new model for professionalism, called user-mandated professionalism. This emphasizes the reciprocative foundation of knowledge between the service user and the professional.

Ofta fokuseras det på större företag i undervisningen, men verkligheten är den att de flesta företag i Sverige är små eller medelstora. Det finns olika definitioner av vad ett småföretag är, men ingen är mer rätt än någon annan och i denna uppsats kommer EU:s definition att användas. Alla företag, stora som små, har någon/några som vill ta del av företagets ekonomiska information. De små företagen har oftast inte lika många intressenter som de stora företagen, och därför är det sannolikt att de inte behöver en lika komplicerad och detaljerad redovisning. Dessa mindre företag har under en längre tid haft samma regelverk som de större, men BFN, IASB och lagstiftare har påbörjat ett förenklingsarbete av redovisningsreglerna. För att kunna vara säker på att de nya reglerna verkligen fyller sitt syfte är det viktigt att de uppfyller de krav som företagen och användarna av redovisningsinformationen har. Det är därför viktigt med ytterligare forskning inom området då man fortfarande har relativt lite kunskap om vilka som använder sig av redovisningen och hur. Vi vill med denna uppsats skapa förståelse för vilka småföretagen ser som huvudanvändare av externredovisningen samt hur denna används. Vi vill vidare undersöka om småföretagens syn på huvudanvändarna skiljer sig från de studier och den litteratur som finns på området. För att samla in vårt empiriska material har vi använt oss av telefonintervjuer. Vi har intervjuat 36 småföretag i Jönköpings län, och av respondenterna är hälften byggföretag och den resterande hälften är tjänsteföretag. I denna uppsats har vi kommit fram till att majoriteten av de allra minsta företagen ser upprättandet av externredovisningen som ett nödvändigt ont, och att betydelsen av den har en tendens att öka när antalet anställda och antalet ägare ökar. Detta kan tänkas bero på att kunskapen inte finns i de mindre företagen. Den användning småföretagen ser att de har av externredovisningen är för uppföljning, vid planering, för likviditetsmätning, som beslutsunderlag och för att informera personalen och företagsledningen. Utifrån vår undersökning har det framkommit att småföretagen ser ägare/styrelsen/VD, banken och skattemyndigheten som de främsta huvudanvändarna. Vårt resultat stämmer till stor del in på tidigare studier, men vissa skillnader finns. Vi har även fått andra svar så som kunder, revisorn, leverantörer, konkurrenter och övriga. Revisorn är ett svar som kan diskuteras då ingen från den litteratur vi använt tagit upp detta, men även för att denne i praktiken inte använder sig av redovisningen så som till exempel banken. Slutligen kan det konstateras att storleken har betydelse, då vi kan se skillnader mellan de allra minsta småföretagen och de största. / In most cases within educational fields it is the bigger companies which get most attention, though infact in Sweden there are the small and medium size entities which are of larger number. There are several definitions what a small enterprise stands for and how to define it. Therefore it is hard to say that one definition is better than another, however in this thesis EU’s definition will be used. All companies no matter size have some stakeholders who want to take part of the financial state-ments of the company. The smallest companies have most of the time not that many users/shareholders as the bigger companies and for that reason it is likely that they do not need an equally complicated and detailed accounting. These smaller companies have during some time had the same regulatory laws as the large companies, nevertheless BFN (Bokföringsnämnden, the Swedish government’s accounting experts), IASB and legislates have begun to work with facilitation of the accounting regulatory. To assure that the new rules really fulfil their purpose it is essential that they accomplish the requirements which the companies and users of the accounting have. Thus it is necessary with further research within this area since there is still moderately little knowledge regarding who the users of the accounting are and how they use the information. Our aim with this thesis is to create understanding of whom the small enterprises see as their main user of accounting and how it is used. Further we want to investigate if a small enterprise’s view of a user differs from already existing studies and literature concerning this topic. To collect our empirical material we have chosen to conduct telephone interviews. We have interviewed 36 small enterprises within the Jönköping region in Sweden. Half of the selected companies consist of enterprises from the construction sector and the other half from the service sector. With our research we are able to conclude that the majority of the smallest companies see the accounting as a complex performance that has to be done although the purpose of it has a tendency to enhance along with the number of employees and owners. This could be the consequence of lack of knowledge among the smaller companies. The small enterprises consider their main use of the accounting to be planning, to follow-up, to measure liquidity, basic data for decision making and to provide employees and management with information. On the basis of our study it has emerged that the small enterprises see owner/management/CEO, the bank and the tax authority as the major users. Our result corresponds to some extent with ear-lier research, but there are differences as well. Among our responds we have obtained answers like customers, the accountant, suppliers, competitors and others. It can be discussed why the accountant was mentioned due to none in the literature we have been using brings this up, but also because of that the accountant does not use the accounting in the same way as for example the bank. To conclude we can state that the size does matter when we are able to see differences in the result between the smallest companies and slightly bigger ones.

The aim of this master's thesis is to study public libraries' marketing on the social media site Twitter. To achieve this goal, the Twitter accounts of four Swedish public libraries were studied for several months. The four libraries that were studied consist of Stockholm library, Lidingö library, Malmö library, and Gothenburg library. The marketing theory that inspired me is called the seven Ps of marketing, which is a marketing mix that is specifically developed for service industries. My main sources in the application of the theory have been the works of Ned Potter and Eileen Elliott de Sáez, which combine marketing with the field of library and information science. Netnography, a qualitative method that studies online communities, has been applied as methodology. The methods that have been used consist of online observations and e-mail interviews. It was seen that the libraries use Twitter as a marketing tool to attain more users and to strengthen their ties with the existing users. Through Twitter, libraries promote their products to users. The communication between the library and its users becomes an important factor in marketing the library on Twitter. It was observed that users play an active role in marketing the library on Twitter. Users not only shape the marketing of the library through their responses but they also contribute to the marketing of the library by retweeting libraries' tweets or "mentioning" the libraries on Twitter. This is a two years master's thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera folkbibliotekens marknadsföring på det sociala mediet Twitter. För att uppnå detta mål, har aktiviteterna på fyra specifika folkbiblioteks Twitterkonton studerades i drygt fyra månader. De fyra folkbiblioteken vars Twitterkonton undersöktes består av Stockholms stadsbibliotek, Lidingö stadsbibliotek och Malmö stadsbibliotek samt Stadsbiblioteket Göteborg. Den marknadsföringsteori som inspirerade mig kallas för de sju P:na, vilket är en marknadsmix som är speciellt utvecklad för tjänstebranscher. Mina huvudsakliga källor i tillämpningen av teorin har varit verk av Ned Potter och Eileen Elliott de Sáez som kombinerar marknadsföring med biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap. Netnografi, en kvalitativ metod som studerar samhället på Internet, applicerades som metodik. Online-observationer och e-post-intervjuer har även utförts som en del av analysmetoden. Resultaten visar att biblioteken använder Twitter som ett marknadsföringsverktyg för att nå fler användare, göra reklam för sina produkter och för att stärka sina band med de befintliga användarna. Kommunikationen mellan biblioteken och dess användare blir en viktig faktor i marknadsföringen av biblioteket på Twitter. Användarna spelar en viktig roll, eftersom de både formar marknadsföringen av biblioteket genom sin respons och bidrar till ökad reklam för biblioteket genom att retweeta deras tweets eller nämna biblioteken i sina egna tweets. Detta är en tvåårig masteruppsats inom programmet Arkivvetenskap, Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap samt Musei- och kulturvetenskap.