Is it unavoidable fact that the interface of a program will change when the program is updated. It is a well-known problem that such changes lead to usability issues, even if the new interface in itself is usable. In increasingly digitalized society where using computers and the Internet is no longer a matter of interest, but a necessity to manage everyday life, it is important that older generation is included in the rapid development. Older adults generally suffer from physical, motor and cognitive decline that can create barrier to using computers. Changing interface can be particularly problematic for this age group, and a smooth transition from the old interface to the new one is needed. Fifteen older and five younger computer users were recruited, to study how a drastically modified computer interface influences older adults as computer users. Internet Explorer 10 for Windows 8 was used as testing software for the case study where the participants were asked to conduct a series of tasks to observe the effects of first time experience with the new interface. The attitudes and the emotions towards the new interface, as well as the difficulties encountered during the first time use were studied in the thesis. The result showed the clear difference between the younger and older participants. Older participants generally had a more positive attitude towards the new browser, even though they encountered more difficulties during the test. The younger participants managed to complete the tasks with less assistance, but were skeptical towards the new interface. Despite the differences in the emotional reactions, both groups were reluctant to update to the new interface, which was shown to be particularly problematic for older participants. The result of the study indicates that an interface that undergoes major restructuring is most likely to be problematic for senior computer users. Thus, there is a need for a bridging strategy between the old and the new interface.

The purpose of this thesis was to explore socially constructed discursive barriers to physical activity for people with physical disabilities. This research was informed by a critical disability studies framework. Eight interviews were conducted, split between end-users and stakeholders. The end-user article discusses their perspectives with regard to their own PA participation, their use of PA resources, and their views of how disability is constructed. The stakeholder article deals with their views with regard to Canada’s progress in creating inclusive PA guidelines, the research process as it effects people with physical disabilities, and how disability is constructed. The results showed awareness among both groups of the social model of disability, but that the medical model is still firmly rooted. Work is needed to create inclusive promotional materials and disseminate them effectively. An effective advocacy and lobbying effort was suggested as one avenue towards a possible solution to this issue.

Recent advances in HIV antiretroviral therapy and the availability of prophylaxis for opportunistic infections, combined with the opportunity to prevent perinatal HIV infection, underscores the value of early diagnosis of HIV infection. HIV antibody home test kits offer individuals the opportunity to collect a blood sample, send it anonymously to a laboratory, and receive counseling and referral over the phone. Home HIV testing may reduce barriers to testing that have precluded individuals from learning their HIV serostatus, and if seropositive, from taking advantage of efficacious therapeutic and preventive regimens. This study employed a randomized-controlled prospective field trial design to determine if the availability of home testing increased HIV testing relative to traditional counseling and testing among injecting drug users in three HIV prevention/drug treatment contexts; methadone maintenance, hospital-based detoxification, and syringe exchange. Theoretical correlates to HIV testing were also evaluated. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that participants randomized to home testing were 2.2 times more likely than those randomized to traditional counseling and testing to test for HIV antibodies in this study after controlling for demographic, HIV risk, and theoretical variables. No differences were observed between testing methods with regard to obtaining HIV test results. The relationship between HIV testing and test type was moderated by drug treatment context and history of homeless, with home testing resulting in increased testing among methadone participants and persons without a history of homelessness. Analyses of theoretical variables suggested that prevention education stressing the benefits of HIV testing, personal risk of HIV infection, and efficacy of available treatments could increase HIV testing among injecting drug users. Participants randomized to home testing were more satisfied with testing and telephone-based counseling than were those receiving traditional testing and face-to-face counseling. Home testing was associated with increased testing perhaps due to reduced barriers to testing. To further reduce barriers to testing and to increase testing among injecting drug users, consideration should be given to incorporating oral fluid testing and rapid result capability in home test kits. Counseling could be made available as needed, delivered by telephone, and contingent upon the volitional control of the testing consumer.

Purpose: The aim is to investigate the mechanisms behind the destructive entrepreneurship in the assistance industry. Method: To investigate the destructive entrepreneurship in the assistance industry, we conducted a qualitative study in the form of semi-structured questions. In total, we interviewed four authorities and an employer organization. Theory: Theoretical framework: The study is based on Baumol's (1990) theory of productive, unproductive and destructive entrepreneurship and rent-seeking by Murphy et al (1991), but the study's principal theory that we have chosen to apply is the routine activity theory of Cohen & Felson (1979) that describes three elements that must come together in order for a crime to be committed. Conclusions and discussion: Our study shows that it is clear that there is both fraud and abuse within the assistance allowance, which can be done in different ways. Some users simulate their illness that they exaggerate their need for assistance. Some assistance providers have abused the compensation by paying lower wages and empty false wages etc. The study showed that there also exists a type of human trafficking. The fraud/abuse includes millions of kroner and it requires several people to accomplish the embezzlement. The most common form in which cheating occurs is limited but it is suspected that the abuse occurs in all forms of assistance other than the cooperative assistance form. The assistance industry is not in a position of being undermined; however, compensation levels may be slightly compressed. / Syfte: Syftet är att utreda mekanismerna bakom det destruktiva entreprenörskapet i assistansbranschen. Metod: För att undersöka det destruktiva entreprenörskapet i assistansbranschen har vi genomfört en kvalitativ undersökning i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Totalt intervjuade vi fyra myndigheter och en arbetsgivareorganisation. Teoretisk referensram: Studien utgår ifrån Baumols (1990) teori om produktivt, improduktivt samt destruktivt entreprenörskap och privilegiejaktsteorin av Murphy med flera (1991), men studiens huvudteori som vi har valt att tillämpa är rutinaktivitetsteorin av Cohen & Felson (1979) som beskriver tre förutsättningar som måste sammanstråla för att ett brott ska kunna begås. Slutsats och Diskussion: Vår studie visar att det står klart att det förekommer både fusk och missbruk inom assistansersättningen vilket kan utföras på olika sätt. Från att vissa brukare simulerar sin sjukdom till att de överdriver sina assistansbehov. Vissa assistansanordnare har missbrukat ersättningen genom att betala lägre löner och t.o.m. falska löner mm. Studien visade att det också förekommer en typ av människohandel. Fusket/missbruket handlar om miljonbelopp och det krävs ett nätverk av personer för att åstadkomma förskingringen. Den vanligaste formen där fusket förekommer är aktiebolag men det misstänks att missbruket förekommer i alla assistansformerna utom den kooperativa assistansformen. Assistansbranschen riskerar dock inte att undermineras däremot kan ersättningsnivåerna komma att pressas något.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate how the BSC is used to measure performance by the provider and the users in a municipality. Furthermore, the purpose is also to examine the different views of providers and users of BSC in different departments. Design/methodology/approach – The research on the use of the BSC is based on a single case study in Kristianstad municipality. The case study was performed on three different administrations, culture and recreation, children and education, and care which are representing users of the BSC. The case study was also performed in the city management which presented the provider of the scorecard. Afterwards, the results of the case study have been analyzed from an institutional perspective. Findings - In this case study, it is concluded that the BSC is a useful tool for performance measurement in the municipality of Kristianstad. The providers and users of the scorecard are viewed differently as a performance tool. Research limitations – Due to a small sample size, it is difficult to generalize the results of this single case study. Future research could expand this study by a quantitative study based on a survey including all Swedish municipalities. Another proposal can be comparative case studies of different municipalities. Practical implications – This thesis shows how the BSC is used for performance measurement and how it is viewed from the providers and users. Using the results of this study, managers can use the scorecard in a more efficient way. Originality/value – This single case study examines the use of BSC in Krisitanstad municipality as there have been relatively few studies in this area. With the collection of the empirical evidence we have contributed with literature in this area.

This study is an analysis of the traffic situation for pedestrians and bicyclist, unprotected road users, in Accra’s Central Business District. A Swedish method, Calm streets, is used to identify conflicts in the mixed traffic situation. The findings reveal a large amount of conflicts between unprotected road users and motor vehicles. These conflicts cause congestions which have negative implications on the environment, health and economy. In addition an assessment of the quality of and access to pedestrian and bicycle facilities were conducted. This assessment indicates that the quality and access to the facilities are in general low, especially for the disabled, elderly and children. A larger Traffic Network Analysis and a Cost Benefit Analysis are needed to address these problems for stakeholders and decision makers.

This study is a qualitative examination of twenty current and former users of marijuana, using in-depth interviews as the units of analysis. The relationship between the participants’ perceived costs and rewards, type and amount of linguistic accounts used, as well as frequency of use are explored using Homans' exchange theory and Lyman and Scott’s theory of accounts. Reasons for continuation, regulation, and cessation of use are also studied. It is found that the participants use marijuana for a varied amount of reasons; these reasons directly influence how they account for their behavior as well as their frequency of use, particularly whether or not they use marijuana on a daily basis.

The purpose of this study is to find the motivation to use of Facebook, the social presence of Facebook and the popular network media now, and verifying how the major motivations on Facebook and social presence on Facebook and the other popular network media affect to the frequency of use on these platforms. It tested hypotheses through questionnaire. By the random sampling method, 202 returned online questionnaires in total were regarded as valid (64.74% response rate). The findings have been summarized as the following: 1. The male to female ratio of Facebook users are close, the students are majority job, and many users are also workers. 2. If Facebook and internet community media characteristics are different, it will affect the user's social presence. 3. If there are Facebook users have different motivations to use, it won¡¦t influence the frequency of use of the Internet community media. 4. The higher level of social presence when the more biased nature of personal communication medium of the Internet community. 5. The differences in social presence will influence the frequency of use of the communication media. 6. Relax and browse information on the motivation are major motivations for the user of Facebook.

<p>Ofta fokuseras det på större företag i undervisningen, men verkligheten är den att de flesta företag i Sverige är små eller medelstora. Det finns olika definitioner av vad ett småföretag är, men ingen är mer rätt än någon annan och i denna uppsats kommer EU:s definition att användas. Alla företag, stora som små, har någon/några som vill ta del av företagets ekonomiska information. De små företagen har oftast inte lika många intressenter som de stora företagen, och därför är det sannolikt att de inte behöver en lika komplicerad och detaljerad redovisning. Dessa mindre företag har under en längre tid haft samma regelverk som de större, men BFN, IASB och lagstiftare har påbörjat ett förenklingsarbete av redovisningsreglerna.</p><p>För att kunna vara säker på att de nya reglerna verkligen fyller sitt syfte är det viktigt att de uppfyller de krav som företagen och användarna av redovisningsinformationen har. Det är därför viktigt med ytterligare forskning inom området då man fortfarande har relativt lite kunskap om vilka som använder sig av redovisningen och hur.</p><p>Vi vill med denna uppsats skapa förståelse för vilka småföretagen ser som huvudanvändare av externredovisningen samt hur denna används. Vi vill vidare undersöka om småföretagens syn på huvudanvändarna skiljer sig från de studier och den litteratur som finns på området.</p><p>För att samla in vårt empiriska material har vi använt oss av telefonintervjuer. Vi har intervjuat 36 småföretag i Jönköpings län, och av respondenterna är hälften byggföretag och den resterande hälften är tjänsteföretag.</p><p>I denna uppsats har vi kommit fram till att majoriteten av de allra minsta företagen ser upprättandet av externredovisningen som ett nödvändigt ont, och att betydelsen av den har en tendens att öka när antalet anställda och antalet ägare ökar. Detta kan tänkas bero på att kunskapen inte finns i de mindre företagen. Den användning småföretagen ser att de har av externredovisningen är för uppföljning, vid planering, för likviditetsmätning, som beslutsunderlag och för att informera personalen och företagsledningen.</p><p>Utifrån vår undersökning har det framkommit att småföretagen ser ägare/styrelsen/VD, banken och skattemyndigheten som de främsta huvudanvändarna. Vårt resultat stämmer till stor del in på tidigare studier, men vissa skillnader finns. Vi har även fått andra svar så som kunder, revisorn, leverantörer, konkurrenter och övriga. Revisorn är ett svar som kan diskuteras då ingen från den litteratur vi använt tagit upp detta, men även för att denne i praktiken inte använder sig av redovisningen så som till exempel banken. Slutligen kan det konstateras att storleken har betydelse, då vi kan se skillnader mellan de allra minsta småföretagen och de största.</p> / <p>In most cases within educational fields it is the bigger companies which get most attention, though infact in Sweden there are the small and medium size entities which are of larger number. There are several definitions what a small enterprise stands for and how to define it. Therefore it is hard to say that one definition is better than another, however in this thesis EU’s definition will be used.</p><p>All companies no matter size have some stakeholders who want to take part of the financial state-ments of the company. The smallest companies have most of the time not that many users/shareholders as the bigger companies and for that reason it is likely that they do not need an equally complicated and detailed accounting. These smaller companies have during some time had the same regulatory laws as the large companies, nevertheless BFN (Bokföringsnämnden, the Swedish government’s accounting experts), IASB and legislates have begun to work with facilitation of the accounting regulatory.</p><p>To assure that the new rules really fulfil their purpose it is essential that they accomplish the requirements which the companies and users of the accounting have. Thus it is necessary with further research within this area since there is still moderately little knowledge regarding who the users of the accounting are and how they use the information.</p><p>Our aim with this thesis is to create understanding of whom the small enterprises see as their main user of accounting and how it is used. Further we want to investigate if a small enterprise’s view of a user differs from already existing studies and literature concerning this topic.</p><p>To collect our empirical material we have chosen to conduct telephone interviews. We have interviewed 36 small enterprises within the Jönköping region in Sweden. Half of the selected companies consist of enterprises from the construction sector and the other half from the service sector.</p><p>With our research we are able to conclude that the majority of the smallest companies see the accounting as a complex performance that has to be done although the purpose of it has a tendency to enhance along with the number of employees and owners. This could be the consequence of lack of knowledge among the smaller companies. The small enterprises consider their main use of the accounting to be planning, to follow-up, to measure liquidity, basic data for decision making and to provide employees and management with information.</p><p>On the basis of our study it has emerged that the small enterprises see owner/management/CEO, the bank and the tax authority as the major users. Our result corresponds to some extent with ear-lier research, but there are differences as well. Among our responds we have obtained answers like customers, the accountant, suppliers, competitors and others. It can be discussed why the accountant was mentioned due to none in the literature we have been using brings this up, but also because of that the accountant does not use the accounting in the same way as for example the bank. To conclude we can state that the size does matter when we are able to see differences in the result between the smallest companies and slightly bigger ones.</p>

<p>This study focuses on cell phone usage. By comparing how a group of students use their cell phones in Sweden with that in China, alterant cell phone usage behaviors will be concluded. The study includes a case study. In order to do the research, the author selects a specific group and holds interviews. Three theories are used in this thesis which are: 1) mobile context, 2) switching behavior of mobile users and 3) transaction utility and reference situation. After introducing these three theories, the author concludes six theoretical factors which are combined into one competent framework. Base on the new framework, the author analyzes the result from the case study. After presenting the interview and the results, the author finds that Chinese students use their cell phones less frequent in Sweden compared to that in China. In order to find out the reasons, the author creates goal, emotion, fee, location and habit as the five matching factors which result in those changes. The matching factors are the bridge between the theories and the case study. After generalizing how those factors affect people while using cell phones, future work is to raise up some thoughts of how cell phones will be like in the future which is relevant to how to adapt information technology to human lives.</p>