O presente trabalho busca explorar como a dimensão do traumático incide na literatura contemporânea, mais especificamente, na literatura de um escritor nova-iorquino, Paul Auster. Supomos que as modalidades de subjetivação de determinado período histórico podem ser investigadas a partir de objetos estéticos culturais particulares, ou, pelo menos, que determinadas obras podem servir como uma espécie de testemunho e de historiografia dos sofrimentos de uma época. Esboçamos possíveis ressonâncias entre o plano geral da cultura e da história e o das qualidades específicas e expressivas de uma obra determinada, o que abre espaço para um diálogo entre esses domínios. Com isso, contudo, não se espera privilegiar o que é externo à obra em detrimento dela, e muito menos explicar a literatura pelo recurso a teorias e sistemas de compreensão prévios. Ao contrário, partimos de uma leitura próxima e imanente às obras para realizar ensaios a partir de três livros de Paul Auster: A invenção da solidão, O livro das ilusões e Noite do oráculo. Tais leituras seguiram uma espécie de ética da hospitalidade enquanto ética da leitura. Seguindo de perto as obras, e instalando-se nelas como num regime de habitação, fomos abrindo pontos de contato e comunicação entre as obras, bem como com outras dimensões da história, principalmente no que concerne a aspectos traumáticos e catastróficos. Os ensaios aventam a hipótese de que os livros de Paul Auster escolhidos demonstram, em seu aspecto mais formal, aspectos importantes do que veio a ser conhecido, na psicanálise, como compulsão à repetição. Além disso, a transmissão de aspectos indigestos e traumáticos transgeracionais, por via de criptas psíquicas, pode ser observada na própria autobiografia de Paul Auster, notadamente, A Invenção da solidão. As vicissitudes e destinos do trauma em sua dimensão transgeracional e individual são articuladas com o plano da cultura e com outros pensadores. Propomos, também, uma modalidade de leitura reparadora, em contraposição a uma leitura paranoica, para responder à complexidade e às ambiguidades das obras selecionadas / The present thesis aims to explore how the dimension of the traumatic concurs in contemporary literature, particularly in the one by New Yorker writer Paul Auster. It is supposed that the forms of subjectivity in a certain historical period can be searched into on the basis of particular cultural aesthetic objects. Or, at least, certain pieces of work can render as some sort of witness, as well as historiography of suffering in a particular era. It has been possible to outline some resonances between the general cultural and historical level ground and the one of expressive and specific qualities in a certain work, which opens space for a dialog between these domains. Nevertheless it is not expected neither to grant a privilege to what is external to the piece of work to its detriment, nor to explain literature from the theories and systems of previous comprehension. To the contrary, a close and immanent reading has been made, in order to make an assay, out of three of Paul Austers books: The invention of solitude, The book of illusions and Oracle Night. Such reading has followed some kind of hospitality ethics whereas reading ethics. Accompanying closely these works, and settling down on them as in a habitation regime, points of communication were opened between them, as well as with other dimensions of history, mainly to what concerns traumatic and catastrophic aspects. The assays suggest the hypothesis that these chosen Austers books demonstrate, in their formal aspect, important features of what has become known in Psychoanalysis as compulsion of repeating. Furthermore, the transmission of transgenerational indigestive and traumatic aspects, through psychic crypts, can be observed in Austers autobiography The invention of solitude. The vicissitudes and destinies of trauma on its transgenerational and individual dimensions are articulated with the cultural level ground and with other authors. It is also proposed a modality of repairing reading, in opposition to a paranoid reading, to respond to the complexity and ambiguity of the selected works

A partir da década de 1980, a disseminação de práticas macroeconômicas chamadas de neoliberais, cujo objetivo central é garantir a flexibilidade dos fluxos de capital em nível internacional, alterou não apenas os padrões mundiais de financiamento e comércio externo, mas toda a lógica de funcionamento da produção, do investimento, do consumo e das políticas dos governos. Tais alterações provocaram uma profunda redistribuição de funções entre os países no conjunto da economia internacional, abrindo espaço para o questionamento quanto a uma possível mudança da hierarquia historicamente estabelecida entre os países chamados do Centro e aqueles da Periferia. Este trabalho se insere nessa discussão, analisando o papel específico do Brasil no contexto da economia neoliberal e os impactos dessa inserção externa sobre a economia nacional. Partindo de uma revisão dos conceitos de neoliberalismo, desenvolvimento e dependência, e partindo também da concepção de que o Brasil foi progressivamente assumindo um papel de plataforma internacional de valorização financeira, nosso objetivo será o de mostrar que essa condição alterou substancialmente os parâmetros de definição de sua dependência externa, abrindo algumas possiblidades para a redução de sua vulnerabilidade. No entanto, a redução da dependência não significou uma associação imediata a melhores condições de desenvolvimento, o que exigiria do país um posicionamento adicional em termos da reconstrução de seu Projeto Nacional em meio à nova realidade do neoliberalismo internacional. Para a análise aqui efetuada, consideramos, sempre que possível no âmbito de comparações internacionais, o comportamento das contas externas, da composição do produto e dos mecanismos dinâmicos de incentivo à demanda e à inovação na economia brasileira em momentos de expansão e crise dos mercados financeiros, ressaltando o papel do dólar como condutor dos parâmetros de valorização. / Starting from the 1980\'s, the spread of the so called neoliberal macroeconomics practices, which were meant to guarantee international capital flows flexibility, changed not only commercial and financial world market patterns, but also, the functioning rationale of production, investment, consumption and government policies. Those changes created a profound redistribution of functions among countries in the international economic system, opening up the possibility of a much deeper change, involving the historically established relation between Center and Periphery countries. This thesis is part of this discussion analyzing the Brazilian specific role played in the context of the neoliberal economy and the impacts of its international position over the national economy. Departing from a revision of the concepts of neoliberalism, development and dependency and considering that the country was gradually assuming a role of international finance valorization platform, our goal is to show that this condition substantially altered the parameters from which external dependency was once defined, opening up some possibilities for the reduction of the vulnerability. Nevertheless, the dependency reduction did not create an immediate association with better conditions for development, which would ask for an additional statement from the country in terms of the reconstruction of its National Project in the new neoliberalism international reality. For this analysis, we consider, whenever possible in international comparisons, the behavior of Brazilian international accounts, internal product composition and dynamic mechanisms for demand and innovation incentives during financial markets expansions and crises, always highlighting the importance of the dollar as the regent of the valorization patterns.

O presente trabalho busca explorar como a dimensão do traumático incide na literatura contemporânea, mais especificamente, na literatura de um escritor nova-iorquino, Paul Auster. Supomos que as modalidades de subjetivação de determinado período histórico podem ser investigadas a partir de objetos estéticos culturais particulares, ou, pelo menos, que determinadas obras podem servir como uma espécie de testemunho e de historiografia dos sofrimentos de uma época. Esboçamos possíveis ressonâncias entre o plano geral da cultura e da história e o das qualidades específicas e expressivas de uma obra determinada, o que abre espaço para um diálogo entre esses domínios. Com isso, contudo, não se espera privilegiar o que é externo à obra em detrimento dela, e muito menos explicar a literatura pelo recurso a teorias e sistemas de compreensão prévios. Ao contrário, partimos de uma leitura próxima e imanente às obras para realizar ensaios a partir de três livros de Paul Auster: A invenção da solidão, O livro das ilusões e Noite do oráculo. Tais leituras seguiram uma espécie de ética da hospitalidade enquanto ética da leitura. Seguindo de perto as obras, e instalando-se nelas como num regime de habitação, fomos abrindo pontos de contato e comunicação entre as obras, bem como com outras dimensões da história, principalmente no que concerne a aspectos traumáticos e catastróficos. Os ensaios aventam a hipótese de que os livros de Paul Auster escolhidos demonstram, em seu aspecto mais formal, aspectos importantes do que veio a ser conhecido, na psicanálise, como compulsão à repetição. Além disso, a transmissão de aspectos indigestos e traumáticos transgeracionais, por via de criptas psíquicas, pode ser observada na própria autobiografia de Paul Auster, notadamente, A Invenção da solidão. As vicissitudes e destinos do trauma em sua dimensão transgeracional e individual são articuladas com o plano da cultura e com outros pensadores. Propomos, também, uma modalidade de leitura reparadora, em contraposição a uma leitura paranoica, para responder à complexidade e às ambiguidades das obras selecionadas / The present thesis aims to explore how the dimension of the traumatic concurs in contemporary literature, particularly in the one by New Yorker writer Paul Auster. It is supposed that the forms of subjectivity in a certain historical period can be searched into on the basis of particular cultural aesthetic objects. Or, at least, certain pieces of work can render as some sort of witness, as well as historiography of suffering in a particular era. It has been possible to outline some resonances between the general cultural and historical level ground and the one of expressive and specific qualities in a certain work, which opens space for a dialog between these domains. Nevertheless it is not expected neither to grant a privilege to what is external to the piece of work to its detriment, nor to explain literature from the theories and systems of previous comprehension. To the contrary, a close and immanent reading has been made, in order to make an assay, out of three of Paul Austers books: The invention of solitude, The book of illusions and Oracle Night. Such reading has followed some kind of hospitality ethics whereas reading ethics. Accompanying closely these works, and settling down on them as in a habitation regime, points of communication were opened between them, as well as with other dimensions of history, mainly to what concerns traumatic and catastrophic aspects. The assays suggest the hypothesis that these chosen Austers books demonstrate, in their formal aspect, important features of what has become known in Psychoanalysis as compulsion of repeating. Furthermore, the transmission of transgenerational indigestive and traumatic aspects, through psychic crypts, can be observed in Austers autobiography The invention of solitude. The vicissitudes and destinies of trauma on its transgenerational and individual dimensions are articulated with the cultural level ground and with other authors. It is also proposed a modality of repairing reading, in opposition to a paranoid reading, to respond to the complexity and ambiguity of the selected works

Social organization varies widely among herbivores, and the level of social organization in bison is widely debated. I hypothesized that when mother-daughter relationships are allowed to develop, bison form long-term associations. In my study, 25 treatment mothers were selected from a free-ranging herd and kept together with their calves, while 25 control females had their calves forcefully removed. Treatment mothers and offspring had by far the greatest number of associations with a greater percentage of individuals with a half weight index (HWI) > 0.50. The strongest associations (HWI > 0.31) were among treatment mothers and their offspring. Moreover, these associations persisted over multiple generations. Group coordination requires group decisions and these can vary between extremes. I hypothesized bison utilized both democratic and despotic decisions. I examined movement initiation and direction decisions following rest periods. For direction decisions older cows repeatedly made decisions despotically for the group; in 93% of the choices, group directions were within 95% confidence intervals. For movement initiation, bison used a more democratic decision-making process; group movements did not begin until an average of 47% of adult cows exited the group. Interestingly, the oldest females led this final post-rest movement behavior in 81% of the decisions. Presumably, living in properly functioning social groups has many benefits, including reduced stress. I hypothesized levels of stress was related to animal density. Consequently, yearling bison males were weaned and placed in either 1) tight confinement (TC), 2) loose (LC) confinement, or 3) free-ranging (FR, returned to herd). I measured fecal cortisol metabolites (FCM) as an index of stress. Fecal samples were collected in each group every 2 weeks from January to April 2009. Fecal cortisol levels were lowest for FR (23 ng/g DM), intermediate for LC (39 ng/g DM), and highest for TC (63 ng/g DM; P<0.0001). Fecal cortisol levels also varied by date (P<0.0001), and treatment and date interacted (P<0.0001). These results indicate bison live in extended families. Also, older females strongly influenced the direction of group movements, but bison also used democratic decisions. Finally, confinement greatly increased stress in young male bison compared with allowing them to free-range.

The chronostratigraphic correlation of the Silurian units in Iowa is complicated by complex carbonate depositional environments and poor biostratigraphic control. In this study, we integrate conodont biostratigraphic data with carbon isotope (δ 13Ccarb) chemostratigraphic data from the Blanding, Hopkinton, Scotch Grove, and LaPorte City formations of Iowa to provide a precise chronostratigraphic framework for regional and global correlation. Conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa (East-Central Iowa Basin) in the Garrison Core indicate an early to middle Telychian age for the formation. Conodonts diagnostic of the Pterospathodus eopennatus Superzone, Pterospathodus eopennatus ssp. nov. 2 Zone, and Pterospathodus amorphognathoides angulatus Zone were recovered, allowing for the first direct comparison of the stratigraphic ranges of conodont species from the North American Midcontinent and the Baltic basin. The morphology of Pseudolonchodina fluegeli ssp. n. Männik (2007) co-occurs with Pseudolonchodina fluegeli fluegeli sensu Männik (2007a) in the LaPorte City Formation and are not stratigraphically separated in Iowa as they are in the East Baltic. Wurmiella? polinclinata polinclinata ranges much lower in the East-Central Iowa Basin (Pt. eopennatus ssp. nov. 2 Zone) than the Baltic Basin, so it cannot be used as an index fossil diagnostic of the Pt. am. amorphognathoides Zone in global correlations. Three carbon isotope excursions were recovered from the Hopkinton and Scotch Grove formations. The late Aeronian (herein renamed “Farmers Creek”) carbon isotope excursion and a heretofore unrecorded carbon isotope excursion were recorded from the Hopkinton Formation in the SS-10 Core (Jones County). The Farmers Creek Excursion can be correlated to Johnson County, where it was recorded in the Hopkinton Formation by McAdams et al. (in prep). The Valgu excursion was recovered from the uppermost Hopkinton Formation through the overlying Buck Creek Quarry Member of the Scotch Grove Formation in the Garrison Core (Benton County). This excursion can be correlated to Johnson County, where it was recorded in the same formations. The integration of conodont biostratigraphic and carbon isotope chemostratigraphic data from the Silurian of Iowa allows for the first regional chronostratigraphic correlations at a resolution finer than stage level. The oxygen and carbon isotope values from the Garrison Core and the evidence for post-diagenetic karsting and fluid movement through the units may provide further evidence that the dolomitization process of the LaPorte City Formation was halted by the influx of meteoric phreatic water. This study shows the first high-resolution chronostratigraphic correlation of Silurian units in Iowa, and highlights the utility of integrated carbon isotope chemostratigraphy as a tool for chronostratigraphic correlation in strata with poor biostratigraphic control. The conodonts recovered from the LaPorte City Formation shows the utility of the small limestone formations on the northwest flank of the East-Central Iowa Basin for refining global Silurian conodont biostratigraphic zonation.

This dissertation aims to better understand how various climate modeling approaches affect the fidelity of the North American Monsoon (NAM), as well as the sensitivity of the future state of the NAM under a global warming scenario. Here, we improved over current fully-coupled general circulation models (GCM), which struggle to fully resolve the controlling dynamics responsible for the development and maintenance of the NAM. To accomplish this, we dynamically downscaled a GCM with a regional climate model (RCM). The advantage here being a higher model resolution that improves the representation of processes on scales beyond that which GCMs can resolve. However, as all RCM applications are subject to the transference of biases inherent to the parent GCM, this study developed and evaluated a process to reduce these biases. Pertaining to both precipitation and the various controlling dynamics of the NAM, we found simulations driven by these bias-corrected forcing conditions performed moderately better across a 32-year historical climatology than simulations driven by the original GCM data. Current GCM consensus suggests future tropospheric warming associated with increased radiative forcing as greenhouse gas concentrations increase will suppress the NAM convective environment through greater atmospheric stability. This mechanism yields later onset dates and a generally drier season, but a slight increase to the intensity during July-August. After comparing downscaled simulations forced with original and corrected forcing conditions, we argue that the role of unresolved GCM surface features such as changes to the Gulf of California evaporation lead to a more convective environment. Even when downscaling the original GCM data with known biases, the inclusion of these surface features altered and in some cases reversed GCM trends throughout the southwest United States. This reversal towards a wetter NAM is further magnified in future bias-corrected simulations, which suggest (1) fewer average number of dry days by the end of the 21st century (2) onset occurring up to two to three weeks earlier than the historical average, and (3) more extreme daily precipitation values. However, consistent across each GCM and RCM model is the increase in inter-annual variability, suggesting greater susceptibility to drought conditions in the future.

No description available.

This study examines and demonstrates the value of a matrix approach in the discipline of conservation and the concerns specific to the conservation of archaeological and ethnographic objects. The chapters identify the relevance of the matrix to current conservation practices through a history of artifact conservation and a discussion of the factors that compromise the conservators' role in the study and preservation of material culture. The discussion evaluates the nature of systematic research collections, the impact of legal issues, and the ethics of including cultural context as important aspects in the development of the matrix approach. The matrix approach provides the conservator with a number of variables or categories of information that may assist in the determination of an appropriate conservation process. In this study, the matrix approach was tested on a number of artifact objects. To provide a common link, all of the objects were characterized by paint on some form of cellulose (wood or a wood-like substrate). The object cases were from both ethnographic and archaeological contexts, and the work involved both laboratory procedures and consideration of non-laboratory (i.e. legal, cultural, ethical) aspects. The specific objects included (1) a probable tiponi of archaeological (Anasazi culture) context, (2) a group of coiled baskets of archaeological (Mogollon culture) context, (3) a kachina doll of ethnographic (Hopi culture) context, (4) a group of prayer sticks of archaeological (Puebloan and Tohono O'Odham) context, and (5) a fiddle of ethnographic (Apache culture) context. By recognizing the unique and diverse aspects of anthropology collections, the conservator who uses a matrix approach is better equipped to work with archaeologists on sites, with curators and exhibit designers in museums, and with claimants (or the descendants of an object's maker) in carrying out the multiple activities frequently involved in the conservation of objects as they exist in an ever broadening and more political context.

As discussed in the factor-price equalization theorem, prices, and thus wages, tend to equalize as a result of trade between two countries. The focus of this thesis is to perform a time series regression in order to evaluate whether wage convergence has taken place between Mexico and the United Sates of America due to the establishment of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. The authors of this thesis conclude that wage convergence did take place between the two countries in question, since the slopes found using the regression are mostly positive, indicating an increasing real wage ratio between Mexico and the United States of America.

This dissertation analyzes the missiology of I. T. Tichenor, corresponding secretary of the Home Mission Board from 1882-1900, and provides implications of his missiology on contemporary Southern Baptist North American Missions. Chapter 1 introduces the need for this dissertation and gives the thesis, background, limitations, and methodology of the dissertation. Chapter 2 gives a brief biography of I. T. Tichenor. Tichenor lived from 1825 to 1902, which was one of the most transitional periods in American history. His early life, pastorates, service as a civil war chaplain, service as president of Alabama A&M, and service as corresponding secretary of the Home Mission Board are highlighted. Chapter 3 gives the biblical and theological foundations of Tichenor. Tichenor's beliefs about God, the condition of man, the work of Christ, the nature of the Bible, salvation, and the Christian life are examined. Additionally, his view of evangelism, ecclesiology, the cultural mandate, and the end times are examined. Chapter 4 presents the missiology of I. T. Tichenor in regard to the Great Commission, the use of demographics, cooperation, church planting, church planting missionaries, indigenous leadership, the church building, and use of resources are presented. Chapter 5 gives implications on contemporary Southern Baptist North American missions. After giving the condition of Southern Baptist North American missions, implications are given from Tichenor's missiology that could spur a Great Commission Resurgence. Chapter 6 draws conclusions from the previous chapters. The conclusion states this dissertation gives Southern Baptists a historical precedence in accomplishing a Great Commission Resurgence. / This dissertation is under embargo until 2012-11-19.