La finance solidaire constitue un champ fécond d’analyse de la régulation de la finance par l’éthique. Toutefois, dans un environnement financiarisé, la finance solidaire court le risque de perdre son identité solidaire par un processus d’isomorphisme institutionnel. Une telle dérive est perceptible dans le cas de la microfinance dans les pays du Sud. On y repère trois modalités de microfinance selon un ordre croissant d’immersion dans la finance classique via un formatage de l’offre et de l’identité solidaire : la microfinance pré-bancaire (cas d’isomorphisme coercitif), la microfinance bancaire (cas d’isomorphisme normatif) et la microfinance comme actif financier (cas d’isomorphisme mimétique). Les différentes modalités de la microfinance sont modélisées à travers une formalisation mathématique. Cependant, cette difficulté d’articulation de la finance et de l’éthique relève moins de l’influence de l’environnement financiarisé que d’un déficit d’appropriation collective de la finance. Une telle appropriation collective, caractérisée par une initiative à partir des acteurs sociaux, une forte résilience face à l’incertitude, un fort ancrage territorial et un rôle facilitateur de l’État, se voit davantage dans la finance solidaire dans les pays du Nord. / Solidarity-based finance is a fertile field to analyze the regulation of finance by ethics. However, in a “financiarized” environment, solidarity-based finance runs the risk of losing its solidarity identity by an institutional isomorphism process. Such drift is seen in the case of microfinance in the countries of the South. We identify three forms of microfinance according to the degree of immersion in classical finance environment: pre-banking microfinance (coercive isomorphism case), banking microfinance (normative isomorphism case) and microfinance as a financial asset (mimetic isomorphism case). These different forms of microfinance are modelled through a mathematical formalization. However, this difficulty to join finance and ethics is less driven by an influence of the “financiarized” environment than a deficit of finance collective appropriation. Such a collective appropriation, characterized by actions from the social actors, a strong resilience when faced uncertainty, a strong territorial anchorage and the role of the State, is a particular line of solidarity-based finance in the countries of the North.

A partir da década de 1980, a disseminação de práticas macroeconômicas chamadas de neoliberais, cujo objetivo central é garantir a flexibilidade dos fluxos de capital em nível internacional, alterou não apenas os padrões mundiais de financiamento e comércio externo, mas toda a lógica de funcionamento da produção, do investimento, do consumo e das políticas dos governos. Tais alterações provocaram uma profunda redistribuição de funções entre os países no conjunto da economia internacional, abrindo espaço para o questionamento quanto a uma possível mudança da hierarquia historicamente estabelecida entre os países chamados do Centro e aqueles da Periferia. Este trabalho se insere nessa discussão, analisando o papel específico do Brasil no contexto da economia neoliberal e os impactos dessa inserção externa sobre a economia nacional. Partindo de uma revisão dos conceitos de neoliberalismo, desenvolvimento e dependência, e partindo também da concepção de que o Brasil foi progressivamente assumindo um papel de plataforma internacional de valorização financeira, nosso objetivo será o de mostrar que essa condição alterou substancialmente os parâmetros de definição de sua dependência externa, abrindo algumas possiblidades para a redução de sua vulnerabilidade. No entanto, a redução da dependência não significou uma associação imediata a melhores condições de desenvolvimento, o que exigiria do país um posicionamento adicional em termos da reconstrução de seu Projeto Nacional em meio à nova realidade do neoliberalismo internacional. Para a análise aqui efetuada, consideramos, sempre que possível no âmbito de comparações internacionais, o comportamento das contas externas, da composição do produto e dos mecanismos dinâmicos de incentivo à demanda e à inovação na economia brasileira em momentos de expansão e crise dos mercados financeiros, ressaltando o papel do dólar como condutor dos parâmetros de valorização. / Starting from the 1980\'s, the spread of the so called neoliberal macroeconomics practices, which were meant to guarantee international capital flows flexibility, changed not only commercial and financial world market patterns, but also, the functioning rationale of production, investment, consumption and government policies. Those changes created a profound redistribution of functions among countries in the international economic system, opening up the possibility of a much deeper change, involving the historically established relation between Center and Periphery countries. This thesis is part of this discussion analyzing the Brazilian specific role played in the context of the neoliberal economy and the impacts of its international position over the national economy. Departing from a revision of the concepts of neoliberalism, development and dependency and considering that the country was gradually assuming a role of international finance valorization platform, our goal is to show that this condition substantially altered the parameters from which external dependency was once defined, opening up some possibilities for the reduction of the vulnerability. Nevertheless, the dependency reduction did not create an immediate association with better conditions for development, which would ask for an additional statement from the country in terms of the reconstruction of its National Project in the new neoliberalism international reality. For this analysis, we consider, whenever possible in international comparisons, the behavior of Brazilian international accounts, internal product composition and dynamic mechanisms for demand and innovation incentives during financial markets expansions and crises, always highlighting the importance of the dollar as the regent of the valorization patterns.

A partir da década de 1980, a disseminação de práticas macroeconômicas chamadas de neoliberais, cujo objetivo central é garantir a flexibilidade dos fluxos de capital em nível internacional, alterou não apenas os padrões mundiais de financiamento e comércio externo, mas toda a lógica de funcionamento da produção, do investimento, do consumo e das políticas dos governos. Tais alterações provocaram uma profunda redistribuição de funções entre os países no conjunto da economia internacional, abrindo espaço para o questionamento quanto a uma possível mudança da hierarquia historicamente estabelecida entre os países chamados do Centro e aqueles da Periferia. Este trabalho se insere nessa discussão, analisando o papel específico do Brasil no contexto da economia neoliberal e os impactos dessa inserção externa sobre a economia nacional. Partindo de uma revisão dos conceitos de neoliberalismo, desenvolvimento e dependência, e partindo também da concepção de que o Brasil foi progressivamente assumindo um papel de plataforma internacional de valorização financeira, nosso objetivo será o de mostrar que essa condição alterou substancialmente os parâmetros de definição de sua dependência externa, abrindo algumas possiblidades para a redução de sua vulnerabilidade. No entanto, a redução da dependência não significou uma associação imediata a melhores condições de desenvolvimento, o que exigiria do país um posicionamento adicional em termos da reconstrução de seu Projeto Nacional em meio à nova realidade do neoliberalismo internacional. Para a análise aqui efetuada, consideramos, sempre que possível no âmbito de comparações internacionais, o comportamento das contas externas, da composição do produto e dos mecanismos dinâmicos de incentivo à demanda e à inovação na economia brasileira em momentos de expansão e crise dos mercados financeiros, ressaltando o papel do dólar como condutor dos parâmetros de valorização. / Starting from the 1980\'s, the spread of the so called neoliberal macroeconomics practices, which were meant to guarantee international capital flows flexibility, changed not only commercial and financial world market patterns, but also, the functioning rationale of production, investment, consumption and government policies. Those changes created a profound redistribution of functions among countries in the international economic system, opening up the possibility of a much deeper change, involving the historically established relation between Center and Periphery countries. This thesis is part of this discussion analyzing the Brazilian specific role played in the context of the neoliberal economy and the impacts of its international position over the national economy. Departing from a revision of the concepts of neoliberalism, development and dependency and considering that the country was gradually assuming a role of international finance valorization platform, our goal is to show that this condition substantially altered the parameters from which external dependency was once defined, opening up some possibilities for the reduction of the vulnerability. Nevertheless, the dependency reduction did not create an immediate association with better conditions for development, which would ask for an additional statement from the country in terms of the reconstruction of its National Project in the new neoliberalism international reality. For this analysis, we consider, whenever possible in international comparisons, the behavior of Brazilian international accounts, internal product composition and dynamic mechanisms for demand and innovation incentives during financial markets expansions and crises, always highlighting the importance of the dollar as the regent of the valorization patterns.

La présente thèse concerne les mutations sociospatiales introduites par des tendances de financiarisation du système du logement grec au cours des deux dernières décennies. Comment les processus mondiaux de financiarisation se sont-ils accommodés à un contexte local pour développer leur version grecque ? Le but de notre travail est de mettre en lumière la transformation d’une économie autofinancée et basée sur les réseaux familiaux en marché hypothécaire. Notre hypothèse est que ces bouleversements du financement de la fabrique résidentielle, c’est-à-dire l’apparition de la finance comme un « nouvel acteur » sur les circuits de production du logement, vont de pair avec des dynamiques de précarisation du logement et des nouvelles géographies sociospatiales.Dans les années d’après-guerre, Athènes, ville méditerranéenne et périphérique de l’Europe du Sud, est caractérisée par une forte mobilité sociale, sur laquelle les circuits de production du logement ont fonctionné comme un «ascenseur social ». Depuis le début des années 1990, Athènes doit faire face à la fois à un nouveau contexte et à la persistance des structures préexistantes. C’est la première période d’un véritable développement du crédit au logement en Grèce qui fait notablement augmenté les prix des logements. L’analyse quantitative et qualitative, le cas d’étude ainsi que les entretiens semi-directifs mettent en valeur de nouveaux acteurs, représentations et pratiques, mais aussi de tendances de l’exclusion bancaire. Cette étude souligne l’importance de l’aspect géographique ainsi que le rôle signifiant de réseaux familiaux, de l’échelle du quartier et de la vie quotidienne dans l’analyse de la finance ainsi que l’interdépendance entre système financier et l’économie informelle. / The present thesis concerns the sociospatial mutations produced by the financialization trends of the Greek housing system in the past two decades. How are the global processes of financialization accommodated in a local context in order to generate a Greek version of financialization? Aim of the thesis is to shed light on the transformation of a self-financing economy, based on family networks to a mortgage market. The hypothesis is that these changes in the field of financing the residential urban fabric, or the emergence of finance as a "new actor" on housing production circuits, are associated with the precarization of housing and new sociospatial geographies.During the postwar decades, Athens, a Mediterranean city and, at the same time, a south European peripheral urban center, is characterized by strong social mobility, when housing production circuits functioned as a “social elevator”. Since the early 1990s, Athens is facing both new challenges and the persistence of pre-existing structures. It is the first time of a crucial expansion of housing credit in Greece, when housing prices have significantly increased. The quantitative and qualitative analysis, the case study and the semi-structured interviews highlight new actors, their actions, representations and practices as well as tendencies of financial exclusion. This study highlights the importance of the geography as well as the significant role of family networks, the scale of neighborhood and everyday life in analyzing finance and the interconnections of the financial system with the informal economy.

Comment les coûts et les tarifs hospitaliers sont-ils devenus des objets politiques centraux depuis le début des années 1980, quels espaces controversés produisent-ils aujourd'hui et comment ces controverses agissent-elles sur ces instruments gestionnaires d'action publique ? C'est à ces questions que la thèse se propose de répondre en étudiant la genèse, les usages et les déplacements de plusieurs instruments d'action publique en matière hospitalière : système d'information, calcul de coûts par séjours, instruments d'ajustement budgétaire et système de tarification. En articulant sociologie politique des instruments de gouvernement et sociologie des techniques et de l'innovation, ces dispositifs sont étudiés dans les multiples sites où ils se déploient : ministère de la Santé, agence technique, centres de recherche en gestion, instances d'expertise, fédérations hospitalières, associations de malade et hôpital public. La thèse montre comment ces instruments ont profondément transformé l'hôpital en un être de gestion et de finances. La tarification à l'activité, appelée T2A, tient une place centrale dans ces transformations et est ici analysée comme un instrument de qualcul visant à quantifier et à qualifier les patients, les séjours, les maladies, voire l'hôpital public lui-même. La thèse montre comment ce processus de qualculation génère des controverses métrologiques où des acteurs se saisissent des dispositifs pour refaire les qualculs, ces controverses supposant une forme relativement nouvelle de travail critique. / How costs and tariffs have become pivotal policy instruments to govern public hospitals in France since the early 1980's? What kind of controversies do they produce and what feedback effect do these controversies have on these instruments? These are the questions I propose to answer in this PhD dissertation by analysing the genealogy, the uses and the transformations of several policy devices: information system, cost accounting, budgetary regulation instrument and pricing payment system. Combining a sociology of policy instruments and science and technology studies, these devices are analysed in the multiple sites where they spread: ministry of Health, public agency, research centres in management studies, hospital federations, patients organizations and public hospitals. The dissertation exposes how these devices have turned public hospitals into accounting and financial entities. I specially focus on the pricing payment system (called T2A) which is analysed as a qualculation instrument as it qualifies and quantifies patients, stays in hospitals, diseases, and public hospital itself. The dissertation shows how this qualculation process produces metrological controversies in which actors put into question the way things are qualculated.