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<p>This thesis investigates the perception of 'difference' which results in the stratification of people within the North American evangelical church. In order to develop this understanding, the experiences of excluded persons are explored carefully by attending to narratives of the elderly, those living with disability, the divorced, widows, the homeless, and others who have endured the pain of rejection. Such persons are made to feel as if they have no voice. By articulating the felt experience of the excluded this thesis gives voice to the hidden dimensions of alienation which occur even in the church. Alienation is explored as a core theological motif with the aim of developing a pastoral theology of community which enables a reorientation of ministry to the excluded. In the course of argument the thesis explores a theology of alienation. This provides the theological context for the narratives of exclusion which illuminate the reality of loneliness-a core dimension of exclusion. Employing the revised critical correlation method the thesis concludes by offering a pastoral theology of community which calls for effective approaches to the ministry of inclusion.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

<p dir="ltr">This dissertation argues that the use of rainbow imagery to describe efforts to bridge racial divides both inside and outside social justice campaigns became tied to concepts of economic justice in the 1960s but lost its radicalism following the failed presidential bids of Jesse Jackson in the 1980s. Conventional narratives analyze these multiracial campaigns —organized by figures as diverse as W.E.B. Du Bois in 1911, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Black Panther Party in the civil rights era of the 1960s, and Jesse Jackson in the 1980s —as separate, isolated efforts. My research, however, examines the origins and trajectory of what I term “racial rainbow rhetoric,” —the use of rainbow imagery to describe racial difference in the United States, usually with the aspiration of overcoming these racial divisions – to underscore meaningful conceptual continuities in twentieth-century campaigns for social and economic justice.<i> </i>Although racial rainbow rhetoric did not initially emphasize economic justice activism, throughout the 1960s, activists increasingly used rainbow imagery to build interracial coalitions to attack poverty. This dissertation traces the history of racial rainbow rhetoric from its obscure origins in the early twentieth century to its intersection with the anti-poverty activism of the Poor People’s Campaign and the Black Panther Party to its appropriation by liberal politicians, such as Jesse Jackson in the 1980s. This history of rainbow symbolism in the struggle for racial justice demonstrates the longstanding and continuing damage that state violence and the cooptation of such concepts by indifferent, liberal politicians had on the implementation of genuine economic and social justice.</p>

<p dir="ltr">Early agriculture represents a critical change in human subsistence strategy in the Interior Eastern Woodlands of North America. Given that this change in diet is associated with an overall decline in nutrition and health, scholars have often wondered why such a transition would have occurred in the region. Since the foraging-farming transition is known to be a global phenomenon, numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain this foraging-farming transition. These hypotheses include environmental hypotheses, sociocultural hypotheses, demographic hypotheses, risk-based hypotheses, co-evolutionary hypotheses, and aggrandizement hypotheses. Previous research in North America has focused on demographic hypotheses, risk-based hypotheses, and sociocultural hypotheses. One area that has not received attention in North America is the effect of climate change on the emergence of agriculture under the environmental hypotheses.</p><p dir="ltr">Although scholars previously thought the climate did not change during the foraging-farming transition, more recent research has suggested otherwise. Thus, the goal of this dissertation is to explore how climate change influenced the foraging-farming transition in the Interior Eastern Woodlands of North America. I combine paleoenvironmental reconstructions, cultural resource management (CRM) data, and multivariate statistical methods to examine the effect of climate change on the foraging-farming transition. Using advanced statistical methods, I found that increases in mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation are associated with the plant-dominated diets of the foraging-farming transition. Furthermore, these later occurring plant-dominated diets are associated with an increased prevalence of cultivars like sunflowers, maygrass, goosefoot, marshelder, and squash. Additionally, a comparison of the northern Interior Eastern Woodlands and the southern Interior Eastern Woodlands revealed different impacts of climate change on diet.</p><p dir="ltr">This study provides a methodological advancement in the field of anthropology. Specifically, the application of advanced statistical methods to explore the effect of climate change on the foraging-transition is novel. Additionally, the compilation and use of a large dataset in analyses demonstrates the usefulness of CRM data when exploring regional trends.</p>

<p dir="ltr">My dissertation, “Locating Mental Illness Treatment Experiences in Indianapolis, 1945-1975” examines this therapeutic revolution in mental illness treatment at an important historical and geographic crossroads. As opposed to the current focus on de-institutionalization, I propose a new conceptual model of <i>re-institutionalization </i>to understand the multi-level experience in mental illness treatments during the transitional period. Re-institutionalization is a conceptual framework for locating the therapeutic revolution in mental illness treatment by layering the dramatic expansion of the places and modes of treatment within an embodied therapeutic landscape. The dynamic changes of the therapeutic landscape in Indianapolis stand as a metonym for systemic changes in which mental health care was integrated into medical health care not through the closing of institutions but through creation and redefinition. My findings demonstrate that re-institutionalization in Indianapolis was characterized by 1) the development of governmentally funded institutions to improve the treatment of the mentally ill, 2) the development of therapy in-patient, out-patient, and community mental hospitals and clinics, 3) the differentiation and professionalization of therapeutic modalities, 4) primacy of a clinician diagnosis of mental illness, 5) patient’s acceptance of therapeutic identity as mentally ill.</p><p dir="ltr">Indianapolis was both emblematic of the broader therapeutic revolution in mental illness treatment and specifically significant in the development of biopsychiatry. Indianapolis leaders embraced biopsychiatry as a pragmatic path between the psychodynamic focus on unconscious desires and neuropsychiatric focus on structural and electrical models of the nervous system. Indianapolis was the home of pathbreaking neurotransmitter research at Eli Lilly Pharmaceuticals, Indiana University Medical Center, and the National Institute for Mental Health-funded laboratories at the Institute of Psychiatric Research. Strong legislative, philanthropic, hospital, and university leadership shaped Indiana’s plans with surprisingly little connection to the federal government’s mental health initiatives.</p>

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar alguns dos momentos decisivos do processo de formação da poesia norte-americana, marcados pelas quatro primeiras edições (1855, 1856, 1861,1867) de Leaves of Grass, de Walt Whitman. A escolha desses momentos sublinha o caráter engajado do projeto poético de Whitman, que não visava à mera aclimatação da poesia européia no Novo Mundo, mas sim à constituição formal de uma poesia norte-americana adequada à realidade social de seu país. Nesse sentido, a leitura das quatro primeiras edições de Leaves of Grass pressupõe dois movimentos complementares: o entendimento dessa poesia enquanto resposta aos inúmeros conflitos que perpassam as décadas de 1850 e 1860 norte-americanas, quando a modernização, encabeçada pela industrialização e pelo trabalho livre, entra em choque definitivo com estruturas sociais de origem colonial, baseadas tanto na exploração do trabalho escravo como na própria constituição descentralizada da república; e a configuração literária desses problemas, em que veremos elementos constitutivos da poesia romântica européia em relação dialética com formas locais de expressão, muitas vezes estranhas ao quadro literário do Velho Mundo, mas reforçadas pela pretensão de se fazer valer (não sem contradições) uma literatura de caráter nacional. Para tanto, nossa análise toma não apenas a longa tradição de estudos hitmanianos, que atualmente têm se dedicado à revisão histórica de Leaves of Grass centrada quase que exclusivamente na experiência social norte-americana, mas a própria tradição crítica brasileira, na qual se consolidou um importante corpo de conceitos e debates acerca da posição periférica das literaturas do Novo Mundo em relação à Europa, o que nos permite tanto colocar a literatura de Whitman em um quadro mais abrangente de formação literária como observar ali algumas questões comuns às experiências brasileira e norte- americana para a consolidação de seu sistema literário, tais como o caráter empenhado da elite literária; a busca de novas formas; a representação e afirmação, na lírica, do indivíduo e da natureza do país; as questões éticas e econômicas ligadas ao problema da escravidão; e a relação ambígua e contraditória com os movimentos literários europeus. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze some of the decisive moments in the making of North American poetry, determined by the development, from 1855 to 1867, of the four initial editions of Walt Whitman\'s Leaves of Grass. The choice of these remarkable moments serves to underline the engaged feature of Whitman´s poetical accomplishment, which implied not the mere transposition of European literary thought into the New World, but mainly the formal constitution of a national poetry fit for the social environment of the United States. In this sense, the analysis of these four Leaves of Grass´ editions (1855, 1856, 1861, 1867) presupposes two complementary ways: firstly the acknowledgment of Whitman´s poetry as a response to the social tensions in North American midnineteenth century, when modernity, led by free labor and industrialization, collides with colonial and pre-modern social structures, based upon slavery and the very descentralized commercial Republic constitution; secondly the literary configuration of these tensions, in which we observe elements of the literary Romanticism dialetically linked to local forms of expression, some of them alien to the literary achievements of the Old World, but reinforced by the founding project of a national literature. To attend these questions, this dissertation recovers the long tradition of Walt Whitman studies - dedicated in the present time to the historical revisioning of the poet´s works centered almost exclusively in the North American social experience - by the light of the Brazilian critical tradition, in which very important concepts and debates over the periferical position of New World literatures were consolidated. This theoretical perpective allows us not only to place Leaves of Grass in a wider perspective of New World literatures but also to build a indirect comparative view that rests upon some important questions to the North American and Brazilian literary traditions, as the engaged ethos of their literary elites; the search for new literary forms; the lyrical affirmative representation of national individuals; the economical and ethical responses to slavery; and the ambiguous and contradictory relation with European literary movements.