Low profile, conformal antennas have considerable advantages for Aerospace and Military platforms where conventional antenna system add weight and drag. Direct Write (DW) technology has been earmarked as a potential method for fabricating low profile antennas directly onto structural components. This thesis determines the key design rules and requirements for DW fabrication of planar antennas. From this, three key areas were investigated: the characterisation of DW ink materials for functionality and durability in harsh environments, localised processing of DW inks and the optimisation of DW conductive ink material properties for antenna fabrication. This study mainly focused on established DW technologies such as micro-nozzle and inkjet printing due to their ability to print on conformal surfaces. From initial characterisation studies it was found that silver based micro-nozzle PTF inks had greater adhesion then silver nano-particle inkjet inks but had lower conductivity (2% bulk conductivity of silver as opposed to 8% bulk conductivity). At higher curing temperatures (>300??C) inkjet inks were able to achieve conductivities of 33% bulk conductivity of silver. However, these temperatures were not suitable for processing on temperature sensitive surfaces such as carbon fibre. Durability tests showed that silver PTF inks were able to withstand standard aerospace environments apart from Skydrol immersion. It was found that DW inks should achieve a minimum conductivity of 30% bulk silver to reduce antenna and transmission line losses. Using a localised electroplating process (known as brush plating) it was shown that a copper layer could be deposited onto silver inkjet inks and thermoplastic PTF inks with a copper layer exhibiting a bulk conductivity of 66% bulk copper and 57% bulk copper respectively. This was an improvement on previous electroless plating techniques which reported bulk copper conductivities of 50% whilst also enabling DW inks to be plated without the need for a chemical bath. One of the limitations of many DW ink materials is they require curing or sintering before they become functional. Conventional heat treatment is performed using an oven which is not suitable when processing DW materials onto large structural component. Previous literature has investigated laser curing as means of overcoming this problem. However, lasers are monochromatic and can therefore be inefficient when curing materials that have absorption bands that differ from the laser wavelength. To investigate this, a laser diode system was compared to a broadband spot curing system. In the curing trials it was found that silver inks could be cured with much lower energy density (by a factor of 10) using the broadband white light source. Spectroscopy also revealed that broadband curing could be more advantageous when curing DW dielectric ink materials as these inks absorb at multiple wavelengths but have low heat conductivity. Themodynamical modelling of the curing process with the broadband heat source was also performed. Using this model it was shown that the parameters required to cure the ink with the broadband heat source only caused heat penetration by a few hundred micro-metres into the top surface of the substrate at very short exposure times (~1s). This suggested that this curing method could be used to process the DW inks on temperature sensitive materials without causing any significant damage. Using a combination of the developments made in this thesis the RF properties of the DW inks were measured after broadband curing and copper plating. It was found that the copper plated DW ink tracks gave an equivalent transmission line loss to a copper etched line. To test this further a number of GPS patch antennas were fabricated out of the DW ink materials. Again the copper plated antenna gave similar properties to the copper etched antenna. To demonstrate the printing capabilities of the micro-nozzle system a mock wireless telecommunications antenna was fabricated on to a GRP UAV wing. In this demonstrator a dielectric and conductive antenna pattern was fabricated on to the leading edge of the wing component using a combination of convection curing and laser curing (using an 808nm diode laser).

No description available.

Tato práce se zabývá problematikou aerodynamického zatížení statorových lopatek turbodmychadla s variabilní geometrií turbíny a jeho následnou optimalizací. Metody výpočtového modelování tekutin jsou aplikovány s využitím komerčního softwaru ANSYS CFX. Výpočtový model celého turbínového stupně je použit pro analýzu aerodynamického zatížení statorových lopatek v několika polohách a pro různé operační podmínky. Provedená byla detailní analýza vlivu rozložení tlaku v turbínové skříni, úhlu natočení lopatky, jakož i vlivu distančních pinů na aerodynamické zatížení. Následně bylo vyvinuto experimentální zařízení pro přímé měření aerodynamického momentu statorových lopatek s využitím testovacího zařízení s názvem Gas Stand. Toto zařízení spaluje zemní plyn a dokáže vytvořit velmi stabilní podmínky proudění při vysokých teplotách, což umožňuje vyloučit vliv pulzací plynu, vibrací motoru, jakož i vlivu řídící strategie motoru na měřenou veličinu. Výsledky experimentu jsou následně porovnány s vypočtenou hodnotou pomocí CFD modelu a je dosažená velmi dobrá shoda. Validovaný CFD model je následně zredukován s využitím podmínek cyklické symetrie na model jen jednoho segmentu statoru a rotoru. Umožňuje to výrazně zvýšit produktivitu simulací a prozkoumat několik návrhových parametrů statoru v celém rozsahu pohybu statorových lopatek. Provedená analýza citlivosti těchto parametrů položila výborný základ pro jejich následnou optimalizaci a ukázala významný potenciál několika z nich. Na základě analýzy požadavků na aerodynamické zatížení statorových lopatek byla následně vytvořena definice ideálního zatížení, která byla ustavena jako cíl pro jeho optimalizaci. Použitých bylo několik optimalizačních strategií s využitím metody analýzy působících silových vektorů a jejich výsledky byly následně zhodnoceny a porovnány z více aspektů. Výsledné optimalizované řešení bylo následně přepočteno pomocí modelu celého turbínového stupně, čímž se prokázali jeho výborné vlastnosti z hlediska aerodynamického zatížení a zvýšení účinnosti ve spodní části charakteristiky.

Master of Science / Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering / Steven Eckels / Both cavitating and flashing flows are important phenomena in fluid flow. Cavitating flow, a common consideration in valves, orifices, and metering devices, is also a concern in loss of coolant accidents for liquid water in power plants when saturation pressures are below atmospheric pressure. Flashing flow is a common consideration for devices such as relief and expansion valves and fluid injectors as well as for loss of coolant accidents in which the coolant’s saturation pressure is above atmospheric. Of the two phenomena, flashing flow has received greater interest due to its applicability to safety concerns, though cavitating flow is perhaps of greater interest in terms of energy efficiency. It is possible for cavitating and flashing flow to actually become sonic. That is, the local velocity of a fluid can exceed the local speed of sound due to the unique properties of two-phase mixtures. When a flow becomes sonic, it is possible for the flow to accelerate and impose additional energy losses that would not otherwise occur. Models of this aspect of two-phase flow are not well developed, typically only being presented for the case of constant area ducts. In this paper two models for cavitating sonic flow are developed and described by applying the integral forms of the mass, momentum, and energy equations to a control volume of variable cross-sectional area. These models, based on the homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM) and separated flow model, are then applied to experimental data taken by the author with R-134a as the fluid of interest. Experimental data were taken with four instrumented converging-diverging nozzles of various geometries using a custom testing rig that allowed for precise control and measurement of flow parameters such as mass flow, temperature, and pressure. The resultant data from the models are then examined, focusing on the resultant velocities, Mach numbers, quality, and shear stresses.

Tato práce se zabývá problematikou aerodynamického zatížení statorových lopatek turbodmychadla s variabilní geometrií turbíny a jeho následnou optimalizací. Metody výpočtového modelování tekutin jsou aplikovány s využitím komerčního softwaru ANSYS CFX. Výpočtový model celého turbínového stupně je použit pro analýzu aerodynamického zatížení statorových lopatek v několika polohách a pro různé operační podmínky. Provedená byla detailní analýza vlivu rozložení tlaku v turbínové skříni, úhlu natočení lopatky, jakož i vlivu distančních pinů na aerodynamické zatížení. Následně bylo vyvinuto experimentální zařízení pro přímé měření aerodynamického momentu statorových lopatek s využitím testovacího zařízení s názvem Gas Stand. Toto zařízení spaluje zemní plyn a dokáže vytvořit velmi stabilní podmínky proudění při vysokých teplotách, což umožňuje vyloučit vliv pulzací plynu, vibrací motoru, jakož i vlivu řídící strategie motoru na měřenou veličinu. Výsledky experimentu jsou následně porovnány s vypočtenou hodnotou pomocí CFD modelu a je dosažená velmi dobrá shoda. Validovaný CFD model je následně zredukován s využitím podmínek cyklické symetrie na model jen jednoho segmentu statoru a rotoru. Umožňuje to výrazně zvýšit produktivitu simulací a prozkoumat několik návrhových parametrů statoru v celém rozsahu pohybu statorových lopatek. Provedená analýza citlivosti těchto parametrů položila výborný základ pro jejich následnou optimalizaci a ukázala významný potenciál několika z nich. Na základě analýzy požadavků na aerodynamické zatížení statorových lopatek byla následně vytvořena definice ideálního zatížení, která byla ustavena jako cíl pro jeho optimalizaci. Použitých bylo několik optimalizačních strategií s využitím metody analýzy působících silových vektorů a jejich výsledky byly následně zhodnoceny a porovnány z více aspektů. Výsledné optimalizované řešení bylo následně přepočteno pomocí modelu celého turbínového stupně, čímž se prokázali jeho výborné vlastnosti z hlediska aerodynamického zatížení a zvýšení účinnosti ve spodní části charakteristiky.

L’objectif de la thèse est le développement d'une stratégie pour quantifier expérimentalement le bruit indirect et le séparer du bruit direct, puisque le bruit direct et indirect co-existent dans la plupart des applications. La configuration retenue pour l'étude est un banc expérimental avec une tuyère et la stratégie proposée a pour l’objectif de mesurer les fonctions de transfert de la tuyère. Le premier chapitre définit les fonctions de transfert de la tuyère utilisée dans l'étude comme référence pour la validation de la stratégie. Le deuxième chapitre présente une configuration originale qui génère simultanément le bruit direct et indirect sans introduire la combustion. Le troisième chapitre détaille les méthodes pour évaluer les ondes acoustiques et d'entropie à partir des mesures de température et de pression. Le quatrième chapitre termine la première partie de la thèse en décrivant la stratégie avant de la tester avec les signaux expérimentaux et numériques de haute fidélité. La deuxième partie se concentre sur l'utilisation de la stratégie dans les simulations à grandes échelles d'un brûleur à combustion turbulente. Les simulations sont validées par des données expérimentales tandis que les signaux sont traités à quantifier le bruit direct et indirect de combustion dans la chambre. / The objective of the thesis is the development of a practical strategy to quantify experimentally indirect noise and to discriminate it from direct noise as they co-exist in most practical conditions. The configuration retained for the study is a test bench with a nozzle and the proposed the strategy relies on nozzle transfer functions. The first chapter defines the nozzle transfer functions used in the study as references for the validation of the strategy. The second chapter introduces an original setup that generates simultaneously direct and indirect noise without handling combustion. The third chapter details the methods to evaluate the acoustic and entropy waves from raw temperature and pressure signals. The fourth chapter closes the first part of the study by describing the strategy then testing it on high-fidelity simulation and experimental signals. The second part focuses on the use of the strategy in Large Eddy Simulations of a turbulent combustion test bench. Simulations are validated by experimental data then raw signals are processed to quantify the direct and indirect noise sources as well as the direct and indirect noise contributions.

O comportamento do escoamento supersônico no interior de bocais convergente-divergente retangulares é investigado numericamente, comparando-se quatro bocais com diferentes seções divergentes, com a mesma razão de aspecto AR=1.14 e mesma relação áreas da saída e da garganta dos bocais NAR=1.43. Os bocais são submetidos a diferentes pressões de admissão do fluido de trabalho, mantendo-se a relação entre a pressão de admissão e de descarga constante NPR=5. As simulações consideram o escoamento em regime permanente, compressível, viscoso, com abordagem baseada na massa específica (abordagem acoplada) , juntamente com o modelo de turbulência − /SST. A qualidade dos resultados é medida empregando-se três níveis de refino da discretização do domínio computacional, observandose a ordem de convergência e o índice de convergência de malhas GCI. Os resultados numéricos mostram que o número de Mach e a temperatura do fluido de trabalho independem da pressão de admissão, ao contrário do comportamento da pressão local e da massa específica. As propriedades do escoamento são fortemente dependentes da variação da geometria, e a variação do ângulo da seção divergente provoca uma mudança direta do número de Mach e inversa da pressão, da temperatura e da massa específica do escoamento no interior dessa seção. As simulações são comparadas com os resultados da teoria isentrópica e mostram que a linha sônica é deslocada do centro geométrico da garganta dos bocais para cada geometria simulada. A comparação com a teoria e com dados experimentais mostra desvios inferiores a 6x10-3 %. O uso do modelo de turbulência − / SST é capaz de resolver o escoamento com boa precisão, prevendo bem seu perfil de velocidades, as ondas de expansão de Prandtl-Meyer, juntamente com as interações dessas ondas com a camada limite. / The behavior of the supersonic flow inside rectangular convergent-divergent nozzle is investigated numerically by comparing four nozzles with different divergent sections, with a common aspect ratio AR=1.14, and the same nozzle exit-to-throat area ratios NAR=1.43. Nozzles are subject to several working fluid inlet pressures, maintaining a constant pressure ratio NPR=5. Simulations assume the flow in steady state, compressible, viscous, using a coupled approach with the turbulence model − /SST. The quality of results is measured by employing three refining levels of the computational domain discretization, observing the order of convergence and the grid convergence index GCI. Numerical results show that the Mach number and the temperature of the working fluid are independent of the inlet pressure, unlike the behavior of local pressure and the density. Flow properties are strongly dependent on the geometry variation, and the change on the angle of divergent section causes a direct effect on the Mach number and inverse on the pressure, the temperature and the density of the flow in this section. Simulations are compared to the results of the isentropic theory and show that the sonic line is offset from the geometric center of the throat nozzle, for each simulated geometry. Results from this work are compared to experimental and theoretical data and show deviations below 6x10-3 %. The − / SST turbulence model is able to solve the flow with good accuracy, and predicts its velocity profile, Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves, and their interactions with the boundary layer.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-09-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_ub_dr_bauru.pdf: 2660962 bytes, checksum: fc9e67e750b58c50d6c4a294d57f31a5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A operação de retificação cilíndrica interna de precisão tem sido empregada na fabricação de componentes de responsabilidade na indústria metal-mecânica em geral. As modernas retificadoras CNC aprimoraram este processo no que diz respeito ao posicionamento e à rigidez do sistema máquina-peça-ferramenta, possibilitando a obtenção de peças de elevada precisão com baixos valores de tolerâncias dimensionais. Todavia, tem-se observado nos últimos anos uma crescente conscientização quanto à toxidade dos fluidos de corte empregados na lubrificação e refrigeração da peça. Paralelamente, criou-se nos últimos anos uma rígida legislação, visando evitar uma depredação desenfreada do meio ambiente. Diante de tal conjuntura, as indústrias iniciaram uma busca a métodos alternativos de lubri-refrigeração que empregassem menores quantidades. Dentre todas as técnicas existentes à de Mínima Quantidade de Lubrificação (MQL) vem ganhando cada vez mais destaque. Tal técnica pode ser entendida como um elo de ligação entre os métodos de lubri-refrigeração convencional e a usinagem a seco. Pretende-se ainda avaliar o desempenho de um novo bocal de aspersão de fluido de corte, baseando-se no modelo desenvolvido por Webster , adequado a operação de retificação cilíndrica interna. Logo, tem-se neste trabalho, o intuito de associar estas novas tendências por meio do estudo do comportamento da operação de retificação cilíndrica interna de mergulho a alta velocidade no processo de acabamento de um aço endurecido, utilizando-se a técnica de Mínima Quantidade de Lubrificação (MQL), o modelo otimizado e ainda o modelo convencional.A análise dos dados que servirão para a avaliação dos métodos de lubri-refrigeração empregados será feita por meio dos valores de rugosidade , desvio de circularidade , micro-estrutura e micro-dureza . Espera-se, com este... / Plunge cylindrical grinding has been widely employed in the manufacture of components by the metal and mechanical industry in general. Modern CNC grinding machines improve this process in terms of the positioning and rigidity of the machine-workpiece-tool system, allowing for the fabrication of high precision workpieces with low dimensional deviations. However, over the last few years, increasing awareness has been shown regarding the toxicity of the cutting fluids employed in the lubrication and cooling of the workpiece. Concomitantly, increasingly strict legislation has been passed in recent years, aiming to prevent inrestrained destruction of the environment. This situation has prompted the industry to seek alternative lubrication and cooling methods that use lower quantities of fluids. Among the existing techniques, the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) method has gained increasing prominence. This technique can be considered a combination of the conventional cooling and dry grinding methods. An evaluation was made of the performance of a new cutting fluid dispersion nozzle, based on Webster's model, suitable for the plunge cylindrical grinding operation. The purpose of this work is to examine these new trends in a study of the behavior of highrotation plunge cylindrical grinding in the finishing operation of hardened steel, using the MQL technique, the optimized nozzle model, and the conventional model. The lubrication and cooling methods employed here are evaluated based on an analysis of the roughness, circularity deviation, microstructure, and microhardness data. The results of this study le to the conclusion that the optimized lubrication and cooling method provide the best results and that the MQL system in cylindrical grinding produced unsatisfactory results, requiring further studies aimed at solving the problems that were identified.

Orientador : Edivaldo Domingues Velini / Banca: Marcelo da Costa Ferreira / Banca: Luciano Soares de Souza / Banca: Fernando Tadeu de Carvalho / Banca: Cleber Daniel de Goes Maciel / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de pontas de pulverização e da palha de milheto na deposição da calda aplicada sobre seis espécies de plantas daninhas. Foram utilizadas cinco pontas de pulverização (XR 11002; TJ60 11002; AI 110015; TJ60 11006 e TX-VK8), seis espécies de plantas daninhas (Ipomoea grandifolia; Euphorbia heterophylla; Commelina benghalensis; Bidens pilosa; Brachiaria plantaginea e Sida rhombifolia) e a condição sem e com presença de 5t.ha-1 de palha de milheto na deposição da calda aplicada. As pulverizações nas plântulas foram realizadas em pósemergência inicial (duas a quatro folhas) utilizando o corante FDC-1 Azul Brilhante (concentração de 0,8%), como solução traçadora. A pressão e o volume de aplicação (L.h-1) para cada ponta de pulverização foram realizados de acordo com as informações fornecidas pelo fabricante. No primeiro estudo foram realizados seis experimentos, sendo que 10 plântulas de cada espécie foram lavadas com 50mL de água destilada e a quantidade de solução tracadora estimada em densidade óptica de 630nm. No segundo estudo, cada plântula foi lavada com 25mL de água destilada permitindo estabelecer a quantidade de solução traçadora ou a solução de aplicação depositada em cada planta. Todos os experimentos foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e 10 plântulas de cada espécie em esquema fatorial 2x5 e as médias comparadas pelo teste t ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. No segundo estudo, os valores de deposição foram ajustados ao modelo de Gompertz. Em termos médios, a presença de 5t.ha-1 de palha de milheto reduziu em 20,12%, a 2 deposição de calda de aplicação na condição de pós-emergência inicial. A grande variabilidade dos depósitos unitários inviabiliza a comparação das pontas a partir de valores médios, modais ou medianos para... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The aim of this reserch was to evaluate the effects of pearl millet on the deposition of application solution on six weed species. It were studyed five nozzle tip types (XR 11002; TJ60 11002; AI 110015; TJ60 11006 and TX-VK8), six weed species (Ipomoea grandifolia; Euphorbia heterophylla; Commelina benghalensis; Bidens pilosa; Brachiaria plantaginea and Sida rhombifolia) and the conditions without and with 5t.ha-1 of pearl millet mulch. The applications were carried out in early post-emergence (two and four leaves) using the dye FDC-1 (at the concentration of 0,8%) as a tracer. The pressure and the application volume (L.ha-1) were selected for each nozzle tip types according to the information of the dealers. In the first set of six experiments, ten plants of each species were 4 washed in destilled water and the amount of traces was stimated by the aplical density at 630nm. In the second set of experiments, each plant was washed in destilled water allowing to stablish the ammount of tracer or application solution deposited on each plant. All the experiments were designed completelly randomized with four replications and ten plants of each species per plot. In average, the presence of 5t.ha-1 of pearl millet mulch reduced in 20,12% the deposition in early post-emergence. The great variability of the unitary deposits makes unfeasible the comparison of the application technologies using mean, modal and median values. The most apropriate characteristics to compare of the quality of the applications accomplished with different points, correspond to the functions of non accumulated frequencies and the values of deposits associated to the lowest percentis of the accumulated frequencies. In the presence of mulch, the species of E. heterophylla, B. pilosa, B. plantaginea and S. rhombifolia were the most difficult be reached by the application droplets. For these species, the best results... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Doutor

The increasing demand for higher performance in rocketlaunchers promotes the development of nozzles with higherperformance, which basically is achieved by increasing theexpansion ratio. However, this may lead to flow separation andensuing instationary, asymmetric forces, so-called side-loads,which may present life-limiting constraints on both the nozzleitself and other engine components. Substantial gains can bemade in the engine performance if this problem can be overcome,and hence different methods of separation control have beensuggested. However, none has so far been implemented in fullscale, due to the uncertainties involved in modeling andpredicting the flow phenomena involved. In the present work the causes of unsteady and unsymmetricalflow separation and resulting side-loads in rocket enginenozzles are investigated. This involves the use of acombination of analytical, numerical and experimental methods,which all are presented in the thesis. A main part of the workis based on sub-scale testing of model nozzles operated withair. Hence, aspects on how to design sub-scale models that areable to capture the relevant physics of full-scale rocketengine nozzles are highlighted. Scaling laws like thosepresented in here are indispensable for extracting side-loadcorrelations from sub-scale tests and applying them tofull-scale nozzles. Three main types of side-load mechanisms have been observedin the test campaigns, due to: (i) intermittent and randompressure fluctuations, (ii) transition in separation patternand (iii) aeroelastic coupling. All these three types aredescribed and exemplified by test results together withanalysis. A comprehensive, up-to-date review of supersonic flowseparation and side-loads in internal nozzle flows is givenwith an in-depth discussion of different approaches forpredicting the phenomena. This includes methods for predictingshock-induced separation, models for predicting side-loadlevels and aeroelastic coupling effects. Examples are presentedto illustrate the status of various methods, and theiradvantages and shortcomings are discussed. A major part of the thesis focus on the fundamentalshock-wave turbulent boundary layer interaction (SWTBLI) and aphysical description of the phenomenon is given. Thisdescription is based on theoretical concepts, computationalresults and experimental observation, where, however, emphasisis placed on the rocket-engineering perspective. This workconnects the industrial development of rocket engine nozzles tothe fundamental research of the SWTBLI phenomenon and shows howthese research results can be utilized in real applications.The thesis is concluded with remarks on active and passive flowcontrol in rocket nozzles and directions of futureresearch. The present work was performed at VAC's Space PropulsionDivision within the framework of European spacecooperation. Keywords:turbulent, boundary layer, shock wave,interaction, overexpanded,rocket nozzle, flow separation,control, side-load, experiments, models, review.