En aquesta tesi s'ha caracteritzat la ruta d'internalització de l'onconasa, una RNasa citotòxica. Els resultats indiquen que l'onconasa entra a les cèl·lules per la via dependent de clatrina i del complex AP-2. Seguidament es dirigeix als endosomes de reciclatge i es a través d'aquesta ruta que la proteïna exerceix la citotoxicitat. Per altra banda, els resultats d'aquest treball demostren que PE5, una variant citotòxica de la ribonucleasa pancreàtica humana (HP-RNasa), interacciona amb la importina  mitjançant diferents residus que tot i que no són seqüencials, es troben propers en l'estructura tridimensional d'aquesta proteïna. PM8 és una HP-RNasa amb estructura cristal·logràfica dimèrica constituïda per intercanvi de dominis N-terminals. En aquesta tesi s'han establert les condicions per estabilitzar aquest dimer en solució i també es proposa un mecanisme per la dimerització. / In this thesis it has been characterized the internalization pathway of onconase, which is a cytotoxic ribonuclease. The results show that onconase enters cells using AP-2/clathrin mediated pathway and then is routed to the recycling endosomes. In addition, the results show that this is the route used by onconase to perform its cytotoxicity. On the other hand, the results indicate that PE5, a cytotoxic human pancreatic ribonuclease (HP-RNase), interacts with importin α using different residues that although they are scattered along the sequence, they are close in the three-dimensional structure of the protein. PM8 constitutes a crystallographic dimer by the exchange of the N-terminal domains. In this thesis it has been investigated the solution conditions that favour the dimeric form and it is proposed a dimerization process of this variant. Finally, the pattern of substrate cleavage is studied by HP-RNase.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Feb. 7, 2008). Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Ney Lemke / Resumo: Os sistemas de importação nuclear são responsáveis pelo intercâmbio entre o citoplasma e o núcleo da célula, permitindo que proteínas com função nuclear migrem através da membrana que separa essas duas regiões. A via de importação mais estudada é a via clássica de importação nuclear mediada pela Importina-α (Impα). A Impα é uma proteína solenóide, composta por repetições em tandem do motivo Armadillo (ARM) que formam uma estrutura longa e contorcida, com pequenos arcabouços ao longo do eixo da proteína. As sequências de localização nuclear clássicas (cNLSs) presentes nas proteínas-alvo de importação são compostas por resíduos carregados positivamente e estabelecem pontes salinas, ligações de hidrogênio e contatos hidrofóbicos com esses arcabouços da Impα. Esse reconhecimento pode ocorrer em um ou em dois sítios da Impα, caracterizando a cNLS como monopartida ou bipartida, respectivamente. A maioria das informações estruturais do complexo cNLS-Impα provém de dados de cristalografia e pouco se sabe sobre a dinâmica conformacional deste sistema. Uma abordagem para tratar da dinâmica de um sistema é o uso de técnicas de simulação de biomoléculas, tais como dinâmica molecular e análise de modos normais. Com base nessas técnicas de simulação, o presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender os mecanismos de interação e dinâmica conformacional envolvidos no reconhecimento de cNLSs pela Impα. Particularmente, este trabalho focou nas cNLSs das proteínas Nucleoplasmina e Ku70 complexa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Nuclear import systems are responsible for the exchange between the cytoplasm and the nucleus of a cell, allowing nuclear proteins to migrate through the membrane that separates these two regions. The most studied import pathway is the classical nuclear import mediated by Importin-α (Impα). Impα is a solenoid protein consisting of tandem repeats of the Armadillo (ARM) motif, forming an extended and twisted structure with small grooves along the protein axis. The classical nuclear localization sequences (cNLSs) of cargo proteins are composed of positively charged residues and establish salt bridges, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts with the grooves of Impα. Such recognition can occur at one or two sites of Impα, thus characterizing the cNLS as monopartite or bipartite, respectively. Most structural information of the cNLS-Impα complex is from crystallographic data and little is known about the conformational dynamics of this system. One approach to address the dynamics of a system is the use of biomolecular simulation techniques such as molecular dynamics and normal modes analysis. Based on these techniques, this study aimed to understand the mechanisms of interaction and conformational dynamics involved in the recognition of cNLSs by Impα. In particular, this work focused on the cNLSs of Nucleoplasmin and Ku70 proteins complexed with Impα. The study of Nucleoplasmin determined two main motions of Impα that may be associated to the cNLS recognition: bending and twisting... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Maria Helena Andrade Santana / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T14:24:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Torre_LucimaraGazioladela_D.pdf: 28769884 bytes, checksum: 485f026c87d2f5b4fb99e642474200d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento tecnológico de uma vacina gênica, destinada ao combate à tuberculose, na qual o DNA encontra-se veiculado em lipossomas. Foram enfocados três aspectos principais: 1.A preparação e caracterização de estruturas lipídicas funcionais veiculando o DNA, projetadas para atenderem aos requisitos de imunização contra a tuberculose; 2. Complexação do DNA com peptídio sintético promotor de transporte nuclear e veiculação na estrutura lipossomal que se mostrou mais promissora nos ensaios in vitro e in vivo realizados no CPT-RP. 3. Análise do escalonamento da produção da estrutura lipossomal mais promissora para subsequente veiculação do DNA. Duas estruturas lipossomais foram compostas por lipídios com as seguintes funcionalidades: estrutural, de incorporação do DNA e atração eletrostática com a superfície das células, de intensificação da liberação do DNA no citoplasma celular. Foram preparadas pelo método da desidratação-rehidratação, gerando DRVs (¿dehydrated-hydrated vesicles¿). O DNA foi associado à essas estruturas, localizando-se no interior, [DRV(DNA)] ou prefencialmente na sua superfície [DRV-DNA]. A terceira estrutura, um agregado lipídico não lipossomal designado por lipoplexo, foi preparado na ausência do lipídio estrutural, contendo o DNA associado em toda a sua superfície. As estruturas foram caracterizadas através do seu diâmetro hidrodinâmico e distribuição de tamanhos, razão de cargas para completa incorporação do DNA, carga superficial, transição de fases, acessibilidade de sonda de fluorescência ao DNA e morfologia. O peptídio sintético com seqüência não convencional foi associado à estrutura DRV-DNA. O escalonamento da produção de lipossomas foi analisado através de dados experimentais e simulação matemática da cinética de produção de lipossomas em sistema multitubular. Dos resultados conclui-se que a estrutura DRV-DNA é promissora para a produção de vacina contra a tuberculose tanto pela sua efetividade biológica quanto do ponto de vista tecnológico / Abstract: This work contributes to the technological development of a gene vaccine against tuberculosis, where DNA is transported within liposomes. The three main aspects focused on were: 1. Functional lipid structures for DNA delivery were prepared and characterized in the attempt to obtain immunization standards against tuberculosis; 2. The best lipid structure was chosen from in vitro and in vivo assays performed in the ¿Centro de Pesquisas em Tuberculose de Ribeirão Preto¿ ¿ CPT-RP. A synthetic peptide that promotes nuclear transport was complexed to DNA and included into the best lipid structure. 3. Scale up analysis for the production of the best lipid structure that was used for DNA delivery. Two types of liposomes were composed by lipids with the following properties: (i) structure, (ii) DNA incorporation and electrostatic attraction with cell surface, and (iii) helper, that facilitates the DNA release to the citosol. These structures were prepared by the dehydrated-hydrated method, generating DRVs (dehydrated-hydrated vesicles). The DNA was associated in the inner compartment, [DRV(DNA)], or mostly at the surface [DRV-DNA] of these structures. The third structure, a lipid aggregate that does not form liposomes and was named lipoplex, was prepared in the absence of the structural lipid, used in previous preparations, which contained DNA associated with all of the aggregate¿s surface. The physico-chemical characterization of the structures were based on the hydrodynamic diameter and size distribution of the lipid particles, charge ratio for DNA incorporation into the lipid structure, surface charge, phase transition temperatures, the fluorescent probe accessibility to DNA and morphology of the particles. A synthetic peptide, with non-conventional sequence was associated to the DRV-DNA structure. The scale up for the liposome production was analyzed through the acquisition of experimental data and mathematical simulation of the liposomes production in a multitubular system. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of DNA into a lipid structure is very promising as a tuberculosis vaccine, especially in regards to the complexation of DNA with empty DRVs. The technological aspects of scaling up also confirm the viability of preformed liposomes production / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

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To understand molecular mechanisms of individual steps of virus infection is a prerequisite for successful design of specific and effective antiviral drugs. Polyomaviruses, replicating in the cell nucleus, travel from plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in endosomes. However, it is not clear how they deliver their DNA genomes from ER to the nucleus. In this thesis, we found that partially disassembled virions of the Murine polyomavirus (MPyV) interact with importin β1 at around 6 hours post infection. Mutational disruption of the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of the major capsid protein, VP1, and/or common NLS sequence of the minor capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 did not affect the structure and composition of virions, but it resulted in decreased viral infectivity (up to 80%). Virions are thus released from ER to cytosol and translocate to the nucleus via nucleopores. Mutation analyses of NLSs of individual capsid proteins showed that MPyV virions can utilize VP1 and VP2/VP3 NLSs in concert. However, one functional NLS, either that of VP1 or VP2/3 seems to be sufficient for the delivery of VP1-VP2/3 complexes into the nucleus, although none of these proteins is delivered into the nucleus separately. Thus, the conformation of NLS regions given by the presence of all three capsid...

La localisation de l'ARNm est un mécanisme post-transcriptionnel régulant l'expression des gènes qui donne un contrôle précis sur la production spatiale et temporelle des protéines. Des milliers de transcrits dans un large éventail d'organismes ou de types cellulaires se sont avérés localisés dans un compartiment sous-cellulaire spécifique. La levure bourgeonnante Saccharomyces cerevisiae est l'un des organismes modèle les plus étudiés pour comprendre le processus de localisation de l'ARNm. Plus de trente ARNm sont activement transportés et localisés à l'extrémité du bourgeon de la levure bourgeonnante. Dans cet organisme, la localisation des transcrits à l'extrémité du bourgeon, tels que l'ARNm ASH1, dépend de la protéine de liaison à l'ARN She2, qui interagit directement avec les éléments de localisation dans ces ARNm durant leur transcription. She2 est une protéine liant l’ARN non-canonique, qui s’assemble en tétramère pour pouvoir lier l’ARN. Lorsque le complexe ARNm-She2 est exporté vers le cytoplasme, celui-ci interagit avec la protéine She3 et la myosine Myo4, qui transportent le complexe vers le bourgeon. Une fois qu'un ARNm est correctement localisé, sa traduction est activée pour permettre la synthèse locale de sa protéine. Les mécanismes régulant la localisation des ARNm sont encore très peu connus. Cependant, plusieurs évidences suggèrent que la machinerie de localisation peut être régulée par des modifications post-traductionnelles. Dans notre étude, en utilisant une colonne de purification de phosphoprotéines, nous avons constaté que She2 est une phosphoprotéine. Nous avons utilisé une approche de phosphoprotéomique pour identifier les résidus phosphorylés dans She2 in vivo. Nous avons identifié plusieurs nouveaux phosphosites qui affectent la capacité de She2 à favoriser l'accumulation asymétrique de la protéine Ash1. Fait intéressant, plusieurs phosphosites sont présents aux interfaces de dimérisation et de tétramérisation de She2. En nous concentrant sur la position T109, nous montrons qu'un mutant phosphomimétique T109D inhibe l'interaction She2-She2 et diminue l'interaction de She2 avec ses cofacteurs Srp1, She3 et l’ARNm ASH1. Fait intéressant, la mutation T109D réduit considérablement l'expression de She2 et perturbe la localisation de l'ARNm ASH1. Nos résultats montrent que le contrôle de l'oligomérisation de She2 par phosphorylation représente un mécanisme qui régule la localisation de l'ARNm dans la levure bourgeonnante. Dans le but d’identifier la ou les kinases impliquées dans la phosphorylation de She2, nous avons recherché des motifs de reconnaissance de kinases connues parmi les phosphosites que nous avons identifiés. Nous avons trouvé que les résidus T109, S217 et S224 font partie de sites putatifs de la Caséine kinase II (CKII), suggérant que ces positions seraient susceptibles d'être phosphorylés par cette kinase. Un essai de phosphorylation in vitro a révélé que She2 est phosphorylée par CKII au niveau des résidus S217 et S224, mais pas au résidu T109. Nous avons montré que la phosphorylation de la forme monomérique de She2 par CKII in vitro est augmentée par rapport à la forme sauvage tétramérique. De plus, nous avons observé que le domaine C-terminal de She2, qui contient sa séquence de localisation nucléaire (NLS) est phosphorylé par CKII. Cependant, le rôle de la phosphorylation dans le NLS de She2 demeure inconnu. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats montrent que les modifications post-traductionnelles sur She2 régulent la localisation de l'ARNm chez la levure. Cette étude permettra d'élucider les mécanismes de contrôle de la localisation de l'ARNm chez la levure et comment des modifications post-traductionnelles sur She2 régulent ce processus. / mRNA localization is a post-transcriptional mechanism regulating gene expression that gives precise control over the spatial and temporal production of proteins. Thousands of transcripts in a wide array of organisms or cell types were shown to localize to specific subcellular compartments. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae serves as one of the best model organisms to study the mechanisms of mRNA localization. Over thirty transcripts are actively transported and localized at the bud tip of the budding yeast. In this organism, localization of transcripts to the bud tip, such as the ASH1 mRNA, depends on the RNA-binding protein She2, which is responsible for recognizing localization elements in these mRNAs during transcription. She2 is a non-canonical RNA-binding protein which assembles as a tetramer in order to bind RNA. When the mRNA-She2 complex is exported to the cytoplasm, the protein She3 and myosin Myo4 join the complex to transport it to the bud. Once an mRNA is properly localized, its translation is generally activated to allow the local synthesis of its protein. The mechanisms regulating the localization of mRNAs are still poorly known. Still, several pieces of evidence suggest that post-translational modifications may regulate the localization machinery. Using a phosphoprotein purification column, we found that She2 is a phosphoprotein. We used a phosphoproteomic analysis to identify the phosphorylated residues in She2 in vivo. We identified several new phosphosites that impact the capacity of She2 to promote the asymmetric accumulation of Ash1. Interestingly, several of these phosphosites are present at the dimerization and tetramerization interfaces of She2. Focusing on T109, we show that a phosphomimetic mutant T109D inhibits She2-She2 interaction and decreases the interaction of She2 with its co-interactors Srp1, She3 and ASH1 mRNA. Interestingly, the T109D mutation significantly reduces the expression of She2 and disrupts ASH1 mRNA localization. Altogether, our results show that the control of She2 oligomerization by phosphorylation represents a mechanism that regulates mRNA localization in budding yeast. In order to identify which kinase(s) are involved in She2 phosphorylation, we searched for known kinases recognition motifs among the identified phosphosites. We found that T109, S217 and S224 are putative Casein kinase II (CKII) sites, suggesting that this kinase may phosphorylate these residues. Indeed, an in vitro phosphorylation assay revealed that She2 is phosphorylated by CKII at S217 and S224 but not at T109. We found that the phosphorylation of a monomeric She2 mutant by CKII in vitro is increased compared to the wild-type tetrameric protein. Furthermore, we found that the C-terminal domain of She2, which contains its nuclear localization signal (NLS), is phosphorylated by CKII. However, the biological function of the phosphorylation in the NLS is still unknown. Altogether, our results show that post-translational modifications in She2 regulate mRNA localization in yeast. This study will help elucidate the mechanisms that control mRNA localization in yeast and how post-translational modifications in She2 regulate this process.