Dissertation (PhD) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A thoughtfully planned learning program provides a blueprint for critical care nursing and gives direction to theory and clinical practice. The design of a learning program for critical care nursing that is adaptive, learner focussed and integrated, helps nurses acquire the necessary competencies (knowledge, technical skills and attitudes/values) needed for critical thinking. It also enables critical care nurses to grow professionally and to develop expertise in critical care nursing. Outcomes-based education has become the "new buzz word" in South Africa, and a paradigm shift from content-based to outcomes-based education has become essential. Institutions are concerned with efficient and effective approaches to critical care nursing delivery. The institution (nursing department) proves its worth by anticipating patient care needs and planning its learning program cognizant of the need to correlate activities with the institution's (nursing department) mission and outcomes. Planning that meets the learning needs of the critical care nursing learners not only provides the ability to meet job expectations, but also experiences for professional growth and satisfaction. In an age of nursing shortage, a well planned, integrated and outcomes orientated critical care learning program is essential. The outcome of the research was identified as a process of quality improvement for outcomes-based critical care nursing education, which included validated standards to facilitate quality critical care nursing education. This was researched by utilising an adapted Laing and Nish Model for Quality Assurance (1981) as the research strategy. Seven (7) steps were identified, namely: Step one included the identification and clarification of values; step two determined criteria, established standards for outcome, structure and process; step three ratified criteria and validated standards; step four identified and analysed factors influencing the results; step five selected appropriate actions to maintain or improve critical care nursing education; step six implemented the selected actions and in step seven, assessment (testing) was done. In steps two and three of the quality improvement process the Muller's (1996) Three Phase Model for Standard Development was implemented. Seven (7) standards were identified and formulated, namely: Standard one - Quality improvement; Standard two - Standard formulation; Standard three - Philosophy; Standard four - Legislative framework; Standard five - Curriculum development (learning program development); Standard six - Outcomes-based education; and Standard seven - Critical care nursing education. During the process of validation of the standards, standards five and six were combined and became Standard five - Outcomes-based learning program development. In step three the Delphi technique as part of the second phase of Muller's model (1996), was utilised to gain expert opinions / validation of standards. Operationalisation and assessment of the validated standards as part of a process of quality improvement for outcomes-based critical care education were done in a higher education institution. The results of this pilot study that was done supported the central theoretical assumption, namely that outcomes-based critical care nursing facilitates quality critical care nursing. The uniqueness of the research lies in the fact that in outcomes-based critical care nursing education there is no formal process of quality improvement for outcomes-based critical care nursing education. In this research, standards were developed and presented as part of a process of quality improvement for outcomes-based critical care nursing education. These standards should guide the developer of an outcomes-based critical care nursing education program during the development of the learning program (meso curriculum) and could be utilised to judge the quality of the current learning programs' quality. Five of the six standards are generic and could be utilised with minor adjustments in any higher education learning program. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Weldeurdagte leerprogram dien as 'n bloudruk vir kritiekesorg-verpleging, en rig beide die teorie en die kliniese praktyk. Die ontwerp van 'n leerprogram vir kritiekesorg-verpleging wat ge"integreerd,leerder-gefokus en aanpasbaar is, help verpleegkundiges om die nodige vaardighede (kennis, tegniese vaardighede en houdings/waardes) vir kritiese denke te ontwikkel. Dit stel kritiekesorg verpleegkundiges ook in staat om professioneel te groei en om kundigheid in kritiekesorg-verpleging te ontwikkel. Uitkoms-gebaseerde onderrig is die "nuwe wagwoord" in Suid-Afrika en het 'n paradigmaskuif van inhoud-gebaseerde- na uitkoms-gebaseerde onderrig genoodsaak. Instellings is begaan oor doeltreffende en effektiewe benaderings vir die lewering van kritiekesorg verpleging. Die verrnoe van 'n instelling (departement verpleging) om pasientsorq-behoeftes te voorspel en om die kritiekesorg leerprogram se aktiwiteite in ooreenstemming met die instelling (departement verpleging) se missie en verwagte uitkomstes te beplan, bewys die waarde van die instelling (departement verpleging). 8eplanning wat aan die leerbehoeftes van die kritiekesorg-Ieerders voldoen, bevredig nie aileen hul werksverwagtinge nie, maar het ook professionele groei en genoegdoening tot gevolg. In Goed-beplande, ge"integreerde en uitkoms-georienteerde kritiekesorg leerprogram is essensieel in 'n tyd waar verpleegtekorte aan die orde van die dag is. Ten einde gehalte-verpleegonderrig te fasiliteer, is die uitkoms van die navorsing as 'n proses van gehalteverbetering vir uitkoms-gebaseerde kritiekesorgverpleegonderrig, wat gevalideerde standaarde insluit, ge"identifiseer. 'n Aangepaste Laing en Nish Model vir Gehalteversekering (1981) is as navorsingstrategie vir hierdie navorsing gebruik. Sewe (7) stappe is ge"identifiseer, naamlik: Stap een sluit die identifisering en verduideliking van waardes in; stap twee bepaal kriteria en skep standaarde vir uitkoms, struktuur en proses; stap drie bekragtig en valideer die standaarde; stap vier identifiseer en ontleed faktore wat die resultate belnvloed; stap vyf selekteer toepaslike aksies om kritiekesorg-verpleegonderrig te handhaaf of te verbeter; stap ses implementeer die geselekteerde aksies en in stap sewe is assessering (toetsing) gedoen. Muller (1996) se Drie Fase Model vir Standaardontwikkeling is in stappe twee en drie van die gehalteverbeteringsproses ge"implementeer. Sewe (7) standaarde is ge"identifiseer en geformuleer, naamlik: Standaard een - Gehalteverbetering; Standaard twee - Standaardformulering; Standaard drie - Filosofie; Standaard vier - Wetlike raamwerk; Standaard vyf - Kurrikulumontwikkeling (Ieerprogramontwikkeling); Standaard ses - Uitkoms-gebaseerde onderrig; en Standaard sewe - Kritiekesorg-verpleegonderrig. Tydens die valideringsproses van die standaarde, is standaarde vyf en ses gekombineer as Standaard vyf - Uitkomsgebasseerde leerprogramontwikkeling. Gedurende stap drie is die Delphitegniek tydens die tweede fase van Muller (1996) se model gebruik om deskundige opinies te verkry I die standaarde te valideer. Operasionalisering en assessering van die gevalideerde standaarde as deel van In sisteem van gehalteverbetering vir uitkoms-gebaseerde onderring is in 'n hoeronderwysinstelling gedoen. Die resultate van hierdie toetsstudie het die sentrale teoretiese aanname, naamlik dat uitkoms-gebaseerde kritiekesorg-verpleging gehalte kritiekesorg-verpleging fasiliteer, ondersteun. Die uniekheid van hierdie navorsing is gelee in die feit dat daar in uitkomsgebaseerde kritiekesorg-verpleegonderrig, geen formele proses van gehalteverbetering vir uitkoms-gebaseerde kritiekesorg-verpleegonderrig is nie. In hierdie navorsing is standaarde ontwikkel en aangebied as deel van In sisteem van gehalteverbetering vir uitkoms-gebaseerde kritiekesorg-verpleegonderrig. Hierdie standaarde kan tydens die ontwikkeling van die leerprogram (mesokurrikulum), die ontwikkelaar van In uitkoms-gebaseerde kritiekesorgverpleegondderigprogram begelei, en kan gebruik word om die gehalte van huidige leerprogramme te beoordeel. Vyf van die ses standaarde is generies en kan, met minimale veranderinge in enige hoer onderwys leerprogram gebruik word.

The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which rural nursing content is included in the curricula of baccalaureate and associate degree nursing programs in Texas. Additional purposes include determining the association between the emphasis on rural nursing content perceived by curricular chairpersons as ideal and current content emphasis, examining the difference in rural nursing emphasis between the two program levels, determining variables predictive of rural nursing emphasis and determining efforts to recruit students from rural areas. Data were collected by means of a mailed questionnaire developed by the investigator. Statistical analyses of these data were then conducted. Major findings include the determination of current and perceived ideal emphasis of rural nursing content, the difference in rural nursing emphasis between baccalaureate and associate degree nursing schools in Texas, the association between perceived ideal and actual content emphasis, those variables which are predictive of rural nursing emphasis in undergraduate curricula in Texas and the recruitment efforts from rural areas made by each level of program.

The use of information and communication technologies and computerised training tools in nursing education has gained traction globally and locally. Nursing campuses in KwaZulu-Natal are yet to explore this avenue despite the existence of numerous challenges with conventional methods of teaching and learning, and Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) pre-service training. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Computerised Adaptation and Training Tool (ICATT), an e-learning tool has been identified as an innovative technology that has the potential to strengthen IMCI pre-service training and increase training coverage at nursing campuses. The aim of this study is to investigate the nursing campuses’ readiness for the use of ICATT, and to develop guidelines and a model for improving the use of ICATT at the nursing campuses. This study adopted a sequential exploratory mixed methods design and was conducted in three phases at ten nursing campuses in KwaZulu-Natal. In phases one and two, data was collected sequentially using a semi-structured interview schedule and self-administered questionnaires. The qualitative component involved seven individual administered questionnaires. The qualitative component involved seven individual interviews with campus principals, eight focus groups of nurse educators and eight focus groups of learners. The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis framework was used to identify themes. In the quantitative component, data was collected from nine campus principals, 35 nurse educators and 235 learners and analysed using SPSS 23. Findings from phases one and two revealed that campus principals, nurse educators and learners had positive attitudes and identified enabling factors regarding ICATT use. Additional findings revealed that pre-existing barriers related to human, material, infrastructural and financial resources could impact on the nursing campuses, nurse educators and learners’ readiness to implement and use ICATT. Findings from phases one and two led to the development of guidelines and a model for ICATT implementation at nursing campuses. Phase three employed the Delphi method to obtain consensus opinion from 11 experts for the refinement of the guidelines. The readiness for ICATT use model and the guidelines can facilitate the successful implementation and use of ICATT. / Health Studies / Ph. D. (Health Studies)

The study sought to explore six women from Ilembe District who are managing in different levels within their organisations. The study focused on Principals, Deputy Principals and HOD‟s from different schools. The aim of the study was to find out whether Professional self-advancement has embraced women in Education Leadership with skills that would help them withstand the challenges mostly faced by women leaders that are imposed by the patriarchal gendered background. This qualitative study was set in the interpretive paradigm. It used semi structured interviews and documents analysis, as its method of data collection. The findings revealed that women were reluctant at some point to improve themselves professionally because there is lesser advancement of women into leadership positions, as compared to their male counterparts. It transpired that some women believed that the employment of feminine characteristics of managing embraced women with a sense of worth and responsibility in their organisations. On the other hand some women were pre-conditioned that in order to be recognised as a good leader one had to employ masculine character traits to be acceptable. To most participants professional self-advancement has empowered them to be confident, knowledgeable and be resilient to withstand all negative misconceptions towards them as women leaders. In large majority, women believed that their exposure to management courses has helped them deal with conflicts and improve inter-relations within their organisations. They see themselves as approachable, nurturing, supportive and relational to all their subordinates and this bring meaning to them as women that they have a major role to play to help shape our education. Grogan (2010) hinted that studies pursued by Shakeshaft and Grogan on US women leaders have noted five different characteristics portrayed by women managers which are; leadership for learning, leadership for social justice, relational leadership, spiritual leadership and balance leadership. The study recommends that both the victims and perpetrators of gendered situations should work collaboratively to re-socialise both women and men so as to help women find their self worth within the education system. This could be done by assisting women improve themselves through engaging with institutions of higher learning, attending seminars, motivational talks, enhance networking, have mentors and attend departmental programmes that focus on enhancement of leadership skills. Lastly, for outstanding performance, women should be accepted as they are, to regain their self confidence and exhaust all their capabilities, but not to disregard their mothering flair. Lumby and Azaola (2013) in their study on women principals in South Africa said that, their „mothering identity‟ develops skills even in areas where they report there is considerable doubt about their competence, for example in disciplining boys. In their study they picked that as mothers, they are better able than men to discipline boys. Through exposure to management studies, some participants have found that they use both feminine and masculine style of leadership. Coleman (1996) as cited in Pace and Pace (2005) found that female head teachers exhibit both feminine and masculine qualities, and hence could be identified as androgynous leaders. It is therefore, important that women are exposed to skills development workshops; nurture their studies, engage in networking, and advance their knowledge in every way possible to become better leaders in education. / M.N. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2013.

Submitted in fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Masters of Technology: Nursing, Durban University of Technology, 2014. / Nursing education has entered a new era as educators are tasked with ensuring that student nurses are adequately prepared with knowledge and skill to care for an increased number of patients, that are being brought on by the escalating burden of disease in South Africa. This preparation requires developing critical thinking nurses who can work amidst a milieu of a shortage of staff and a lack of resources in the South African context. Despite there being a rapid advance in technology and that the type of student nurse has evolved, little is known about the types of teaching methodologies being used by nurse educators to prepare students for real life practice situations. Globally there has been a call for a paradigm shift, from a teacher to a learner centered approach in nursing education. This study evolved to explore what current teaching strategies are being used to teach nursing students and their views on the use of more contemporary creative methodologies. Nurse educators at the Kwazulu Natal College of Nursing campuses were involved in the study through the use of a quantitative cross-sectional descriptive research design. Data was collected by means of a survey questionnaire from a census sample of lecturers, working at the ten campuses of KZNCN offering the R. 425 curriculum. The study found that respondents were still predominantly using didactic teaching methods such as the lecture method and demonstration to teach across all subject areas. They however supported the use of more creative methodologies and requested a need for further training and development to better empower them to utilize web based teaching, portfolios, case studies and a range of other creative teaching strategies in teaching. Recommendations to interweave specific strategies with specific teaching areas were provided as part of the conclusions.

The purpose of the study was to determine and understand the challenges that student nurses encounter in the clinical learning environment (CLE) in Limpopo Province, South Africa and how these challenges can be addressed. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional survey was used. The population consisted of levels 2, 3 and 4 year student nurses from three campuses of Limpopo College of Nursing. The researcher used a self- developed questionnaire for data collection. Out of 206 questionnaires, 152 were returned fully completed, yielding 74% effective response rate. The study revealed some of the challenges which negatively affect students’ education and clinical learning and strategies were devised to address these challenges / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

The purpose of study was to explore and describe the student nurses’ experiences of teaching and learning through simulation. The study was conducted at one public college of nursing located in the city of Tshwane in the Gauteng province of South Africa. A quantitative exploratory and descriptive design was used to achieve the objectives of the study. The selected population comprised second year student nurses registered for the programme of education and training leading to registration as a nurse (general, psychiatric and community) and Midwife (R425, 1985; paragraph (iii) as amended) at the selected college of nursing. The number of registered second year student nurses was 250, and it was found to be manageable and adequate for data analysis. Consequently, the whole population was included in the survey and no sampling procedures were carried out. Data were collected by means of a self-administered structured questionnaire and STATA 14 program was used for data analysis. According to the results of the study, student nurses’ experiences of teaching and learning through simulation were positive. The results showed that teaching and learning through simulation led to significant increases in knowledge and skills acquisition among student nurses who took part in the study. In addition, the student nurses’ attitude to teaching and learning through simulation were positive. However, based on the findings of the literature review on trends and best practice standards for simulation, it is recommended that the college introduces high virtual technology simulation as it is only using low and medium fidelity simulation. This will ensure that the college is up to date with trends and best practice standards for simulation, and for improving simulation teaching learning outcomes for large number of student nurses. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

A quantative descriptive study was used to describe the factors that influence the output in the four (4) year nurse training programme. Data was collected by using a self administered questionnaire to 73 participants sampled by stratified random sampling in the Southern Campus of Free State School of Nursing in the Free State Province. Data was analysed by using SPSS computer version 15. The findings of this study revealed that there were difficult subjects like Fundamental Nursing Science, General Nursing Science, Basic Nursing Science, Psychiatric Nursing Science and Midwifery. These were identified per year level of study. The study revealed that difficulty experienced by students resulted in them failing the indicated subjects. Recommendations were made as to how to address the identified factors especially those regarding subjects that were failed in each level, different teaching strategies that could be used to improve the throughput. / M. A. (Health Studies) / Health Studies

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo apresentar norteadores da prática pedagógica que contribuem na formação do enfermeiro para a integralidade na saúde sob a perspectiva dialógica de Freire. Esse tema surgiu a partir de vivências como docente de um curso de graduação em enfermagem que demonstraram uma dicotomia da formação e da atuação profissional em relação às boas práticas em saúde. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica realizada a partir das publicações do Portal de Periódicos CAPES (2009-2016), considerando teses, dissertações e artigos que contemplam a temática proposta, bem como análise das Diretrizes Curriculares nacionais para a formação do enfermeiro. A análise de conteúdo de Bardin foi o caminho escolhido para interpretação dos dados, articulados com os pressupostos teóricos do dialogismo em Freire e da integralidade de Pinheiro e Mattos. Do processo de análise emergiram três categorias: a docência humanizadora como possibilitadora de um cuidado humanizado; a interdisciplinaridade como base para a integralidade do cuidado através de relações dialógicas constituídas pelo diálogo e pela escuta ativa; e o reconhecimento da multidimensionalidade do sujeito para o estabelecimento de uma relação dialógica desde a sua singularidade e subjetividade. Da articulação entre essas categorias, relacionando os conceitos do quadro teórico constituído, foram identificados cinco pressupostos pedagógicos para a formação do enfermeiro, respondendo assim a pergunta de pesquisa. Eles estão relacionados à necessidade do professor compreender e reconhecer os saberes dos educandos, permanecendo vinculado ao compromisso com o rigor metódico, ao uso da pesquisa para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem e à adaptação e reconhecimento da condição de inacabamento e condicionamento dos sujeitos. Apontam para uma formação orientada para o reconhecimento do homem como ser multidimensional e complexo e na produção de conhecimentos que derivem de espaços coletivos de ação-reflexão-ação, a partir da competência profissional do educador, de sua autoridade, humildade e capacidade de escuta. Os resultados da pesquisa ainda indicam a necessidade de o docente se comprometer com sua prática, levando em conta as demandas do cotidiano profissional do enfermeiro, para pensar nas situações de ensino aprendizagem, além de considerar o contexto de vida dos alunos. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-04-03T19:08:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Suzana Boeira.pdf: 1533473 bytes, checksum: dbaac0c67e15a7d9ebc4f41aac62babe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-03T19:08:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Suzana Boeira.pdf: 1533473 bytes, checksum: dbaac0c67e15a7d9ebc4f41aac62babe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-03 / This research had as objective to present guides of the pedagogical practice that contribute in the formation of the nurse for integrality in the health under the dialogical perspective of Freire. This theme arose from experiences as a teacher of a nursing undergraduate course that demonstrated a dichotomy of training and professional performance in relation to good health practices. This was a bibliographical research based on the publications of the Portal of Periodicals CAPES (2009-2016), considering theses, dissertations and articles that contemplate the proposed theme, as well as an analysis of the National Curricular Guidelines for the training of nurses. Bardin's content analysis was the chosen path for data interpretation, articulated with the theoretical presuppositions of dialogism in Freire and the integrality of Pinheiro and Mattos. From the analysis process, three categories emerged: humanizing teaching as a facilitator of humanized care; Interdisciplinarity as the basis for the integrality of care through dialogic relations constituted by dialogue and active listening; And the recognition of the multidimensionality of the subject for the establishment of a dialogical relationship from its singularity and subjectivity. From the articulation between these categories, relating the concepts of the theoretical framework constituted, five pedagogical presuppositions were identified for the formation of the nurse, thus answering the research question. They are related to the teacher's need to understand and recognize the learners' knowledge, remaining linked to the commitment to methodical rigor, to the use of research for the teaching and learning process, and to the adaptation and recognition of the condition of unfinished and conditioned subjects. They point to a formation oriented towards the recognition of man as a multidimensional and complex being and the production of knowledge derived from collective spaces of action-reflection-action, based on the educator's professional competence, his authority, humility and listening ability. The results of the research still indicate the need for the teacher to commit to their practice, taking into account the demands of the daily professional of the nurse, to think about the situations of teaching learning, and to consider the context of the students life.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo apresentar norteadores da prática pedagógica que contribuem na formação do enfermeiro para a integralidade na saúde sob a perspectiva dialógica de Freire. Esse tema surgiu a partir de vivências como docente de um curso de graduação em enfermagem que demonstraram uma dicotomia da formação e da atuação profissional em relação às boas práticas em saúde. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica realizada a partir das publicações do Portal de Periódicos CAPES (2009-2016), considerando teses, dissertações e artigos que contemplam a temática proposta, bem como análise das Diretrizes Curriculares nacionais para a formação do enfermeiro. A análise de conteúdo de Bardin foi o caminho escolhido para interpretação dos dados, articulados com os pressupostos teóricos do dialogismo em Freire e da integralidade de Pinheiro e Mattos. Do processo de análise emergiram três categorias: a docência humanizadora como possibilitadora de um cuidado humanizado; a interdisciplinaridade como base para a integralidade do cuidado através de relações dialógicas constituídas pelo diálogo e pela escuta ativa; e o reconhecimento da multidimensionalidade do sujeito para o estabelecimento de uma relação dialógica desde a sua singularidade e subjetividade. Da articulação entre essas categorias, relacionando os conceitos do quadro teórico constituído, foram identificados cinco pressupostos pedagógicos para a formação do enfermeiro, respondendo assim a pergunta de pesquisa. Eles estão relacionados à necessidade do professor compreender e reconhecer os saberes dos educandos, permanecendo vinculado ao compromisso com o rigor metódico, ao uso da pesquisa para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem e à adaptação e reconhecimento da condição de inacabamento e condicionamento dos sujeitos. Apontam para uma formação orientada para o reconhecimento do homem como ser multidimensional e complexo e na produção de conhecimentos que derivem de espaços coletivos de ação-reflexão-ação, a partir da competência profissional do educador, de sua autoridade, humildade e capacidade de escuta. Os resultados da pesquisa ainda indicam a necessidade de o docente se comprometer com sua prática, levando em conta as demandas do cotidiano profissional do enfermeiro, para pensar nas situações de ensino aprendizagem, além de considerar o contexto de vida dos alunos. / This research had as objective to present guides of the pedagogical practice that contribute in the formation of the nurse for integrality in the health under the dialogical perspective of Freire. This theme arose from experiences as a teacher of a nursing undergraduate course that demonstrated a dichotomy of training and professional performance in relation to good health practices. This was a bibliographical research based on the publications of the Portal of Periodicals CAPES (2009-2016), considering theses, dissertations and articles that contemplate the proposed theme, as well as an analysis of the National Curricular Guidelines for the training of nurses. Bardin's content analysis was the chosen path for data interpretation, articulated with the theoretical presuppositions of dialogism in Freire and the integrality of Pinheiro and Mattos. From the analysis process, three categories emerged: humanizing teaching as a facilitator of humanized care; Interdisciplinarity as the basis for the integrality of care through dialogic relations constituted by dialogue and active listening; And the recognition of the multidimensionality of the subject for the establishment of a dialogical relationship from its singularity and subjectivity. From the articulation between these categories, relating the concepts of the theoretical framework constituted, five pedagogical presuppositions were identified for the formation of the nurse, thus answering the research question. They are related to the teacher's need to understand and recognize the learners' knowledge, remaining linked to the commitment to methodical rigor, to the use of research for the teaching and learning process, and to the adaptation and recognition of the condition of unfinished and conditioned subjects. They point to a formation oriented towards the recognition of man as a multidimensional and complex being and the production of knowledge derived from collective spaces of action-reflection-action, based on the educator's professional competence, his authority, humility and listening ability. The results of the research still indicate the need for the teacher to commit to their practice, taking into account the demands of the daily professional of the nurse, to think about the situations of teaching learning, and to consider the context of the students life.