Le phénomène de Rayleigh-Bénard correspond à l'état instable dans lequel se trouve une couche horizontale d'un fluide dilatable, soumise à un gradient de température DT. Si ce dernier dépasse une valeur critique DTc, des mouvements convectifs naissent à l'intérieur du fluide. Concernant les fluides à seuil, le phénomène devient plus complexe. Le seuil s'ajoute aux forces stabilisatrices au sein du fluide et modifie de manière fondamentale le transfert de matière et le transfert thermique. Au départ, le fluide est au repos ; le gradient de vitesse est alors nul et la viscosité efficace infinie partout. L'approche de stabilité linéaire est incapable de fournir une solution aux équations d'écoulement car on doit perturber, par les forces d'Archimède, un fluide d'une viscosité infinie. Dans ce travail de thèse, des expériences de Rayleigh-Bénard ont été effectuées sur des solutions à base de Carbopol 940 présentant un seuil de contrainte. Le dispositif expérimental nous a permis d'avoir des résultats quantitatifs et qualitatifs intéressants. Les mouvements thermoconvectifs ont ensuite été filmés par la technique d'ombroscopie. L'effet non-linéaire au début de la convection a été observé. / Rayleigh-Bénard convection phenomena correspond to the unstable state of an horizontal and dilatable fluid layer under a temperature gradient DT. If it exceeds a given critical value DTc, convective movements appear. The phenomena becomes more complex for yield stress fluids. This threshold is added to stabilizing forces exerced within the fluid and alters the fundamental heat and mass transfer. The fluid is initially at rest and therefore the velocity gradient is zero, and the effective viscosity is infinite everywhere. The linear stability approach is unable to respond because we have to disturb Archimedes forces in a fluid with infinite viscosity. In this thesis, Rayleigh-Bénard experiments were performed with Carbopol 940 solutions which expressing a yield stress. The experimental apparatus allowed us to obtain interesting quantitative and qualitative results. The non-linear effect at the beginning of convection was observed and thermoconvective movements were observed using shadowgraphy technique.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:47:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_eg_me_ilha.pdf: 959550 bytes, checksum: b4784dbcc883b1be2d0c6b7cce83f54b (MD5) / Fundação de Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão de Ilha Solteira (FEPISA) / O objetivo deste trabalho é a análise numérica e experimental de escoamento viscoso, incompressível, permanente, com transferência de calor, em um canal estreito contendo um arranjo de obstáculos retangulares. A análise experimental envolveu determinação de coeficiente de transferência de calor médio bem como o número de Nusselt médio e medidas de temperatura em esteira térmica para comparação com os resultados obtidos por simulação numérica. Para a análise numérica usamos o programa comercial de mecânica dos fluidos e transferência de calor computacional ICEPAK®. Verificamos que quanto mais adentro o obstáculo estiver no arranjo maior é a transferência de calor por convecção forçada. Determinamos coeficientes de transferência de calor médio e número de Nusselt médio (com incerteza entre 6 e 15%) e verificamos que o efeito da posição diminui à medida que a velocidade aumenta. Concluímos também que ambos os modelos de turbulência utilizados, k-ε padrão e k-ε RNG, foram incapazes de predizer o efeito da posição apropriadamente. Entretanto, o modelo k-ε RNG apresentou melhor comportamento, pois o seu uso resultou em soluções com valores de temperatura intermediários aos experimentais / The purpose of this work is the study of the numerical and experimental viscous incompressible steady flow with heat transfer into a narrow channel containing a rectangular array of obstacles. The experimental approach involves determining the coefficient of heat transfer and temperature measurements in thermal wake for comparison with the results obtained in numerical simulations. For the numerical analysis we use the commercial program of fluid mechanics and heat transfer computational ICEPAK™. We confirmed that in the last lines of the array the biggest is the heat transfer by forced convection. We determined the average heat transfer coefficients (with uncertainty between 6 and 15%) and found that the effect of the position decreases as flow speed increases. We use in the simulations the k-ε turbulence model and the k-ε RNG turbulence model. We conclude that both turbulence models used were unable to predict the effect of the position properly. However, the k-ε RNG model showed better behavior. The numerical temperatures with this model were consistent to the experimental temperature

[pt] O presente trabalho é um estudo experimental das características de um escoamento de ar em forma de jato espiralado, incidindo ortogonalmente sobre uma placa. Os objetivos do estudo são: avaliar a influência da presença de uma componente circunferencial de velocidade na distribuição dos coeficientes locais de troca de calor, obter campos de velocidade instantâneos no plano axissimétrico assim como informações sobre as características da turbulência no escoamento. Durante os experimentos se investigou a influência da distância jato/placa e da intensidade do escoamento espiralado (número de Swirl). Como etapa preliminar, foi conduzido um experimento de jato livre, para validação das técnicas de medição de velocidade utilizadas. Os resultados foram comparados com os da literartura e uma boa concordância foi obtida. A distribuição espacial dos coeficientes de troca de calor foi avaliada impondo-se um fluxo de calor constante na placa e medindo a distribuição radial de temperatura através de diversos termopares. Coeficientes locais puderam então ser estimados. Os campos de velocidades radial e axial instantâneos foram adquiridos experimentalmente através da utilização da técnica de Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) e perfis de velocidade tangencial (média e flutuações) foram obtidos a partir da técnica Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). Os resultados mostraram que os padrões de escoamento mudam significativamente quando a componente circunferencial de velocidade é introduzida. Para o valor mais alto do Número de Swirl foram verificadas fortes reversões do escoamento na região de estagnação. / [en] The present work is an experimental study of the characteristics of a swirling impinging air jet. The goals of the study are: to evaluate the influence of the presence of a circumferential velocity component in the distribution of the local heat transfer coefficients, to obtain instantaneous velocity fields in the axisymmetric plane, as well as information about the turbulence characteristics in the flow. During the experiments, the influence of the impingement distance and swirl intensity were investigated. As a preliminary validation of the velocity measurement tecniques, an experimental investigation of an axisymmetric free jet was conducted. The results were compared with literature showing good agreement. The spatial distribution of heat transfer coefficients was evaluated by imposing a constant heat flux condition to the plate and measuring temperature of several points along the radial distance of the plate with thermocouples. Local coefficients could then be estimated. Instantaneous axial and radial velocity fields were obtained with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and tangential velocity profiles (mean and fluctuations) obtained by using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). The results showed that the flow patterns change significantly when the tangential component is added. For the highest value of Swirl number, strong recirculation zones were observed in the stagnation region.

Förr i tiden, ångturbiner har främst använts för baskraft operation. Numera med den ökade utvecklingen av varierande förnyelsbara är samma ångturbiner motstå högre cykliska operativa system med mer frekvent uppstarter och snabbt föränderliga laster. Som sådan, förbättra den operativa flexibiliteten hos installerade och framtida utformad ångturbiner är en viktig aspekt för att övervägas av utrustning. Ångturbin uppstart är en intressant fas eftersom anses vara den mest intrikata av transienter. Under denna fas kan maskinen potentiellt utsättas för omåttlig termiska spänningar och axiella gnugga på grund av differentiell termisk expansion. Dessa två termiska fenomen antingen konsumera komponent livstid eller kan leda till maskinhaveri om inte kontrolleras noggrant. Som sådan, det finns en balans som skall beaktas mellan ökande turbin uppstart hastighet samtidigt som säker drift och livslängd bevarande av dessa maskiner. För att förbättra den transienta operationer av ångturbiner, blir det viktigt att undersöka deras termiska beteende under uppstarter. För att göra detta, är det viktigt att ha verktyg som kan förutäga den termiska responsen hos maskinen. I denna avhandling fungerar effekterna av olika aspekter och randvillkor om resultaten av ST3M, en KTH internt verktyg, undersöktes med syfte att förstå hur stor blev deras inverkan på sättet att fånga den termiska beteendet hos turbinen i termer av metalltemperatur och differentiell expansion. En industriell högtrycksturbinen validerades mot uppmätta data och genomförs på en känslighetsanalys; denna analys visade att den geometriska approximation införa fel i resultaten, att användningen av empiriska Nusselt korrelationer ge liknande resultat som den validerade modellen och att håligheten antaganden har en stor inverkan på utvecklingen av expansionsskillnaden. Slutligen har en strategi för att validera någon annan liknande turbin till en av studien fallet föreslås för att ge en vägledning för framtida arbeten i hur att validera en modell och vilka är de mest inflytelserika parametrar att ta hand om. / In the past, steam turbines were mostly used for base load operation. Nowadays, with the increased development of variable renewable technologies, these same steam turbines are withstanding higher cyclic operational regimes with more frequent start-ups and fast changing loads. As such, improving the operational flexibility of installed and future designed steam turbines is a key aspect to be considered by equipment manufacturers. Steam turbine start-up is a phase of particular interest since is considered to be the most intricate of transient operations. During this phase, the machine can potentially be subjected to excessive thermal stresses and axial rubbing due to differential thermal expansion. These two thermal phenomena either consume component lifetime or can lead to machine failure if not carefully controlled. As such, there is a balance to be considered between increasing turbine start-up speed while ensuring the safe operation and life preservation of these machines. In order to improve the transient operation of steam turbines, it becomes important to examine their thermal behavior during start-up operation. To do that, it is important to have tools able to predict the thermal response of the machine. In this thesis work the impact of different aspects and boundary conditions on the results of ST3M, a KTH in-house tool, were investigated with the aim of understanding how large was their impact on the way to capture the thermal behavior of the turbine in terms of metal temperature and differential expansion. A small industrial high pressure turbine was validated against measured data and implemented on a sensitivity study; this analysis showed that the geometrical approximation introduce errors in the results, that the use of empirical Nusselt correlations give similar results to the validated model and that the cavity assumptions have a large impact on the trend of the differential expansion. Lastly, a strategy to validate any other similar turbine to the one of the study case was proposed in order to give a guide to future works in how to validate a model and what are the most influent parameters to take care of.

No description available.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-08T23:40:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 19b.pdf: 2923099 bytes, checksum: f04244aa991c1a65ebc9273c29c4aa38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-08T23:40:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 19b.pdf: 2923099 bytes, checksum: f04244aa991c1a65ebc9273c29c4aa38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11 / Nenhuma / Nas últimas décadas, a miniaturização de dispositivos de natureza eletroeletrônica em diversas áreas de aplicação, como biomédica, química e de tecnologia de computadores, tem proporcionado alta eficiência de espaço em equipamentos. Paralelamente, essa redução em espaço físico é contrabalançada pelo alto desempenho exigido com relação aos sistemas de refrigeração nestes equipamentos. Por isso, o controle térmico é uma das áreas mais críticas para o desenvolvimento da microeletrônica moderna. Diversos estudos experimentais e numéricos foram realizados por vários pesquisadores, nas últimas décadas, com vistas a investigar a hidrodinâmica e a transferência de calor em microescala. Porém, os resultados obtidos revelam divergências entre si. Em geral, estas podem ser visualizadas pela análise dos números de Poiseuille e de Nusselt, quando estes são comparados aos resultados previstos pela teoria convencional. Normalmente, as divergências relatadas com relação a medições em microescala estão associadas a fatores geométricos do microcanal, como a sua razão de aspecto, o seu diâmetro hidráulico e condições superficiais de rugosidade. Alguns desvios encontrados com relação ao fator de fricção foram atribuídos às variações da seção transversal dos microcanais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar numericamente como as características hidrodinâmicas e de transferência de calor podem ser influenciadas com relação a variações na seção transversal dos microcanais. Os resultados obtidos para o escoamento laminar monofásico de água em microcanais com deformidades na seção transversal foram comparados aos obtidos para microcanais geometricamente perfeitos, por meio dos números de Poiseuille e de Nusselt local. Desvios para os números de Poiseuille e de Nusselt local, por meio de imperfeições e variações da seção transversal dos microcanais, foram verificados. Alguns desvios para o número de Poiseuille se mostraram dependentes do número de Reynolds. No entanto, alguns resultados obtidos para o número de Nusselt local mostraram que o mesmo é mais sensível à forma da seção transversal do microcanal do que o número de Poiseuille. Esses resultados foram determinados através das equações de conservação da massa, Navier-Stokes e energia, por dinâmica dos fluidos computacional (CFD). / In recent years, the reduction of electronic devices in several application fields, such as biomedicine, chemistry and computer technology has been providing high efficiency related to the space in equipment. At the same time, this reduction in physical space is counterweighted by the high performance required at the refrigeration systems in such equipment. Therefore, the thermal control is one of the most critical areas for the development of modern microelectronic devices. A lot of experimental and numerical studies have been done by several researchers, in the last decades, seeking to investigate the hydrodynamic and heat transfer in microscale. However, the results show divergences among them. In general, these related diversions can be viewed through the Poiseuille and Nusselt numbers, when compared to the predicted results through conventional theory. Usually, the reported divergences related to the measurements in microscale are associated to the microchannel geometric factors, such as channel aspect ratio, channel hydraulic diameter and surface roughness. Some deviations related to the friction factor were attributed to cross-section variations of the microchannels. The aim of this work was verify numerically how the hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics can be influenced by cross-section variations of the microchannels. The results obtained for the single-phase laminar flow of water in microchannels with deformities at the cross-section were compared to the perfect ones, through Poiseuille and local Nusselt numbers. Deviations at Poiseuille and local Nusselt numbers, through imperfections and variations of the cross-section of microchannels, were verified. Some deviations at Poiseuille number were dependent on Reynolds number. However, some results obtained for the local Nusselt number showed that it is more sensitive to the shape of the cross-section of the microchannel than Poiseuille number. Such results were obtained through mass conservation, Navier-Stokes and energy equations, by computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

Ce travail a été effectué dans le cadre d’études de la miniaturisation d’un cryo-réfrigérateur de type tube à gaz pulsé (TGP) et particulièrement pour mieux comprendre l’écoulement et le transfert de chaleur dans un régénérateur, l’élément clé du TGP.Nous présentons les études numérique et expérimentale du facteur de frottement et du nombre de Nusselt pour les écoulements stationnaires et continus à nombre de Reynolds modéré O(1 − 100) au sein d’un régénérateur micro-fabriqué. L’influence de la porosité et de la géométrie est étudiée. La micro-structure précisément contrôlée représente des canaux incurvés de largeur de 10, 20 et 40 μm et de profondeur de 100 à 300 μm qui forment un réseau de colonnes ayant des profiles de losanges ou sinusoïdaux. Les micro-canaux sont gravés sur un substrat de silicium par la technologie DRIE. Une technologie d’implantation de thermomètres à l’intérieur de la micro-structure de régénérateur a été développée et mise en œuvre. Les performances des micro-régénérateurs ont été étudiées selon deux approches : la première se base sur le rapport des pertes de charges dans l’écoulement et de l’efficacité du transfert thermique (NPH/NTU) ; la deuxième, sur le coefficient de transfert de chaleur globale proposé par Bejan. L’étude numérique de ces deux critères montre tout le potentiel des micro-structures proposées. / This research is done in the framework of miniaturisation of pulse tube cryocoolers studies and especially to gain a better understanding of the mass flow and heat transfert in the regenerator, which is a crucial component of these type of cryocoolers.In this work we present a numerical and experimental study of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor and Nusselt number for a continuous and steady flow at moderate Reynolds number O(1−100) in a micro-machined regenerators. The influence of porosity from 40 to 80 % and of the geometry parameters are studied. Well-controlled microstructures represent convoluted channels of 10, 20 or 40 μm width and 100 or 300 μm depth generated by rhombic- or sinusoidal-shaped columns.The channels are etched in Silicon wafers using DRIE MEMS technology. The thermometers are integrated inside the regenerator’s micro-structure to measure the temperature evolution. The efficiency of the regenerators is estimated using two different approaches : the first, as a ratio of pressure drop losses and heat transfer efficiency (NPH/NTU) ; the second, as a volumetric heat transfer density coefficient proposed by Bejan. The numerical study of the efficiency shows theinterest of proposed micro-structures.

Nos travaux portent sur la technique de refroidissement par multiperforation (film cooling) utilisée, par exemple, pour le refroidissement d'une paroi de chambre de combustion. Cette étude se décompose en deux parties : La première partie consiste en une étude expérimentale du film cooling dans les conditions de basses températures: 40°C pour l'écoulement principal et 20°C pour l'écoulement secondaire. Le taux de soufflage M est variable de 1 à 4. Le banc d'essais est composé d'une plaque comportant 81 orifices d'injection inclinés de 30°par rapport à la surface de la plaque. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l'influence du taux de soufflage M et de l'ouverture des rangées d'injections sur la formation de la couche de refroidissement. Cette première étape a permis de déterminer une configuration de base. Cette configuration correspond au nombre de rangées minimal nécessaire à la formation de la couche de refroidissement. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l'influence de deux paramètres géométriques sur le film cooling : l'espacement entre deux injections p/D=4, 8, 12 et l'espacement entre deux rangées ouvertes s/D=4, 8, 12. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que l'augmentation de l'espacement entre les injections entraîne d'une part, la diminution de l'efficacité adiabatique du refroidissement, d'autre-part la diminution des transferts de chaleur. Dans un dernier temps, l'objectif de nos travaux est l'optimisation du maintien de la couche de refroidissement. Pour cela, nous avons proposé l'ajout d'une zone d'injection supplémentaire à la suite de la configuration de base. Ainsi, nous avons trouvé que l'ouverture d'une seule rangée supplémentaire permettait d'améliorer l'efficacité du refroidissement quelle que soit la position de cette rangée par rapport à la zone d'injection de base. D'autre part, l'efficacité du film cooling s'améliore significativement à l'ouverture de trois rangées supplémentaires. Nous constatons un meilleur maintien de la couche de refroidissement par l'ajout de rangées adjacent à la configuration de base. La deuxième partie est consacrée aux études du refroidissement sur un banc d'essais quasi industriel, appelé banc Thalie. Ce banc d'essais permet de reproduire des conditions aérothermiques proches de celles rencontrées dans une chambre de combustion (température jusqu'à 1400K et pression jusqu'à 7.10 5 Pa). Cependant, ces conditions extrêmes n'autorisent pas l'application directe des techniques expérimentales développées à des conditions de températures et de pressions plus faibles. Aussi, l'objectif de cette partie expérimentale est de mener une étude de faisabilité sur une nouvelle technique de mesure. Pour cela, une technique de mesure en régime transitoire est proposée. Le principe de cette méthode est d'imposer un échelon de température sur l'écoulement primaire et de suivre l'évolution du champ de température de la paroi. Les coefficients d'échange entre la paroi et les écoulements sont identifiés en minimisant l'écart entre le champ de température mesuré par thermographie infrarouge et celui calculé par la résolution de l'équation de transfert de chaleur.

Thesis (M.S.) -- Mississippi State University. Department of Mechanical Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

The objective of current study was to numerically investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics in a stationary one pass rectangular channel (AR=4:1) with circular and elliptical pin fin arrays. Two types of elliptical pin fins (a SEF and an N fin whose minor axis length is equal to the diameter of the circular fin) were used. The analysis was performed with an array of six rows of staggered pin fins in the streamwise direction for Reynolds numbers (Re) of 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, 40,000 and 50,000. 3-D, steady simulations were performed using the low Reynolds number k-omega SST turbulence model in the FLUENT CFD code. The data predicted by the current numerical model showed favorable agreement with the experiments in the validation study. It was observed that SEF array produces minimum pressure loss and the highest thermal performance. It was also observed that N fin array produces minimum hot spots and the highest channel averaged Nusselt number ratio values.